Designing Waste-to-Energy Systems at Island Scale Olabode Esan - Business Development Manager, Masdar Special Projects Unit

Transcription

1 IRENA MARTINIQUE CONFERENCE ON ISLAND ENERGY TRANSITIONS: PATHWAYS FOR ACCELERATED UPTAKE OF RENEWABLES, Martinique 22 nd 24 th June Designing Waste-to-Energy Systems at Island Scale Olabode Esan - Business Development Manager, Masdar Special Projects Unit

2 Contents Introductory Context Waste-to-Energy (WtE) / Resource Recovery Systems Key Design Principles Checklist for Selection of Technologies Conclusions Project Examples Masdar p2

3 Introductory Context: Islands vary considerably in population, GDP, size, etc: Country Population ( 000) Waste Generation (tpa*) Nauru 9.5 7,000 Fiji ,000 Cuba 11,000 8,000,000 Country GDP per Capita ($) Haiti 1,300 Palau 10,500 Bahamas 32,000 Country Population Density (Persons / sq Km) Bahamas 23 Tuvalu 415 Barbados 674 *tpa: tonnes/annum, based on assumed average 2Kg/person/day Common characteristics of Islands include: Limited land for waste infrastructure Seasonal variations in waste generation tourism related Dependency on imported fossil fuels for electricity generation Main objectives of municipal solid waste management Optimize resource value of waste, e.g. energy recovery, soil nutrient Reduce volume of waste to be disposed Safe, economical and environmentally sound disposal of all waste streams Opportunities for exploiting energy content of waste; need for island specific solutions p3

4 Overview of WtE / Resource Recovery Systems: Main waste streams suitable for resource recovery: Dry Recyclables (paper, plastics, card, glass, etc.) Organic waste (food waste, grass cuttings tree trimmings / branches, etc.) Mixed residual waste mixture of all the above Agricultural waste, farm waste Sewage sludge Green waste Food waste Mixed Residual waste Waste-to-Energy / Resource Recovery Systems: In-vessel Composting compost / soil nutrient Anaerobic Digestion gas (energy); compost / soil nutrient Gasification syngas (energy); char Incineration heat (energy); inert residue (bottom ash) p4

5 Overview of WtE / Resource Recovery Systems (1): In-Vessel Composting (IVC): Biological treatment of organic waste, in the presence of oxygen, to produce soil enhancing product (compost) Net energy and water user: (No energy production) Modular IVC Unit: 10 tonnes /day per chamber Anaerobic Digestion (AD): Biological treatment of organic waste, in the absence of oxygen, resulting in the production of biogas (combusted to produce electricity and heat), soil improving product (digestate / compost) and liquid residue 70,000 tonnes / year AD Plant Net energy producer: Approx MWh/ tonne of waste input p5

6 Overview of WtE / Resource Recovery Systems (2): Incineration: Thermal treatment, combustion, of waste at high temperature with the recovery of energy, resulting in up to 90% volume reduction Key components: waste delivery unit; thermal treatment & energy recovery; emission / flue gas cleaning Approx MWh (electric) / tonne of waste input; higher for combined electricity & heat Gasification: 40,000 tonnes /year gasification plant producing 105GWh/year (heat) Thermal breakdown of waste under limited oxygen conditions, resulting in the production of a high calorific value syngas and char (arising from the non-combustible waste) Typically produces MWh (electric) / tonne of waste fuel input; as high as 2 MWh/tonne with electricity and heat production p6

