EFFECT OF SODIUM NITRITE (NaNO 2 ) TO ERITHROCYTE AND HEMOGLOBIN PROFILE IN WHITE RAT (Rattus norvegicus)
|
|
- Cassandra Fox
- 7 years ago
- Views:
Transcription
1 EFFECT OF SODIUM NITRITE (NaNO 2 ) TO ERITHROCYTE AND HEMOGLOBIN PROFILE IN WHITE RAT (Rattus norvegicus) Rini Ambarwati Nursing Department, Health Polytechnique Ministry of Health, Surabaya ABSTRAK Natrium Nitrit (NaNO 2 ) merupakan bahan pengawet makanan yang cenderung disalahgunakan. Keracunan Natrium Nitrit yang sering terjadi adalah berkurangnya kemampuan hemoglobin untuk mengikat oksigen dan terbentuknya reactive oxygen species (ROS) yang dapat menyebabkan perubahan jumlah eritrosit dan kadar hemoglobin. Penelitian ini bersifat eksperimental laboratoris dengan menggunakan Post Test Control Group Design untuk mengetahui efek pemberian Natrium Nitrit terhadap profil eritrosit yang meliputi jumlah eritrosit, kadar hemoglobin pada tikus putih. Sampel 33 tikus (Rattus norvegicus) jantan berat gram dibagi menjadi 3 kelompok masing-masing terdiri dari 11 tikus. Kelompok 1 adalah kelompok kontrol sedangkan kelompok 2 adalah kelompok yang diberikan Natrium Nitrit dosis 0,5 mg/200 gram BB tikus dan kelompok 3 adalah kelompok yang diberikan Natrium Nitrit dosis 1,5 mg/200gram BB tikus selama 30 hari. Hasil penelitian menunjukan ada perbedaan yang bermakna p=0,000 (p<0,05) pada jumlah eritrosit dan kadar hemoglobin. Pemberian Natrium Nitrit 0,5 mg/200gram BB tikus yang merupakan dosis aman sudah menunjukkan perubahan profil eritrosit dan dosis Natrium Nitrit 1,5 mg/200gram BB tikus menunjukkan perubahan pada jumlah eritrosit dan kadar hemoglobin yang lebih besar. Kesimpulan dari penelitian ini adalah pemberian Natrium Nitrit dengan dosis 0,5 mg/200gram BB tikus dan 1,5 mg/200gram BB tikus dapat menurunkan jumlah eritrosit dan kadar hemoglobin tikus putih jantan.(fmi 2012;48:1-5) Kata kunci: Natrium Nitrit, eritrosit, hemoglobin. ABSTRACT Sodium Nitrite (NaNO 2 ) is a food preservative that tend to be misused. Poisoning from Sodium Nitrite that often occurs reduces hemoglobin ability to bind oxygen and the formation reactive oxygen species (ROS) that can changes erythrocyte count and hemoglobin level. This was an experimental laboratories study using Post Test Control Group Design to identify the effect of Sodium Nitrite administration on the profile of erythrocytes, including erythrocytes count, and hemoglobin levels in white rat. Samples comprised 33 male rats (Rattus norvegicus) weight grams, divided into 3 groups, each consisting of 11 rats. Group 1 was the control group, group 2 received Sodium Nitrite of 0.5 mg/200 grams BW rats and group 3 received Sodium Nitrite of 1.5 mg/200 gram BW rats for 30 days. Results of research showed that there was a high difference in means p=0.000 (p<0.05) on erythrocytes count and hemoglobin level. The Sodium Nitrite of 0.5 mg/200gram BW for white rat, which was a safe dose, has already changed erythrocytes count, and Sodium Nitrite of 1.5 mg/200gram BW showed higher changes either in erythrocytes count and hemoglobin level. In conclusion, Sodium Nitrite administration of 0.5 mg/200gram BW/white rat, and 1.5 mg/200gram BW rats can decrease erythrocytes count and hemoglobin level of male white rats.(fmi 2012;48:1-5) Keywords: Sodium Nitrite, erythrocyte, hemoglobin. Correspondence: Rini Ambarwati, Nursing Departement, Nursing Department, Health Polytechnique Ministry of Health, Jl. Prof Moestopo 8C, Surabaya, Indonesia. jurkep@poltekkesdepkes-sby.ac.idsurabaya INTRODUCTION Sodium Nitrite (NaNO2) is preservatives for processed meat foods that tend to be abused because of weak oversight and the number of people who have not or do not know the dangers posed, so the manufacturers take advantage of these conditions (Afrianti 2010). Nitrite is a compound like crystal or crystal powder which is odorless, white color, and water soluble (Cahyadi 2006). Nitrite is an active compound of NO that formed when Nitrite is dissolved. In the preservation of meat, NO will join the meat pigment (called myoglobin) to form 1 "nitrosomioglobin" making it a bright red (like corneed, sausages, burgers) these compounds are carcinogenic (Afrianti 2010). Williams et al (2000) has reported that the binding of nitrite and hemoglobin cause the formation of reactive oxygen groups (Reactive Oxygen Species/ROS). ROS working cause oxidative stress on erythrocyte membrane, erythrocyte consequently not able to maintain supple and hemolysis occurs early. Although it has been known that nitrites are carcinogenic to hemolytic red blood cells, there is a safe dose to be
2 Folia Medica Indonesiana Vol. 48 No. 1 January - March 2012 : 1-5 consumed according to FAO/WHO, namely: 0.07 mg/kgbw/day so for 70 kg body weight was 7 mg. Meanwhile, according to Depkes RI 0.4 mg/kg/day (Department of Health 2006, Afrianti 2010). The purpose of this study is to obtain the number of erythrocytes and hemoglobin levels of white rats (Rattus norvegicus) males treated with sodium nitrite for 30 days. This study is an experimental laboratory that uses Post Test Control Group Design to determine the effect of sodium nitrite on erythrocyte profile ie the number of erythrocytes, levels of hemoglobin, hematocrit and reticulocyte in white rat. MATERIALS AND METHODS This research was experimental laboratories, using a random design complete with 2 treatments to adult male white rat (Rattus norvegicus) wistar strain with heavy gram in 3-4 month age with physically health. Total 24 Rats white kept in cage, each cage contains 8 male rats white (total 24 lambs). Rats had aclimaticated first for 1 weeks. Rats were given feeds and drink et libitum and given oral solution sodium nitrite during the 30-day, with the dose per day for each group as follows. In group one, rats gift feeds and drinking water standard 3 ml/200g BB rats/day (during the 30-day / sonde) without Sodium Nitrite. Then, group two gift Feeds standard plus Sodium Nitrite 0.5 mg in 3ml aquades per 200g BB rats/day (for a period of 30 hr/ sonde). While group three gift feeds standard plus Sodium Nitrite 1.5 mg in 3ml aquades/200g BB rats/hr (during the 30 hr/ sonde). correlation test and Multi-analysis of variance (Manova) was used for post hoc analysis, p < 0.05 was considered as statistically significant RESULTS The following is the spread data based on age and the s tandar deviation of erythrocytes and levels of hemoglobin. Table 1. Average test and standard deviation erythrocytes profile Group Erythrocytes Profile Controls NaNO 2 = 0.5 = NaNO 2 = 1.5 mg Average, SD Erythrocytes (x 10 6 µl) 9.61, , , 0.74 Hemoglobin (g/dl) 14.51, , , 1.20 Table 1 shows decreasing average test number of erythrocytes and levels of hemoglobin respectively in the control group, the group treatment NaNO2 dosage 0.5 mg/200gram BB rats, and the treatment NaNO2 dosage 1.5 mg/200gram BB rats. Changes can be seen in the figure 1 below: Technical data Taking blood specimens to group 1-3 would be done on the 30th day after having been given preferential treatment to know the total amount erythrocytes and hemoglobin. Taking blood specimen came from the heart rats, where previously done anesthesia by using Ketamin Hcl (dosage mg/kg BW in intraperitonial) as many as 1 ml. After taking blood specimens then decapitation done (Kusumawati 2004). Blood Specimens in all the groups, was included in the tiny reactions that have been given EDTA then given identity in accordance with the sequence specimens in the group and the cook in Balai Besar Health Laboratory Surabaya. The checking procedures of erythrocytes and levels of hemoglobin analysis methods with a computerized with the instruments Sysmex KX- 21. Measuring result was visualized in numbers and histogram (Bakta 2006). Statistical analysis bothered by perfomed Pearson 2 Figure 1. Bar chart of average number of erythrocytes / RBC (x 10 6 per µl) Results of The Analysis Multivariate Anova (Manova) To know the difference between mean of each groups: number of erythrocytes and levels of hemoglobin in the control group, the group NaNO2 dosage 0.5 mg per 200gram BB rats and NaNO2 dosage 1.5 mg per 200 grams BB rats, then used tests Manova. Test result Manova showed the p=0.000 (p< 0.05), so it can be said that there are huge differences between ; number of erythrocytes as many as 72.1 (Sum of Square Squares
3 Type III) and levels of hemoglobin as many as Whereas in Mean Square the number of erythrocytes are 36.0 and hemoglobin 97.5 in the current controls, the group NaNO2 dosage 0.5 mg per 200gram BB rats and NaNO2 dosage 1.5 mg per 200gram BB rats. Figure 2. Bar Chart of average levels of hemoglobin/ HGB (g/dl) DISCUSSION Effect of Giving Sodium Nitrite to Number of Erythrocytes Nitric is chemicals that are not excreted by the human body so that it is accumulated and can cause health problems (Lundberg et al 2008). Number of erythrocytes is one of the important parameters to assess health, considering his role is very big in carrying oxygen in the body. Blood circulation describes basic mechanisms chemical distribution throughout the body (Loomis 1978). Results of research shows that there is a decline of the average value for the number of erythrocytes respectively: 9,61x10 6 µl ; 7,7x 10 6 µl ; 5,99x 10 6 µl. Manova test on the number of erythrocytes shows there is a big difference means with p= (p<0.05) from the sodium Nitrite dosage 0.5 mg/200 grams BB white rat, and 1.5 mg/200 grams BB rats, as shown in table 1 and the figure 1 The Sodium Nitrite dosage 0.5 mg/200 grams BB white rat that is dosage conversion from safe dosage is allowed according to Permenkes 1988 is 0.4 mg/kg BW/day while safe dosage that nominated FAO, WHO is 0.07 mg/kg BW/day, but on the dose of 0.5 mg/200 grams BB rats has shown that there is a decrease in the number of erythrocytes. According to Lundberg et al (2008), Sodium Nitrite if in consumption will continue to insist on and excessive cause stock exchange toxic substances in humans. On the gift Sodium Nitrite dosage 1.5 mg/200 grams BB rats, effects on a decrease in the number of erythrocytes is greater. This is because Sodium Nitrite into the blood circulation will bond hemoglobin produce Reactive Oxygen species (ROS) namely anions superoxide (O2 - ). ROS cause oxidative stress to the proteins in cytoskeleton erythrocytes and damage membrane structures erythrocytes by ties crossing (cross linking) proteins, near break easily and cause erythrocytes (lysis) (May et al 2000). Hemolysis early triggers bone marrows to speed up the formation of new erythrocyte, up to 10 times the normal speed marked with the increase in the number of erythroblast and reticulocyte accelerated into blood so produce erythrocytes that has not been mature (in the normal situation, life expectancy erythrocytes are 120 days). The destruction of erythrocytes faster than producing it causes a decrease in the number of erythrocytes. Decreasing in the number of erythrocytes, affects the formation of the occurrence of eritropoietin and stimulate eritropoiesis, but because erythrocytes that there is a newly formed, then hemoglobin level that is in erythrocytes has yet to reach the optimum level. Number of hemoglobin that had not been stable, cause hemoglobin ability to tie was far from optimal oxygen. According to Derave and Taes (2009), the number of oxygen that decreased will lead to liver secretes more globulin, the kidneys producing more renal eritropoietin factors. In the blood, globulin and factors eritropoietin kidney will hold an interaction formed eritropoietin that will stimulate the occurrence of eritropoiesis. Speed of eritropoiesis stated in such a manner so that a number of erythrocytes in the circulatory system there is more or less constant. Every time the number of oxygen transported to tissue become low usually will increase the speed formation of erythrocytes (Murray et al 2009). Research done by Hord et al (2009), the Sodium Nitrite with great dosage will speed up destruction the red blood cells, so reducing the number of erythrocytes circulation and tends to cause anemia. Based on the research Umbreit (2007) stated that all chemicals that were used as preservatives is the poison, but toxicity that is determined by the number of that is needed to produce the effects and health problems or sick. Effect of Giving Sodium Nitrite to Levels of Hemoglobin From the result of the research, that is obtained the decreasing average hemoglobin level with the sequence: g/dl; g/dl; 8.61 g/dl. Based on statistic 3
