Fukushima Accident: Radioactive Releases and Potential Dose Consequences
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1 Fukushima Accident: Radioactive Releases and Potential Dose Consequences Peter F. Caracappa, Ph.D., CHP Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute ANS Annual Meeting Special Session: The Accident at Fukushima Daiichi Preliminary Investigations June 28, 2011
2 Overview Radioactive Material Releases Transport and Deposition Dose/Risk Impacts On-site impacts Comparisons with Chernobyl are problematic, but inevitable Fukushima Radioactive Releases 2
3 Expected Radioactive Material Releases WASH 1400 identified four stages of core material release Gap Release Meltdown Release Vaporization Release Oxidation Release Time since shutdown has significant effect Spent fuel pools will not contain short-lived products Fukushima Radioactive Releases 3
4 Expected Radioactive Material Release Noble Gasses (Xe-Kr) I Cs, Rb Te, Sb Ba, Sr Ru, Mo, Rh, Tc, Co Nd, Y, Ce, Pr, La, Nb, Am, Cm, Pu, Np, Zr Decreasing Likelihood of Release Fukushima Radioactive Releases 4
5 Observed Radioactive Material Releases I PBq ( MCi) Cs PBq ( kci) Chernobyl: 1760 PBq I-131 & 81 PBq Cs-137 Reports indicate small quantities of Sr and Pu detected outside of plant ( Bq/kg combined Sr-89 & Sr-90 on site) Isotopes detected in stagnant water in plant: Cl-38, As-74, Y-91, I-131, Cs-134, Cs-136, Cs-137, La-140 Te-132 also reported in early monitoring by UCB lab Fukushima Radioactive Releases 5
6 Transport and Deposition of Radioactive Releases Iodine-131 detected worldwide Cesium-137 & -134 detected over relatively broad areas, including western US At this point, transportation and deposition is mostly shown through models (not measurements) Fukushima Radioactive Releases 6
7 Transport and Deposition of Radioactive Releases I-131 Transport Fukushima Radioactive Releases 7
8 Transport and Deposition of Radioactive Releases Cs-137 Deposition Nuclear weapons testing responsible for ~2000 Bq/m 2 of Cs-137 (in undisturbed 40 N) Fukushima Radioactive Releases 8
9 Transport and Deposition of Radioactive Releases Cs-137 Deposition 398k Fukushima Radioactive Releases 9
10 Transport and Deposition of Radioactive Releases Deposition of Cs-134 and Cs-137 in the area immediately surrounding the plant 10
11 Dose Due to Radioactive Releases Air Submersion Instantaneous/transient Inhalation Dose commitment Ground Irradiation Persistent Ingestion Dose commitment Fukushima Radioactive Releases 11
12 Radioactive Material in Air Early dose measurements dominated by atmospheric submersion Dose rate conversions: Cs x Cs x I x Sv hr Sv / Bq hr 3 m Sv / Bq hr 3 m / Bq 3 m Fukushima Radioactive Releases 12
13 Radioactive Material in Air 13
14 Radioactive Material in Air Fukushima Radioactive Releases 14
15 Radioactive Material in Air Dose commitment from breathing contaminated air: Cs x 10-9 Sv/Bq Cs x 10-8 Sv/Bq I x 10-8 Sv/Bq Dose commitment per hour is 240 times external exposure rate 1.2 m 3 /hr breathing rate Cs-137:Cs-134:I-131 at 1:1:16 Will decrease over time to ~74x as I-131 decays Fukushima Radioactive Releases 15
16 Radioactive Material on Ground After plume passes, radiation dose will be dominated by material deposited on ground Dose rate conversions: Cs x Cs x I x Sv hr / Bq 2 m / Bq 2 m / Bq 2 m Sv hr Sv hr Fukushima Radioactive Releases 16
17 Radioactive Material on Ground 17
18 Radioactive Material on Ground Inhalation hazard may be generated by resuspension of deposited material Assuming resuspension factor ~ 10-6 m -1, inhalation dose commitment rate ~0.4% of external dose rate (combined Cesium) Fukushima Radioactive Releases 18
19 Radioactive Material on Ground Material deposited on the ground may enter the food chain and be ingested Cs x 10-8 Sv/Bq Cs x 10-8 Sv/Bq I x 10-8 Sv/Bq Fukushima Radioactive Releases 19
20 Radioactive Material on Ground Some radioactive material, primarily I-131, detected in water supplies and foodstuffs Most measurements returned to background by early April Fukushima Radioactive Releases 20
21 Radioactive Material on Ground I-131 contamination of varying levels was detected in milk, spinach, and other produce following the accident Export and consumption restrictions remain in effect for much of the area Fukushima Radioactive Releases 21
22 Impacts of Radioactive Releases Measured external integrated dose (MEXT monitoring stations most begun ~1 week after accident) Fukushima Radioactive Releases 22
23 Impacts of Radioactive Releases Projected external dose for year following accident (not including potential consumption or inhalation) Fukushima Radioactive Releases 23
24 Impacts of Radioactive Releases Population (outside 20 km zone) affected by radioactive deposition (pre-earthquake census information) Government has set 20 msv/a limit for occupation, potentially affecting and additional ~20,000 people (sans remediation efforts) Fukushima Radioactive Releases 24
25 Impacts of Radioactive Releases All cumulative dose estimates outside 80 km (50 miles), and much of the area inside that distance, are less than 1 msv/a Collective dose estimates can vary widely based upon assumptions and future evacuation plans, but reasonable current estimates are in the range of person-sv to the most affected population, and perhaps several times that to the greater surrounding population Chernobyl ~255,000 person-sv TMI ~20 person-sv (total) At this level, projected increase in cancer mortality would be ~0.001% above the natural rate Fukushima Radioactive Releases 25
26 Reported Doses to Plant Workers As of 6/13 Dose Category (msv) External Internal Total > < Total Fukushima Radioactive Releases 26
27 Conclusions Deaths due to earthquake/tsunami: ~25,000 Deaths or serious injuries due to direct radiation exposures: 0 Cancer deaths due to accumulated radiation exposures: can t be ruled out conservative risk estimates ~100s cases, against an expected ~10 million cases Remediation efforts or further evacuation may be necessary to avoid a sub-population with a significantly higher risk Fukushima Radioactive Releases 27
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