7 Overview of WtE / Resource Recovery Systems (3): System Pros Cons In-Vessel Composting (IVC) Anaerobic Digestion Gasification Relatively simple to operate; low capital and operations cost; better controlled process than open windrow composting; can be readily scaled up Good track record; enables recycling of food waste; can be integrated with other waste treatment infrastructure; cheaper form of energy production than incineration or gasification Suitable for micro / small scale WtE; modular units allow for on-site treatment and phased implementation; requires less pollution control; higher energy conversion efficiency than incineration Incineration Efficient volume reduction (up to 90%); much more robust and adaptable to waste streams than gasification; cheaper cost / unit; can produce constant base load energy Mostly suited to organic waste fractions only; net energy user; can produce odours if not properly controlled; NO energy production Not suitable for mixed waste; uses a lot of water; higher costs than IVC; solid residues may need to be landfilled if quality is low; much lower energy production than gasification or incineration Requires pre-treatment into a homogenous feedstock; better suited to relatively high energy value (e.g. tyres, wood); higher cost / unit than incineration Significant air pollution control measures required; high capital and operating costs; hazardous fly ash (residue) requires specialized disposal; plants require larger quantities of waste than gasification p7

8 Key Design Principles: Implement at-source separation of all waste into homogenous streams, e.g. dry recyclables (paper, card, plastics, glass, etc), food waste, green waste, mixed waste, etc. Determine waste generation (tonnes/day) and seasonal variations over calendar year Establish waste composition (% contribution of key streams paper, card, food, etc) Based on above, determine most appropriate resource recovery approach soil nutrient (compost), energy Allocate suitable land area (Ha; m 2 ) Evaluate available and proven technology options p8

9 Waste Resource Recovery Options: a high-level selection Small scale composting plant in modular vessels (Photo illustration: 180 tonnes / year IVC unit) Waste Type / Constitution Green Green & Food Small 50-1,500 tpa* Composting (vessel) Composting (vessel) Waste-Stream Size Medium 5,000-20,000 tpa Composting (vessel/tunnel) Small / Medium Anaerobic Digestion Large >40,000 tpa Composting (tunnel) Composting (tunnel) Anaerobic Digestion Mixed Micro-Gasification Gasification Incineration *tpa: tonnes / year This technology is considered to be in the latedevelopment / early commercialization stage (Photo illustration: 20Kg/hour micro gasification unit). p9

10 Checklist for selection / evaluation of WtE technologies: Category Parameter Unit of Measurement Treatment Efficiency Energy efficiency Landfill diversion Resource usage (per tonne of waste treated) Tolerance to feedstock variability Maximum or Minimum tonnage MWh produced / tonne of waste treated % of residue (leftover) per tonne treated Water (litres / tonne); Start-up fuel (litres / tonne); Energy (kwh/tonne) E.g. for incineration, range of acceptable waste input Cv (8 15 MJ/Kg) Tonnes per day Costs Cost per unit treated $/tonne Capital / Operational cost Required income streams $/MW; $/MWh or $/year Gate Fee ($/tonne); Energy Tariff ($/kwh) Climate Change Impact Emissions KgCO 2 equivalent emissions / tonne of waste Others Track record Number of operationally successful reference projects with same waste input p10

11 Conclusions 1 There are several proven systems for realizing the resource value of waste streams, ranging from small scale composting systems through micro scale gasification plants to medium / large scale incineration plants producing energy Islands vary considerably in size (population, waste generation types, rates and seasonal variations), level of infrastructure affordability, etc. To ensure the most effective outcomes, Island States need to adapt waste management solutions accordingly Appropriately selected and designed WtE systems provide a practical and economical method for waste treatment and energy production p11

12 Illustrative Project Examples p12

13 Anaerobic digestion plants Ref Source: Baldock, Hertfordshire, England: Processes 45,000 tonnes of food waste per year; Generates 2MW of electricity GwyriAD - Llwyn Isaf, Wales: Processes 11,500 tonnes of food waste per year; Generates 500kW of electricity p13

14 Incineration plant Ref Source: Richmond Hill, Isle of Man, UK: Processes 60,000 tonnes of municipal and commercial waste per year; Generates 5MW of electricity, supplying 10% of the island s electricity