4 Folia Medica Indonesiana Vol. 48 No. 1 January - March 2012 : 1-5 test Manova on the number of hemoglobin there is a significant difference with p = (p<0.05) from the Sodium Nitrite dosage 0.5 mg/200 grams BB rats, and 1.5 mg/200 grams BB rats, as can be seen in table 1 and the figure 2. Hemoglobin is an erythrocytes component and a conjugation protein in transport oxygen and carbon dioxide. The determination levels of Hemoglobin often used to know that there is an anemia (Tahono & Wuryaningsih 2000). In this research the sodium Nitrite dosage 0.5 mg/200 grams BB rats and 1.5 mg/200 grams BB rats showed average test levels of hemoglobin that decreased. This condition caused Nitric bound with hemoglobin forms methemoglobine, skin allergic that is hemoglobin that is oxidized and is a form of hemoglobin which bind water, not oxygen ; NaNO2 + hbfe2+? NO + hbfe3+ + O2 -, formation of methemoglobine, skin allergic cause blood hemoglobin capacity to carry oxygen is decreased, carbonation level so it can cause hypoxia or lack of oxygen on body tissues (Hoffbrand et al 2005, Murray et al 2009). The gift with a dosage of Sodium Nitrite 0.5/200gram BB rats cause experienced haemoglobin in normal limit ( g/dl) but cause the Sodium Nitrite with the dose 1.5 mg/200gram BB rats drop levels hemoglobin under normal limit (<11,1g/dl), it shows that there is a rats tendency to anemia. Sodium nitrite is chemicals that usually used to preservative meat and fish to get a good color and prevent the growing microbes, but for a continual intake can cause harmful effects for the health and can cause anemia. Research done by Faisol (1987) apparently anemia affected power concentration, perception and attention elementary school children this caused by hemoglobin is the primary protein in the human body that has a function to carry the oxygen from the lungs to the peripheral and carrying carbon dioxide from peripheral tissue to the lungs, to maintain retention or the capacity to concentrate, there is required energy that is available in the body. Energy was obtained from foods that go into the body through a series of processes metabolism. Exchange substance or the process of metabolism is a chemical reactions series in the body with the aim is to produce energy. To be able a continuous metabolism process in the body, it is needed oxygen as fuel that is responsible from the process respiration. Hemoglobin molecule is responsible for carrying oxygen and carbon dioxide in the blood. Through this fusion oxygen brought up from the lungs circulated throughout all body tissues that require (Dejam et al 2005). Factors that are very affected supplies oxygen to tissues of the body is the number of the red blood cells and the number of hemoglobin that were found in it, so that those who are suffering from anemia, oxygen supply to the tissue of the body will experience disruption since the internal organs is less, automatically oxygen that is carried will decreased. With less oxygen in the tissue so the body metabolism process would be disturbed and the implication is the need for the learning process energy had problems. The more levels of Hemoglobin in the blood, the more oxygen that can be transported to various tissues vice versa (Ama 1987). CONCLUSION The sodium nitrite (NaNO2) dosage 0.5 mg per 200 gram BB in rats (Rattus norvegicus) during the 30-day decrease the number of erythrocytes, levels of hemoglobin, The sodium Nitrite (NaNO2) dosage 1.5 mg per 200 gram BB in rats during the 30-day higher decrease the number of erythrocytes, levels of hemoglobin. REFERENCES Afrianti LH (2010). Pengawet Makanan Alami dan Sintetis, Bandung, Penerbit Alfabeta Bakta IM (2006). Hematologi Klinik Ringkas, Jakarta, Penerbit Buku Kedokteran EGC, p Cahyadi S (2006). Analisis dan Aspek Kesehatan Bahan Tambahan Pangan, Cetakan Pertama, Jakarta, PT Bumi Aksara Dejam A, Hunter CJ, Pelletier MM, Hsu LL, Machado RF, Shiva S, Power GG, Kelm M, Gladwin MT, Schechter AN (2005). Erythrocytes are the major intravascular storage sites of nitrite in human blood. Blood 106, Department of Health (2006). Bahan-Bahan Berbahaya dan Dampaknya terhadap Kesehatan Manusia, Jakarta, Departemen Kesehatan RI Derave W and Taes Y (2009). Beware of the pickle: health effects of nitrate intake. J Appl Physiol 107, 1677 Faisol A (1987). Pengaruh anemia gizi terhadap konsentrasi dan prestasi belajar anak sekolah serta cara penanggulanganya. Majalah Kesehatan Masyarakat Indonesia 17, Hoffbrand AV, Pettit JE, Moss PAH, Hall JE (2005). Kapita Selekta Hematologi, 2nd ed, Jakarta, EGC, p Hord NG, Tang Y, Bryan NS (2009). Food sources of nitrates and nitrites: the physiologic context for potential health benefits. Am J Clin Nutr 90,
5 Kusumawati D (2004). Bersahabat dengan Hewan Coba, Cetakan Pertama, Yogyakarta, Gajah Mada University Press, p 11-12, 22, 67, 87 Loomis TA (1978). Toksikologi Dasar, 3rd ed, Semarang, IKIP Semarang Press Lundberg JO, Weitzberg E, Gladwin MT (2008). The nitrate-nitrite-nitric oxide pathway in physiology and therapeutics. Nat Rev Drug Discov 7, May JM, Qu ZC, Xia L, Cobb CE (2000). Nitrite uptake and metabolism and oxidant stress in human erythrocytes. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol 279, C1946- C1954 Murray RK, Granner DK, Rodwell VW (2009). Biokimia Harper, 27th ed, Jakarta, EGC, p 50, 641 Tahono H and Wuryaningsih Y (2000). Patologi Klinik I Pengantar Analisa Laboratorium Patologi Klinik, Surakarta, UNS Press Umbreit J (2007). Methemoglobin-it s not just blue: a concise review. American Journal of Hematology 82, Williams PL, James RC, Roberts SM (2000). The Principles of Toxicology: Environmental and Industrial Applications, 2nd ed, New York, John Wiley & Sons Inc 5
GUAVA (Psidium guajava L.) JUICE IS EFFECTIVE IN LOWERING BLOOD GLUCOSE LEVEL IN MICE (Mus musculus)
Guava Juice is Effective in Lowering Blood Glucose Level in Mice (Vini Victoria, Sri Purwaningsih, Suhartati) GUAVA (Psidium guajava L.) JUICE IS EFFECTIVE IN LOWERING BLOOD GLUCOSE LEVEL IN MICE (Mus
More informationWhat Causes Cancer-related Fatigue?
