Education Indicators Technical guidelines

Transcription

1 Educaion Indicaors Technical guidelines November

2 SUMMARY ADULT LITERACY OR ILLITERACY RATE...3 NUMBER OF ADULT ILLITERATES...4 GROSS INTAKE RATIO (GIR) IN THE FIRST GRADE OF PRIMARY...5 NET INTAKE RATE (NIR) IN THE FIRST GRADE OF PRIMARY...6 SCHOOL-LIFE EXPECTANCY (SLE)...7 TRANSITION RATE (TR)...8 GROSS ENROLMENT RATIO (GER)...9 NET ENROLMENT RATE (NER)...10 AGE SPECIFIC ENROLMENT RATE (ASER)...12 REPETITION RATE BY GRADE (RR)...13 SURVIVAL RATE BY GRADE (SR)...14 COEFFICIENT OF EFFICIENCY...15 YEARS-INPUT PER GRADUATE...17 PERCENTAGE OF REPEATERS...19 PUBLIC EXPENDITURE ON EDUCATION AS % OF GROSS NATIONAL INCOME...20 PUBLIC EXPENDITURE ON EDUCATION AS % OF TOTAL GOVERNMENT EXPENDITURE...21 PERCENTAGE DISTRIBUTION OF PUBLIC CURRENT EXPENDITURE ON EDUCATION BY LEVEL.22 PUBLIC CURRENT EXPENDITURE PER PUPIL (STUDENT) AS % OF GROSS NATIONAL INCOME (GNI) PER CAPITA...23 PUPIL-TEACHER RATIO (PTR)...25 PERCENTAGE OF FEMALE TEACHERS...26 PERCENTAGE DISTRIBUTION OF STUDENTS IN TERTIARY EDUCATION BY ISCED LEVEL...27 PERCENTAGE OF FEMALE STUDENTS IN EACH ISCED LEVEL OF TERTIARY EDUCATION...28 PERCENTAGE DISTRIBUTION OF STUDENTS IN TERTIARY EDUCATION BY ISCED FIELDS OF EDUCATION PERCENTAGE DISTRIBUTION OF GRADUATES BY ISCED FIELDS OF EDUCATION AT THE TERTIARY LEVEL...30 PERCENTAGE OF PRIVATE ENROLMENT...31 PERCENTAGE OF TEACHING STAFF IN PRIVATE EDUCATIONAL INSTITUTION...32 EDUCATIONAL ATTAINMENT OF THE POPULATION AGED 25 YEARS AND ABOVE...33 NUMBER OF STUDENTS IN TERTIARY EDUCATION PER 100,000 INHABITANTS...34 PERCENTAGE DISTRIBUTION OF ENROLMENT IN SECONDARY EDUCATION BY ORIENTATION OF EDUCATION PROGRAMME...35 PUBLIC CURRENT EXPENDITURE ON EDUCATION AS % OF TOTAL PUBLIC EXPENDITURE ON EDUCATION...36 PERSONNEL COMPENSATION AS % OF PUBLIC CURRENT EXPENDITURE ON EDUCATION...37 GROSS INTAKE RATIO IN THE LAST GRADE OF PRIMARY (GIRLG)...38 EXPECTED GROSS INTAKE RATIO IN THE LAST GRADE OF PRIMARY (EGIRLG)...39 GROSS PRIMARY GRADUATION RATIO (GPGR)...40 EXPECTED GROSS PRIMARY GRADUATION RATIO (EGPGR)...41 OUT-OF-SCHOOL CHILDREN-PRIMARY (OOS)...42 PROMOTION RATE BY GRADE (PR)...43 DROPOUT RATE BY GRADE (DR)...44 GROSS ENROLMENT RATIO IN EARLY CHILDHOOD CARE AND EDUCATION (GER/ECCE)...45 PERCENTAGE OF NEW ENTRANTS TO PRIMARY EDUCATION WITH ECCE EXPERIENCE...46 PERCENTAGE OF TRAINED TEACHERS...47 PUBLIC EXPENDITURE ON A SPECIFIC ISCED LEVEL AS % OF TOTAL PUBLIC EXPENDITURE ON EDUCATION...48 GENDER PARITY INDEX (GPI)...49 YOUTH LITERACY RATE

