Outline Fertilization Gametes Germ Cells Meiosis Male Reproductive Tract Spermatogenesis Female Reproductive Tract Oogenesis Menstrual Cycle Hormones
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1 Outline Fertilization Gametes Germ Cells Meiosis Male Reproductive Tract Spermatogenesis Female Reproductive Tract Oogenesis Menstrual Cycle Hormones
2 Fertilization Gametes Oocyte, Sperm Acrosomal reaction Cell Fusion Cortical reaction Completion of Meiosis 2 nd polar body released Pronuclear fusion Zygote = fertilized egg
3 Oocyte Corona radiata, follicle cells Zona pellucida, acellular 3 primary glycoproteins (ZP1, 2, 3) Cortical Granules vesicles, hydrolytic enzymes, polysaccharides Female pronucleus From KL Moore, 1977
4 Sperm Anatomy Head (nucleus - meiosis completed) Acrosome Neck (junction) Tail (middle piece; end piece) mitochondria, microtubule system From Brookes and Zietman, 1998
5 Sperm Egg Fusion Sperm swimming penetrates the Corona Radiata Sperm binding to the zona pellucida ZP3 is critical Binding induces the Acrosomal Reaction Membrane fusion Everts Acrosomal sac - releases hydrolytic enzymes (acrosin is a membrane bound serine protease) Cell membrane fusion Prevention of polyspermy fast block - membrane depolarization slow block - Ca ++ mediated cortical granule vesicle fusion with membrane; hydrates perivitelline space, zona pellucida elevates Metabolic activation of egg - Ca ++ mediated increase intracellular ph
6 From L Wolpert, 1998 Acrosome reaction
7 From BM Carlson, 1999 Fertilization
8 From BM Carlson, 1999 Fertilization occurs in the ampulla of the uterus
9 Gametogenesis Spermatogenesis, oogenesis Germ cells originate from yolk sac of embryo (parent) Migration into genital ridge Primary sex cords (compact strands of tissue) Mitosis Female - ovary, sex cords cells ovarian follicle Male - testis, sex cord cells Sertoli cells of the seminiferous tubules Sex cord cells are essential for gametogenesis.
10 From BM Carlson, 1999 Gametogenesis Germ Cells
11 Meiosis Meiosis occurs during gametogenesis 1 round of DNA replication 2 divisions 2n (diploid) 4n (diploid) 2n (haploid) 1n (haploid) Ploidy = # of each unique chromosome set n = number of copies of each unique DNA set 46 Chromosomes - 22 pairs - autosomes, 2 sex chromosomes female is XX male is XY Nomenclature: 46,XX or 46,XY Recombination occurs during meiosis
12 Meiosis From BM Carlson, 1999
13 Anomalies Non-Disjunction - Mis-segregation of chromosomes Aneuploidy = any deviation from 46,XX or 46,XY Aneuploidy of entire genome = triploidy, tetraploidy in humans this is rare and lethal Aneuploidy of single chromosome: hypodiploid (e.g. monosomy) hyperdiploid (e.g. trisomy)
14 Nondisjunction From BM Carlson, 1999
15 Karyotype / Trisomy 21 Down Syndrome 80% maternal Over 300 Characteristics: Flat facial features Protruding tongue Cardiac defects Mental deficiencies From Brookes and Zietman, 1998
16 Turner s Syndrome From Brookes and Zietman, ,XO Female Monosomy 1: % paternal X is missing Short stature Ovarian disgenesis Broad chest
17 Klinefelter s Syndrome 47,XXY or 48,XXXY Male Sterile Breasts Testicular atrophy From Brookes and Zietman, 1998
18 Male Reproductive Tract Testis (seminiferous tubules) differentiation Epididymis biochemical maturation Ductus deferens (vas deferens) Ejaculatory duct and inputs: seminal vesicle prostate gland bulbourethral gland Urethra - out the penis Ejaculate 25 to 250 million sperm Capacitation - final step of maturation acrosome changes induced in the female genital tract
19 From Seeley, Stephens and Tate, 1989 Male Reproductive Tract
20 Spermatogenesis Before puberty: Spermatogonia multiply Puberty Meiosis Meiosis: equal division Spermatogonia type A stem cell type B differentiation I o spermatocyte - meiosis I II o spermatocyte - meiosis II Spermiogenesis Spermatids Spermatozoa From BM Carlson, 1999