What Causes Cancer-related Fatigue? The causes of cancer-related fatigue are not fully understood. It may be the cancer and/or the cancer treatment. Cancer and cancer treatment can change normal protein
More informationCollect and label sample according to standard protocols. Gently invert tube 8-10 times immediately after draw. DO NOT SHAKE. Do not centrifuge.
Complete Blood Count CPT Code: CBC with Differential: 85025 CBC without Differential: 85027 Order Code: CBC with Differential: C915 Includes: White blood cell, Red blood cell, Hematocrit, Hemoglobin, MCV,
More informationCirculatory System Review
Circulatory System Review 1. Draw a table to describe the similarities and differences between arteries and veins? Anatomy Direction of blood flow: Oxygen concentration: Arteries Thick, elastic smooth
More informationEndocrine System: Practice Questions #1
Endocrine System: Practice Questions #1 1. Removing part of gland D would most likely result in A. a decrease in the secretions of other glands B. a decrease in the blood calcium level C. an increase in
More informationA.L. Wafa a sameer 2014 Circulatory system / Physiology. Physiology of blood
Red Blood Cells (Erythrocytes) Physiology of blood E rythrocytes : are the most abundant cells of the blood and are necessary for the delivery of oxygen to the tissues. The major function of red blood
More informationVisual Acuity. Hearing. Height and Weight. Blood Pressure MEASURED VALUE
TEST ITEM DESCRIPTION STANDARD LEVEL Standard level varies among different examination methods. Please check with your medical facility about normal level. MEASURED VALUE Visual Acuity You look at rings
More informationThe Physiology of Hyperbaric Oxygen Therapy. Free Radicals and Reactive Oxygen Species. I. Introduction Definition, Source, function and Purpose
The Physiology of Hyperbaric Oxygen Therapy Free Radicals and Reactive Oxygen Species I. Introduction Definition, Source, function and Purpose A. Definition of free radicals and reactive oxygen species
More informationDeterminants of Blood Oxygen Content Instructor s Guide
Determinants of Blood Oxygen Content Instructor s Guide Time to Complete This activity will take approximately 75 minutes, but can be shortened depending on how much time the instructor takes to review
More informationCardiovascular System. Blood Components
Cardiovascular System Blood Components 1 Components of Blood Formed elements: erythrocytes, leukocytes, platelets Plasma: water, proteins, other solutes The components of blood can be divided into two
More informationWeek 30. Water Balance and Minerals
Week 30 Water Balance and Minerals Water: more vital to life than food involved in almost every body function is not stored--excreted daily largest single constituent of the human body, averaging 60% of
More informationTRANSPORT OF BLOOD GASES From The Lungs To The Tissues & Back
TRANSPORT OF BLOOD GASES From The Lungs To The Tissues & Back Dr. Sally Osborne Department of Cellular & Physiological Sciences University of British Columbia Room 3602, D.H Copp Building 604 822-3421
More informationABO-Rh Blood Typing Using Neo/BLOOD
ABO-Rh Blood Typing Using Neo/BLOOD Objectives Determine the ABO and Rh blood type of unknown simulated blood samples. Prepare a simulated blood smear. Examine a prepared blood smear under the microscope
More informationChapter 18. Blood Types
Chapter 18 Blood Types Blood Types blood types and transfusion compatibility are a matter of interactions between plasma proteins and erythrocytes Karl Landsteiner discovered blood types A, B and O in
More informationDrug Excretion. Renal Drug Clearance. Drug Clearance and Half-Life. Glomerular Filtration II. Glomerular Filtration I. Drug Excretion and Clearance
t/.drugexcretion AINTRAVENOUSDOSE 36848765430TIME(hours) t/ Drug Excretion Dr. Robert G. Lamb Professor Pharmacology & Toxicology Drug Excretion and Clearance Drug Excretion: is the movement of drug from
More information7 Answers to end-of-chapter questions
7 Answers to end-of-chapter questions Multiple choice questions 1 B 2 B 3 A 4 B 5 A 6 D 7 C 8 C 9 B 10 B Structured questions 11 a i Maintenance of a constant internal environment within set limits i Concentration
More informationBio 20 Chapter 11 Workbook Blood and the Immune System Ms. Nyboer
Bio 20 Chapter 11 Workbook Blood and the Immune System Ms. Nyboer Name: Part A: Components of Blood 1. List the 3 plasma proteins and describe the function of each Albumins osmotic balance Globulins antibodies,
More informationCHAPTER 2: BLOOD CIRCULATION AND TRANSPORT
CHAPTER 2: BLOOD CIRCULATION AND TRANSPORT BLOOD CIRCULATION AND TRANSPORT HUMAN BEING PLANTS Function of heart Wilting Structure of heart Blood vessels: characteristics and functions Transpiration: function
More informationOxygen-Binding Proteins
Oxygen-Binding Proteins Myoglobin, Hemoglobin, Cytochromes bind O 2. Oxygen is transported from lungs to various tissues via blood in association with hemoglobin In muscle, hemoglobin gives up O 2 to myoglobin
More informationSchool-age child 5-1 THE BLOOD
C A S E S T U D Y 5 : School-age child Adapted from Thomson Delmar Learning s Case Study Series: Pediatrics, by Bonita E. Broyles, RN, BSN, MA, PhD. Copyright 2006 Thomson Delmar Learning, Clifton Park,
More informationBlood. Blood. Blood Composition. Blood Composition. Fractionation & Hemopoesis
Blood Blood Chapter 19 Blood is a specialized fluid connective tissue that contains cells suspended in a fluid matrix Functions of blood include: Transport of dissolved gases, nutrients, hormones and metabolic
More informationFunctions of Blood. Collects O 2 from lungs, nutrients from digestive tract, and waste products from tissues Helps maintain homeostasis
Blood Objectives Describe the functions of blood Describe blood plasma Explain the functions of red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets Summarize the process of blood clotting What is Blood?