3 ADULT LITERACY OR ILLITERACY RATE Definiion: The percenage of populaion aged 15 years and over who can boh read and wrie wih undersanding a shor simple saemen on his/her everyday life. Generally, lieracy also encompasses numeracy, he abiliy o make simple arihmeic calculaions. Adul illieracy is defined as he percenage of he populaion aged 15 years and over who canno boh read and wrie wih undersanding a shor simple saemen on his/her everyday life. Purpose: To show he accumulaed achievemen of primary educaion and lieracy programmes in imparing basic lieracy skills o he populaion, hereby enabling hem o apply such skills in daily life and o coninue learning and communicaing using he wrien word. Lieracy represens a poenial for furher inellecual growh and conribuion o economic-socio-culural developmen of sociey. Calculaion mehod: Divide he number of lieraes aged 15 years and over by he corresponding age group populaion and muliply he resul by 100. Alernaively, apply he same mehod using he number of illieraes o derive he illieracy rae; or by subracing lieracy rae from 100%. LIT 15 Where: LIT 15+ L P ILL + = * 100 or P Adul Lieracy Rae (15+) in year ILL I = * Adul Illieracy Rae (15+) in year L 15+ P 15+ Adul Lierae Populaion (15+) in year I 15+ Adul Populaion (15+) in year LIT ILL 15+ = 100% Adul Illierae Populaion (15+) in year Daa required: Populaion and number of lieraes (or illieraes) aged 15 years and over. Daa source: Mainly naional populaion census; household and/or labour force surveys. Types of disaggregaion: By gender, geographical locaion (region, urban/rural) and by he following five-year age groups: 15-19; 20-24; 25-29; 30-34; 35-39; 40-44; 45-49; 50-54; 55-59; 60-64; 65 and above. Inerpreaion: High lieracy rae (or low illieracy rae) suggess he exisence of an effecive primary educaion sysem and/or lieracy programmes ha have enabled a large proporion of he populaion o acquired he abiliy of using he wrien word (and making simple arihmeic calculaions) in daily life and o coninue learning. I is common pracice o presen and analyse lieracy raes ogeher wih he absolue number of adul illieraes as improvemens in lieracy raes may someimes be accompanied by increases in he illierae populaion due o he changing demographic srucure. Qualiy sandards: The rae canno exceed 100%. I will be useful o align measuremens of lieracy wih he sandard inernaional definiion given above, and o adminiser lieracy ess on a sample basis o verify and improve he qualiy of lieracy saisics. Limiaions: I has been observed ha some counries apply definiions and crieria for lieracy which are differen from he inernaional sandards defined above, or equae persons wih no schooling o illieraes, or change definiions beween censuses. Pracices for idenifying lieraes and illieraes during acual census enumeraion may also vary, as well as errors in lieracy self-declaraion can affec he reliabiliy of lieracy saisics. 3

4 NUMBER OF ADULT ILLITERATES Definiion: The populaion aged 15 years and above who canno boh read and wrie wih undersanding a shor simple saemen on heir every day life. Purpose: To idenify he size and, if possible, he whereabous and characerisics of he illierae populaion aged 15 years and above who should be argeed for policies and effors in expanding adul lieracy programmes. Calculaion mehod: Eiher use daa on he number of adul illieraes colleced during populaion census or survey or subrac he number of adul lieraes from he oal populaion aged 15 years and above. Daa required: Populaion and number of illieraes aged 15 years and above. Daa sources: Populaion census, household surveys, feriliy and labour force surveys. Type of disaggregaion: By gender, geographical locaion, (region, rural/urban areas) and by he following five-year age groups : 15-19, 20-24, 25-29,...,60-64, 65 and above. Inerpreaion: The higher he illierae populaion of he counry, he greaer he need o expand primary educaion and adul lieracy programmes. When disaggregaed by geographical locaions, i can pinpoin he areas needing mos lieracy effors, and policies may be se o arge such effors a prioriy populaion groups of a paricular gender and age group(s). Qualiy sandards: I will be useful o align all measuremens of lieracy wih he sandard inernaional definiion and o adminiser lieracy ess on sample basis o verify and improve he qualiy of lieracy saisics. Limiaions: Some counries apply definiions and crieria of lierae (illierae) which are differen from he inernaional sandards or equae persons wih no schooling as illieraes. Pracices for idenifying lieraes and illieraes during acual census enumeraion may also vary, as well as errors in lieracy self-declaraion can also affec he reliabiliy of lieracy saisics. 4