21 From Seeley, Stephens and Tate, 1989 Seminiferous Tubules
22 Sertoli Cells From SI Fox, 1984
23 Female Reproductive Tract Ovary - Oogenesis Uterine (Fallopian) Tube Fimbriare (finger like projections of Infundibulum) Infundibulum Ampulla Fertilization Isthmus Uterus - endometrium, myometrium, perimetrium Cervix Vagina
24 Female Reproductive Tract From Seeley, Stephens and Tate, 1989
25 Oogenesis Oogonia mitosis to 5 th month, 7 million at birth Atresia of oogonia degeneration: Puberty - 40,000; Ovulated Meiosis - initiated in newborn 1 st Block of Meiosis 1st prophase called Primary oocyte Primary oocyte Large nucleus germinal vesicle After Puberty - 1 st meiosis completed just prior to ovulation Unequal meiosis secondary ooctye and 1 st polar body 2 nd block of meiosis is at metaphase of 2 nd division Fertilization releases 2 nd block
26 Oogenesis From BM Carlson, 1999
27 Follicle Follicle cells (from sex cords) surround the Primary oocyte The Follicle is the oocyte plus follicle cells Primordial follicle - follicle cells partially surround oocyte Primary follicle follicle cells form a complete layer Follicle cells form gap junctions with the oocyte and produce Meiotic inhibitory factor Follicle cells are called granulosa cells Granulosa cell layer enclosed by the membrana granulosa, a basement membrane that acts as a barrier to capillaries Zona pellucida secreted by oocyte and follicle cells with microvillar connections between the two. Ovary cells form 2 more layers theca interna, theca externa
28 Oogenesis From BM Carlson, 1999
29 Follicle Development Secondary follicle formation of the antrum (cavity) fluid filled, liquor folliculi Hormone production, androgens and estrogen Tertiary or Graffian follicle 12 hours prior to ovulation. cumulus oophorus = mound of cells that house the secondary oocyte Oogenesis controlled by cycles (Menstrual) of hormone release: Hypothalamus gonadotropin releasing hormone (GnRH) Anterior pituitary Gonadotropins, includes luteinizing hormone (LH) and Follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) Ovulation - tertiary follicle protrudes like a blister on the surface of the ovary then bursts in response to LH and FSH Corpus Luteum Follicle after ovulation hormone producing Progessterone
30 Follicle Development From BM Carlson, 1999
31 From Seeley, Stephens and Tate, 1989 Hormonal Control of Menstrual Cycle From SS Mader, 1992
32 Menstrual Cycle Menstrual Phase Day Menstrual Phase Progesterone-dependent (corpus luteum) Uterus: Low progesterone constriction of arteries veins Sloughing of the endometrium Ovaries: Folliculogenesis primordial follicles initiated Primary follicles - squamous to cuboidal cell layer Secretion of zona pellucida Day Proliferative Phase Day Ovulation Day Secretory Phase
33 Menstrual Cycle Proliferative Phase Day Proliferative Phase Estrogen-dependent (produced by granulosa cells) Uterus: Endometrial stroma thickens (2-3-fold) Uterine glands elongate Spiral arteries grow Epithelial cells become ciliated Ovaries: Growing follicles - cell proliferation, multilayered One follicle dominates antrum formation, fluid uptake Surrounding cells form theca interna and theca externa Mature graafian follicle Membrana granulosa - follicle cells lining antrum Day Ovulation Day Secretory Phase
34 Menstrual Cycle Ovulation Day Ovulation - Estrogen surge induces LH and FSH surge Uterus: Proliferative phase continues Ovaries: Oocyte resumes meiosis Germinal vesicle breakdown Metaphase in 20 hours Unequal division II o oocyte and 1st polar body 2 nd meiotic block Cumulus oophorus - detaches and released into antrum Ovulation: Day 14, follicle becomes vascularized Bulges from the surface of ovary - stigma - small protrusion Follicle wall thinning cumulus-oocyte complex released Ovulated ovum collected by the oviduct Day Secretory Phase