More information2161-1 - Page 1. Name: 1) Choose the disease that is most closely related to the given phrase. Questions 10 and 11 refer to the following:
Name: 2161-1 - Page 1 1) Choose the disease that is most closely related to the given phrase. a disease of the bone marrow characterized by uncontrolled production of white blood cells A) meningitis B)
More informationMATERIAL SAFETY DATA SHEET
Page 1 of 5 1. IDENTIFICATION OF THE SUBSTANCE/PREPARATION AND THE COMPANY/UNDERTAKING Pfizer Inc Pfizer Pharmaceuticals Group 235 East 42nd Street New York, New York 10017 1-212-573-2222 Emergency telephone
More informationHuman Anatomy & Physiology II with Dr. Hubley
Human Anatomy & Physiology II with Dr. Hubley Exam #1 Name: Instructions This exam consists of 40 multiple-choice questions. Each multiple-choice question answered correctly is worth one point, and the
More informationWhat Does My Bone Marrow Do?
What Does My Bone Marrow Do? the myelodysplastic syndromes foundation, inc. Illustrations by Kirk Moldoff Published by The Myelodysplastic Syndromes Foundation, Inc. First Edition, 2009. 2012. Table of
More informationInterpretation of Laboratory Values
Interpretation of Laboratory Values Konrad J. Dias PT, DPT, CCS Overview Electrolyte imbalances Renal Function Tests Complete Blood Count Coagulation Profile Fluid imbalance Sodium Electrolyte Imbalances
More informationLaboratory Studies in the Diagnosis of Iron Deficiency, Latent Iron Deficiency and Iron Deficient Erythropoiesis
Laboratory Studies in the Diagnosis of Iron Deficiency, Latent Iron Deficiency and Iron Deficient Erythropoiesis General Comments The laboratory studies listed below are helpful in the diagnosis and management
More informationIs Exercise the Best Antioxidant Supplement? Len Kravitz, Ph.D.
Is Exercise the Best Antioxidant Supplement? Len Kravitz, Ph.D. As an unexpected consequence of the metabolic steps that convert food into energy, the body produces molecules commonly called free radicals.
More informationBlood Sticky, opaque fluid with a metallic taste (Fe 2+ ) Varies from scarlet (P O2 = 100) to dark red (P O2 = 40) ph is between 7.35 and 7.45 Average volume in an adult is 5 L (7% of body weight) 2 L
More information3. The Circulatory System
3. The Circulatory System A. Introduction B. Blood 1. Circulatory system transports water, electrolytes, hormones, enzymes, antibodies, cell, gases and nutrients to all cells and carries away metabolic
More informationUNDERSTANDING MULTIPLE MYELOMA AND LABORATORY VALUES Benjamin Parsons, DO bmparson@gundersenhealth.org Gundersen Health System Center for Cancer and
UNDERSTANDING MULTIPLE MYELOMA AND LABORATORY VALUES Benjamin Parsons, DO bmparson@gundersenhealth.org Gundersen Health System Center for Cancer and Blood Disorders La Crosse, WI UNDERSTANDING MULTIPLE
More informationHole s Human Anatomy and Physiology Eleventh Edition. Mrs. Hummer Hanover Area Jr./Sr. High School. Chapter 1 Introduction to Anatomy and Physiology
Hole s Human Anatomy and Physiology Eleventh Edition Mrs. Hummer Hanover Area Jr./Sr. High School Chapter 1 Introduction to Anatomy and Physiology 1 Chapter 1 Introduction to Human Anatomy and Physiology
More informationEnzymes. A. a lipid B. a protein C. a carbohydrate D. a mineral
Enzymes 1. All cells in multicellular organisms contain thousands of different kinds of enzymes that are specialized to catalyze different chemical reactions. Given this information, which of the following
More informationABSTRAK ABSTRACT. Keyword: improvement, OSCE, OSPHE model, Public health exam
Folia Medica Indonesiana Vol. 47 No. 4 October - December 2011 : 240-247 QUALITY AND EFFICIENCY IMPROVEMENT OF PROFESSIONAL MEDICAL DOCTOR EDUCATION IN PUBLIC HEALTH FIELD USING OBJECTIVE STRUCTURED PUBLIC
More informationName Date Period. Keystone Review Enzymes
Name Date Period Keystone Review Enzymes 1. In order for cells to function properly, the enzymes that they contain must also function properly. What can be inferred using the above information? A. Cells
More informationBLOOD-Chp. Chp.. 6 What are the functions of blood? What is the composition of blood? 3 major types of plasma proteins
6.1 Blood: An overview BLOOD-Chp Chp.. 6 What are the functions of blood? Transportation: oxygen, nutrients, wastes, carbon dioxide and hormones Defense: against invasion by pathogens Regulatory functions:
More informationNursing 113. Pharmacology Principles
Nursing 113 Pharmacology Principles 1. The study of how drugs enter the body, reach the site of action, and are removed from the body is called a. pharmacotherapeutics b. pharmacology c. pharmacodynamics
More informationIntracellular Calcium and Phosphatidylserine Exposure in the red Blood Cells
Intracellular Calcium and Phosphatidylserine Exposure in the red Blood Cells Biotechnology Seminar 2 Yaser Alkhaled 30.10.13 Table of Content 1. Introduction.... 3 2. Membrane of red blood cell.... 4 3.