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16 A pioneering approach to renewable energy & technology deployment Masdar is mandated to expand the UAE s energy portfolio by advancing, commercializing and deploying future energy and clean technologies We operate across the industry value chain by merging higher education, R&D, investment and large-scale clean energy development Our holistic business model fosters innovation and commercialization of viable technologies Technology Deployment Academia & Research Investment Stage 1 Stage 2 Stage 3

17 Masdar Special Projects: PMC for small - medium scale renewable energy & clean tech projects Project management consultancy (PMC) services for renewable energy and cleantech projects and applications Expertise in providing energy access to communities in remote geographies and in challenging conditions Successfully delivered 15 projects, 38 MW capacity in 7 countries Ongoing execution of 13 projects / programs, 45MW capacity across 9 countries 7 UAE Delivered Projects Define/Execute Projects Proposals / Areas of Interest

18 Masdar Special Projects: Completed projects Project Location Type 1 Rashid Abdullah Omran Hospital Ras Al Khaimah, UAE 2 Samoa Wind Samoa, South Pacific 550 kw Wind Farm 3 Shk. Zayed Solar Plant Nouakchott, Mauritania 15 MW PV Plant 560kW roof PV, carpark shades PV, solar street lights 4 Port Victoria Wind Project Seychelles 6 MW onshore wind farm 5 Solar Roof Program Abu Dhabi, UAE Total of 2.9MW roof PV on 12 buildings 6 Um Al Zumool Farm Project Abu Dhabi, UAE 100 kw PV Plant 7 Murwah Island Project Abu Dhabi, UAE 500 kw PV Plant 8 Al Wathba Stables Project Abu Dhabi, UAE 120 kw PV Plant 9 Tonga Solar Plant Vavau Island, Tonga 500 kw PV Plant 10 Afghanistan SHS Helmand, Afghanistan 600 Solar home systems in 27 villages 11 Al Jarnain Island PV Plant Al Jarnain Island, UAE 750 kw PV Plant 12 Sea Palace Abu Dhabi, UAE 200 kw PV Plant 13 Al Ain Dewan Al Ain, UAE Lighting and Energy Efficiency 14 Concentration PV Pilot Masdar City, UAE 600 kw PV Plant 15 Egypt Solar Projects Siwa, Egypt 10 MW PV Plant MW delivered 15 projects/programmes completed

19 Masdar Special Projects: Ongoing projects Project Location Type Status 1 Desalination Program Abu Dhabi, UAE 4-5 highly efficient water desalination pilot plants Execution 7,000 Solar Home Systems Micro solar PV plants (2.2 MW total) 2 Egypt Solar Projects Egypt 6 MW solar PV plants (3 No.) - Al Wadi Jadeed 14 MW solar PV plants (4No.) - Red Sea 7 MW solar PV plants (4No.) - South Sinai Execution 3 UAE Island- Solar PV and Desalination Abu Dhabi, UAE Hybrid 200 kw PV Plant & desalination plant, 11m 3 /d Execution 4 Morocco SHS Morocco 17,500 Solar home systems in 950 villages Execution 5 Seychelles Solar Plant Seychelles 5 MW PV Plant Client Approval

20 Masdar Special Projects: Ongoing projects Project Location Type Status 6 Tuvalu Solar Plant Tuvalu, South Pacific 500 kw PV Plant Execution 7 Kiribati Solar Plant Kiribati, South Pacific 500 kw PV Plant Execution 8 Fiji Solar Plant Fiji, South Pacific 525kW PV Plant Execution 9 Vanuatu Solar Plant Vanuatu, South Pacific 760 kw PV Plant Execution 10 Marshall Islands Solar Plant Majuro, South Pacific 600 kw PV Plant EPC Tender 11 Solomon Islands Solar Plant Honiara, South Pacific 600 kw PV Plant EPC Tender 12 Nauru Solar Plant Nauru, South Pacific 500 kw PV Plant EPC Tender 13 Palau Solar and Desalination Palau, South Pacific 200KW Solar PV Plant & 50m 3 desalination Plant EPC Tender 45 MW + 13 projects/programmes under development +