35 Menstrual Cycle Secretory Phase Day Menstrual Phase Day Proliferative Phase Day Ovulation Day Secretory Phase Progesterone-dependent (corpus luteum) Uterus: secretory phase - increase vasulature Spiral arteries and spiral veins Formation of glandular structures Uterine epithelium becomes secretory Ovaries: Corpus luteum forms from ruptured follicle Produces Progesteron Corpus luteum degenerates without implantation
36 Fertilization/Implantation Day 15 Fertilization Unfertilized oocytes die hours after ovulation Fertilization usually occurs in ampulla Day 20 - Implantation Implantation of the fertilized embryo occurs in the uterus Uterine cells (trophoblast) produce Human Chorionic Gonadotrophin (hcg) hcg maintains the corpus luteum (i.e. progesterone production)
37 From Seeley, Stephens and Tate, 1989 Hormonal Control of Menstrual Cycle From SS Mader, 1992
38 Estrogen 17β estradiol, Steroid, from testosterone Testosterone produced by thecal cells of the follicle LH induced Testosterone passes to granulosa cell of the follicle Granulosa cells express aromatase (enzyme) FSH induced Aromatase catalyzed reaction testosterone to 17β estradiol 17β estradiol released into the circulation, activates nuclear estrogen receptor ligand-dependent transcription factor Multiple Influences: Hypothalamus GnRH (gonadotrophin releasing hormone LH surge; Uterus - Proliferative phase; Breasts; Body fat; Bone growth
39 From BM Carlson, 1999
40 Progesterone Steroid produced by granulosa lutein cells after ovulation corpus luteum Progesterone secretion by corpus luteum for 10 days without implantation it undergoes luteolysis progesterone levels decrease induces menstrual flow Maintenance of Progesterone secretion by human chorionic gonadotropin (HCG) produced by the developing placenta During pregnancy thecal lutein cells also produce progesterone Progesterone released into the circulation, activates nuclear progesterone receptor ligand-dependent transcription factor
41 FSH- Follicle Stimulating Hormone Glycoprotein, 35 Kd, Released by Anterior Pituitary (+) Hypothalamus, GnRH, gonadotropin releasing hormone (-) Ovaries (granulosa cells), Inhibin (32 Kd), cirulation Females: production of estrogen by follicle cells Menstrual Cycle: days 5-14 proliferative phase, estrogen: follicle development day 14 ovulation FSH surge Males: production of Androgen binding protein by Sertoli cells
42 LH Luteinizing Hormone Glycoprotein, 28 Kd, Released by Anterior Pituitary (+) Hypothalamus, GnRH, gonadotropin releasing hormone (-) Ovaries (granulosa cells), Inhibin (32 Kd), cirulation Females: production of progesterone by follicle cells Menstrual Cycle: day 14 LH surge induces ovulation and transforms the graafian follicle into the corpus luteum days Secretory phase, LH required for progesterone production Males: Induces enzymes required for testosterone synthesis in Leydig cells
43 From BM Carlson, 1999
44 Hormones Influence Spermatogenesis Hypothalamus GnRH Anterior Pituitary LH Leydig Cells Testosterone Serotoli Cells From BM Carlson, 1999
45 Sperm Transport From Seeley, Stephens and Tate, 1989
46 Birth Control Methods Rhythm Barriers condoms, diaphragm, cervical cap Pill (estrogen/progestin) inhibits ovulation IUD (intrauterine device) mechanical interference RU-486 progesterone antagonist induces menses Sterilization vasectomy / fallopian tube ligation
47 From Seeley, Stephens and Tate, 1989
48 In Vitro Fertilization From BM Carlson, 1999
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