More informationFACTS. Nitrate and Nitrite in Drinking Water. What Are Nitrate and Nitrite? 3. How Can These Chemicals Get into Your Drinking Water?
FACTS Nitrate and Nitrite in Drinking Water What Are Nitrate and Nitrite? 3 How Can These Chemicals Get into Your Drinking Water? 3 How Can You Find Out If These Chemicals Are in Your Drinking Water? 4
More informationIntroduction to Blood Management
Introduction to Blood Management What is Blood Management? Preventing a blood transfusion to the patient who doesn t need one Right blood product, at the right time, in the right dose, to the right patient
More informationChapter 16: Circulation
Section 1 (The Body s Transport System) Chapter 16: Circulation 7 th Grade Cardiovascular system (the circulatory system) includes the heart, blood vessels, and blood carries needed substances to the cells
More informationPERIPHERAL STEM CELL TRANSPLANT INTRODUCTION
PERIPHERAL STEM CELL TRANSPLANT INTRODUCTION This booklet was designed to help you and the important people in your life understand the treatment of high dose chemotherapy with stem cell support: a procedure
More informationQuantification of Reactive Phosphorus in Lake Mendota Sediments
Quantification of Reactive Phosphorus in Lake Mendota Sediments By: Jeremy, Advisor Dr. Mike Penn Most of the phosphorus (P) that enters lakes from external inputs is attached to soil or sediment. This
More informationCells, tissues and organs
Chapter 8: Cells, tissues and organs Cells: building blocks of life Living things are made of cells. Many of the chemical reactions that keep organisms alive (metabolic functions) take place in cells.
More informationXII. Biology, Grade 10
XII. Biology, Grade 10 Grade 10 Biology Pilot Test The spring 2004 Grade 10 MCAS Biology Test was based on learning standards in the Biology content strand of the Massachusetts Science and Technology/Engineering
More informationThe Body s Defenses CHAPTER 24
CHAPTER 24 The Body s Defenses PowerPoint Lectures for Essential Biology, Third Edition Neil Campbell, Jane Reece, and Eric Simon Essential Biology with Physiology, Second Edition Neil Campbell, Jane Reece,
More informationMATERIAL SAFETY DATA SHEET
Page 1 of 5 1. IDENTIFICATION OF THE SUBSTANCE/PREPARATION AND THE COMPANY/UNDERTAKING Pfizer Inc Pfizer Pharmaceuticals Group 235 East 42nd Street New York, New York 10017 1-212-573-2222 Emergency telephone
More informationChapter 17. How are acids different from bases? Acid Physical properties. Base. Explaining the difference in properties of acids and bases
Chapter 17 Acids and Bases How are acids different from bases? Acid Physical properties Base Physical properties Tastes sour Tastes bitter Feels slippery or slimy Chemical properties Chemical properties
More informationCOST ANALYSIS OF ANTIDIABETIC DRUGS FOR DIABETES MELLITUS OUTPATIENT IN KODYA YOGYAKARTA HOSPITAL
Malaysian Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Vol. 5, No. 1, 19 23 (2007) COST ANALYSIS OF ANTIDIABETIC DRUGS FOR DIABETES MELLITUS OUTPATIENT IN KODYA YOGYAKARTA HOSPITAL TRI MURTI ANDAYANI* AND IKE IMANINGSIH
More informationTeriflunomide is the active metabolite of Leflunomide, a drug employed since 1994 for the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis (Baselt, 2011).
Page 1 of 10 ANALYTE NAME AND STRUCTURE TERIFLUNOMIDE Teriflunomide TRADE NAME Aubagio CATEGORY Antimetabolite TEST CODE PURPOSE Therapeutic Drug Monitoring GENERAL RELEVANCY BACKGROUND sclerosis. The
More informationPRODUCTIVITY IMPROVEMENT VIA SIMULATION METHOD (MANUFACTURING INDUSTRY) HASBULLAH BIN MAT ISA
PRODUCTIVITY IMPROVEMENT VIA SIMULATION METHOD (MANUFACTURING INDUSTRY) HASBULLAH BIN MAT ISA Thesis submitted in fulfillment of the requirements for the award of the degree of Bachelor of Mechanical Engineering
More informationBeaumont Hospital Department of Nephrology and Renal Nursing. Guideline for administering Ferinject
Beaumont Hospital Department of Nephrology and Renal Nursing Guideline Name: Guideline for administering Ferinject Guideline Number: 18 Guideline Version: a Developed By: Louise Kelly CNM 1 Renal Day Care
More informationEngage: Brainstorming Body Systems. Record the structures and function of each body system in the table below.
Engage: Brainstorming Body s Record the structures and function of each body system in the table below. Body Nervous Circulatory Excretory Immune Digestive Respiratory Skeletal Muscular Endocrine Integumentary
More informationEssentials of Human Anatomy & Physiology. 7 th edition Marieb, Elaine, 2003. Chapters 10-11. Lab Manual, 2 nd edition and coloring book, 7 th edition
Topic/Unit: Anatomy & Physiology Circulatory System Curricular Goals/ Learning Outcomes: Students will be able to identify the composition of blood and its function. Students will be able to differentiate
More informationANALYSIS OF VITAMIN C
Purpose To learn how to analyze food for vitamin C content and to examine various sources for vitamin C content. Caution Handle the glassware with caution to prevent breakage. When using a burner in the
More informationWORK PLAN FOR DETERMINING PHYSIOLOGICAL INJURY TO OILED BIRDS FROM THE HORIZON (MC 252) OIL SPILL. Prepared by:
Original Draft: July 19,2010 Final: July 31, 2010 NATURAL RESOURCE DAMAGE ASSESSMENT WORK PLAN FOR DETERMINING PHYSIOLOGICAL INJURY TO OILED BIRDS FROM THE DEEPWATER HORIZON (MC 252) OIL SPILL Prepared
More informationVITAMIN B2. By : Dania Adel & Hanin Fareed
VITAMIN B2 By : Dania Adel & Hanin Fareed VITAMIN B2 Vitamin B2, which is also known as Riboflavin, is an easily absorbed colored micronutrient with a key role in maintaining health in humans and other
More informationHow To Remove A Drug By Therapeutic Apheresis
Medication Removal by Apheresis Yanyun Wu, M.D., Ph.D. Yale University School of Medicine 1 Objectives Review basic pharmacokinetics and its relevance in drug removal by therapeutic apheresis (TPE) Review
More informationKEY CHAPTER 14: BLOOD OBJECTIVES. 1. Describe blood according to its tissue type and major functions.
KEY CHAPTER 14: BLOOD OBJECTIVES 1. Describe blood according to its tissue type and major functions. TISSUE TYPE? MAJOR FUNCTIONS connective Transport Maintenance of body temperature 2. Define the term
More informationFunctions of Blood System. Blood Cells
Functions of Blood System Transport: to and from tissue cells Nutrients to cells: amino acids, glucose, vitamins, minerals, lipids (as lipoproteins). Oxygen: by red blood corpuscles (oxyhaemoglobin - 4
More information6 Characterization of Casein and Bovine Serum Albumin
6 Characterization of Casein and Bovine Serum Albumin (BSA) Objectives: A) To separate a mixture of casein and bovine serum albumin B) to characterize these proteins based on their solubilities as a function
More information37 2 Blood and the Lymphatic System Slide 1 of 34
1 of 34 Blood is a connective tissue that contains both dissolved substances and specialized cells. 2 of 34 The functions of blood include: collecting oxygen from the lungs, nutrients from the digestive
More informationTOTAL PROTEIN FIBRINOGEN
UNIT: Proteins 16tproteins.wpd Task Determination of Total Protein, Albumin and Globulins Objectives Upon completion of this exercise, the student will be able to: 1. Explain the ratio of albumin and globulin
More informationBlood & Marrow Transplant Glossary. Pediatric Blood and Marrow Transplant Program Patient Guide
Blood & Marrow Transplant Glossary Pediatric Blood and Marrow Transplant Program Patient Guide Glossary Absolute Neutrophil Count (ANC) -- Also called "absolute granulocyte count" amount of white blood
More informationBIO 137: CHAPTER 1 OBJECTIVES
BIO 137: CHAPTER 1 OBJECTIVES 1. Define the terms anatomy and physiology, and explain their relationship using an example of a human structure with its corresponding function. A. ANATOMY = the study of
More informationMilwaukee School of Engineering Gerrits@msoe.edu. Case Study: Factors that Affect Blood Pressure Instructor Version
Case Study: Factors that Affect Blood Pressure Instructor Version Goal This activity (case study and its associated questions) is designed to be a student-centered learning activity relating to the factors
More informationMetabolism: Cellular Respiration, Fermentation and Photosynthesis
Metabolism: Cellular Respiration, Fermentation and Photosynthesis Introduction: All organisms require a supply of energy and matter to build themselves and to continue to function. To get that supply of
More informationUNIVERSIDAD DE GUAYAQUIL DEPARTMENT OF CHEMICAL SCIENCES
CODE: 38/05 TITLE: Establishment of the potential anti-inflammatory effect of the product known as SAMENTO, originating from NutraMedix Laboratories, LLC, Florida OBJECTIVES: To study the possible anti-inflammatory
More informationMyoglobin and Hemoglobin
Myoglobin and Hemoglobin Myoglobin and hemoglobin are hemeproteins whose physiological importance is principally related to their ability to bind molecular oxygen. Myoglobin (Mb) The oxygen storage protein
More information4 Week Body Contour / Lipo Light Program
Natural Health Solutions 14698 Galaxie Ave. Apple Valley, MN 55124 (952) 891-22225 4 Week Body Contour / Lipo Light Program Welcome and Congratulations! This is an important decision towards improving
More informationAnalytical Specifications RIVAROXABAN
Page 1 of 9 ANALYTE NAME AND STRUCTURE - RIVAROXABAN SYNONYMS Xarelto CATEGORY Anticoagulant TEST CODE PURPOSE Therapeutic Drug Monitoring GENERAL RELEVANCY BACKGROUND Xarelto (rivaroxaban) is an orally
More informationHydroxyurea Treatment for Sickle Cell Disease
Hydroxyurea Treatment for Sickle Cell Disease Before hydroxyurea After hydroxyurea Hydroxyurea Treatment for Sickle Cell Disease 1 This document is not intended to take the place of the care and attention
More informationGlutathione and Oxidative Stress - Part I
Glutathione and Oxidative Stress - Part I By: James L. Holly, MD Oxidative Stress refers to effects from endogenous (produced in the body) toxins (free radicals) produced in the body by normal metabolism
More informationhttp://faculty.sau.edu.sa/h.alshehri
http://faculty.sau.edu.sa/h.alshehri Definition: Proteins are macromolecules with a backbone formed by polymerization of amino acids. Proteins carry out a number of functions in living organisms: - They
More informationRisk assessment and regulation of tattoo inks in the EU
Risk assessment and regulation of tattoo inks in the EU Paul Janssen Current situation: Tattoo application in a regulatory vacuum : Is not a medical treatment Is not a cosmetic treatment No EU-regulation
More informationChemistry 51 Chapter 8 TYPES OF SOLUTIONS. A solution is a homogeneous mixture of two substances: a solute and a solvent.
TYPES OF SOLUTIONS A solution is a homogeneous mixture of two substances: a solute and a solvent. Solute: substance being dissolved; present in lesser amount. Solvent: substance doing the dissolving; present
More informationEffects of Two Proprietary Compounds in Multiple Sclerosis DATE
Effects of Two Proprietary Compounds in a Model of Multiple Sclerosis DATE Authentication This study was conducted under the terms of a Services Agreement between Inc. and CLIENT dated DATE. Sponsor XXX
More informationChapter 7. 1. An (1) is a substance that speeds up the rate of a. biochemical reaction. All living (2) make enzymes.
Chapter 7 1. An (1) is a substance that speeds up the rate of a biochemical reaction. All living (2) make enzymes. 2. Large quantities of useful enzymes can be produced by culturing the (3) that make them
More informationTopic 8 Acids and bases 6 hours
Topic 8 Acids and bases 6 hours Hydronium ion (H3O + ) = more stable form of hydrogen ion (H + ) H + + H2O H3O + 8.1 Theories of acids and bases 2 hours 1. Arrhenius H-X / M-OH ACID a substance that dissociates
More informationEUROPEAN COMMISSION HEALTH & CONSUMER PROTECTION DIRECTORATE-GENERAL
EUROPEAN COMMISSION HEALTH & CONSUMER PROTECTION DIRECTORATE-GENERAL Directorate C - Scientific Opinions C2 - Management of scientific committees II; scientific co-operation and networks Revision of the
More informationAcute Myeloid Leukemia
Acute Myeloid Leukemia Introduction Leukemia is cancer of the white blood cells. The increased number of these cells leads to overcrowding of healthy blood cells. As a result, the healthy cells are not
More informationIntraosseous Vascular Access and Lidocaine
Intraosseous Vascular Access and Lidocaine Intraosseous (IO) needles provide access to the medullary cavity of a bone. It is a technique primarily used in emergency situations to administer fluid and medication
More informationIRON METABOLISM DISORDERS
IRON METABOLISM DISORDERS ANEMIA Definition Decrease in the number of circulating red blood cells Most common hematologic disorder by Most common hematologic disorder by far 1 Blood loss ANEMIA Causes
More informationELECTROLYTE SOLUTIONS (Continued)
ELECTROLYTE SOLUTIONS (Continued) Osmolarity Osmotic pressure is an important biologic parameter which involves diffusion of solutes or the transfer of fluids through semi permeable membranes. Per US Pharmacopeia,
More informationNitrite Poisoning or "Brown Blood" Disease- A Preventable Problem
Nitrite Poisoning or "Brown Blood" Disease- A Preventable Problem Jesse A. Chappell. Extension Fisheries Specialist, Assistant Professor, Auburn University ( 2008 ) Introduction Nitrite poisoning commonly
More informationKeystone Review Practice Test Module A Cells and Cell Processes. 1. Which characteristic is shared by all prokaryotes and eukaryotes?
Keystone Review Practice Test Module A Cells and Cell Processes 1. Which characteristic is shared by all prokaryotes and eukaryotes? a. Ability to store hereditary information b. Use of organelles to control
More informationUrinalysis and Body Fluids CRg. Chemical Exam of Urine - bilirubin. Chemical Exam of Urine - bilirubin. Unit 3. Chemical Examination of Urine
Urinalysis and Body Fluids CRg Unit 3 Chemical Examination of Urine Part 5, Bilirubin and Urobilinogen Chemical Exam of Urine - bilirubin Bilirubin and Urobilinogen - presence in urine may be the 1st indication
More informationHepatitis C. Laboratory Tests and Hepatitis C
Hepatitis C Laboratory Tests and Hepatitis C If you have hepatitis C, your doctor will use laboratory tests to check your health. This handout will help you understand what the major tests are and what
More informationUNIT 3 : MAINTAINING DYNAMIC EQUILIBRIUM
BIOLOGY - 2201 UNIT 3 : MAINTAINING DYNAMIC EQUILIBRIUM What happens to your body as you run? Breathing, heart rate, temperature, muscle pain, thirsty... Homeotasis Homeostasis is the process of maintaining
More informationMATERIAL SAFETY DATA SHEET
MATERIAL SAFETY DATA SHEET 1. PRODUCT AND COMPANY IDENTIFICATION Name: XYLOCAINE SOLUTIONS WITH EPINEPHRINE Address/Phone No.: DENTSPLY Pharmaceutical 3427 Concord Road York, PA 17402 Phone: 717-757-0200
More informationMATERIAL SAFETY DATA SHEET
Page 1 of 6 1. IDENTIFICATION OF THE SUBSTANCE/PREPARATION AND THE COMPANY/UNDERTAKING Pfizer Inc Pfizer Pharmaceuticals Group 235 East 42nd Street New York, New York 10017 1-212-573-2222 Emergency telephone
More informationPre-requisites: Successful completion of 4th grade science and the 4th grade science assessment.
Throughout each unit, assessments are incorporated into lessons. These assessments are activities that occur within the context of each lesson providing the guidelines for assessing students' progress.
More informationDiet for Kidney Stone Prevention
Diet for Kidney Stone Prevention National Kidney and Urologic Diseases Information Clearinghouse U.S. Department of Health and Human Services NATIONAL INSTITUTES OF HEALTH How does diet affect the risk
More informationInorganic mercury/ elemental mercury General information
Inorganic mercury/ elemental mercury General information Key Points Fire Does not easily burn under normal conditions Reacts with nitric acid and hot concentrated sulphuric acid. May react explosively
More informationChapter 14 Urinalysis, Body Fluids and Other Specimens. Objectives:
EXERCISE 15: CHEMICAL EXAMINATION OF URINE Textbook: Skill: Chapter 14 Urinalysis, Body Fluids and Other Specimens 15 points Objectives: 1. Name 10 routine chemical tests performed on urine and list a
More informationNorth Bergen School District Benchmarks
Grade: 10,11, and 12 Subject: Anatomy and Physiology First Marking Period Define anatomy and physiology, and describe various subspecialties of each discipline. Describe the five basic functions of living
More informationUNIVERSIDAD DE GUAYAQUIL DEPARTMENT OF CHEMICAL SCIENCES
CODE: 38/05 TITLE: Establishment of the potential anti-inflammatory effect of the product known as CUMANDA, originating from NutraMedix Laboratories, LLC, Florida OBJECTIVES: To study the possible anti-inflammatory
More informationIf your doctor has ordered laboratory tests, it s natural
A Patient s Guide to Clinical oratory Testing at Kingman Regional Medical Center If your doctor has ordered laboratory tests, it s natural to have questions about why and how the tests are performed. This
More informationdeveloped in the 1930 s Amides had a faster onset and a longer half life so they lasted longer Amides quickly ikl replaced esters In dentistry today,
Local Anesthetics History The first local anesthetics were cocaine and procaine (Novacain) developed in lt late 1800 s They were called esters because of their chemical composition Esters had a slow onset
More information