5 GROSS INTAKE RATIO (GIR) IN THE FIRST GRADE OF PRIMARY Definiion: Toal number of new enrans in he firs grade of primary educaion, regardless of age, expressed as a percenage of he populaion a he official primary school-enrance age. Purpose: To indicae he general level of access o primary educaion. I also indicaes he capaciy of he educaion sysem o provide access o grade 1 for he official school-enrance age populaion. Calculaion mehod: Divide he number of new enrans in grade 1, irrespecive of age, by he populaion of official school-enrance age, and muliply he resul by 100. GIR = N Pa *100 Where: GIR Gross Inake Raio in school year N Number of new enrans in he firs grade of primary educaion, in school year P a Populaion of official primary school enrance-age a, in school year N.B.: When daa on new enrans are no separaely repored, hey can be derived by subracing he number of repeaers from enrolmen in he firs grade. Daa required: New enrans in he firs grade of primary educaion (or enrolmen minus repeaers in he firs grade); populaion of he official primary school-enrance age. Daa source: School regiser, school survey or census for daa on new enrans by age. Populaion census or esimaes for primary school-enrance age populaion. Type of disaggregaion: By gender and by geographical locaion (region, rural/urban). Inerpreaion: A high GIR indicaes a high degree of access o primary educaion. As his calculaion includes all new enrans o firs grade (regardless of age), he raio can exceed 100%, due o over-aged and under-aged children enering primary school for he firs ime. Qualiy sandards: Daa on populaion used in deriving his indicaor should refer sricly o he official schoolenrance age. Care should be aken no o include repeaers in grade 1 in he calculaion, since his will lead o an inflaed GIR. Limiaions: A high GIR may be he effec of a backlog of over-aged children who have no enered school when hey were a he official primary school-enrance age. 5

6 NET INTAKE RATE (NIR) IN THE FIRST GRADE OF PRIMARY Definiion: New enrans in he firs grade of primary educaion who are of he official primary school-enrance age, expressed as a percenage of he populaion of he same age. Purpose: To precisely measure access o primary educaion by he eligible populaion of primary school-enrance age. Calculaion mehod: Divide he number of children of official primary school-enrance age who ener he firs grade of primary educaion for he firs ime by he populaion of he same age, and muliply he resul by 100. NIR = Na Pa *100 Where: NIR Ne Inake Rae in school year N a year P a Number of children of official primary school-enrance age a who ener he firs grade of primary educaion for he firs ime, in school Populaion of official primary school-enrance age a, in school year Daa required: New enrans in firs grade of primary educaion by single years of age; populaion of official primary school-enrance age. Daa source: School regiser, school survey or census for daa on new enrans by age; populaion census or esimaes for school-enrance age populaion. Type of disaggregaion: By gender and by geographical locaion (region, rural/urban). Inerpreaion: A high NIR indicaes a high degree of access o primary educaion for he official primary schoolenrance age children. NIR of 100% is a necessary condiion for he policy goal of universal primary educaion. Qualiy sandards: Daa on boh new enrans and populaion used in deriving his indicaor should refer sricly o he official school-enrance age. NIR in principle should no exceed 100%. Limiaions: This indicaor can be disored by an incorrec disincion beween new enrans and repeaers in he firs grade. This can be he case especially for under-aged pupils who may repea he firs grade a he official enrance age. 6

7 SCHOOL-LIFE EXPECTANCY (SLE) Definiion: The oal number of years of schooling which a child of a cerain age can expec o receive in he fuure, assuming ha he probabiliy of his or her being enrolled in school a any paricular age is equal o he curren enrolmen raio for ha age. Purpose: To show he overall level of developmen of an educaional sysem in erms of he average number of years of schooling ha he educaion sysem offers o he eligible populaion, including hose who never ener school. Calculaion mehod: For a child of a cerain age a, he school life expecancy is calculaed as he sum of he age specific enrolmen raes for he levels of educaion specified. The par of he enrolmen ha is no disribued by age is divided by he school-age populaion for he level of educaion hey are enrolled in, and muliplied by he duraion of ha level of educaion. The resul is hen added o he sum of he age-specific enrolmen raes. SLE Where: SLE a a = n E i= a P i i + l= level _ educaion P School life expecancy a an age a in year E unknown age _ of _ level _ l / D l E i P i D l Enrolmen of he populaion of age i (for i = a, a+1,, n) in school year ; n denoes he heoreical upper age-limi of schooling Populaion of age i in school year. Age of level l denoes he oal school age populaion of ha level Theoreical duraion of level l Daa required: Enrolmen by age and of age unknown a all levels of educaion; populaion by single years of age; or, alernaively, he age-specific enrolmen raios for all levels of educaion. Daa source: School regiser, school survey or census for daa on enrolmen by age. Populaion censuses and esimaes for school-age populaion. Type of disaggregaion: By levels of educaion and by gender. Inerpreaion: A relaively high SLE indicaes greaer probabiliy for children o spend more years in educaion and higher overall reenion wihin he educaion sysem. I mus be noed ha he expeced number of years does no necessarily coincide wih he expeced number of grades of educaion compleed, because of repeiion. Since school life expecancy is an average based on paricipaion in differen levels of educaion, he expeced number of years of schooling may be pulled down by he magniude of children who never go o school. Those children who are in school may benefi from many more years of educaion han he average. Qualiy sandards: Requires complee and reliable daa on enrolmen and populaion by single-years of age corresponding o all levels of educaion for he enire duraion of schooling, including eriary educaion. Limiaions: Cauion is required when making cross-counry comparisons; neiher he lengh of he school year nor he qualiy of educaion is necessarily he same in each counry. In addiion, as his indicaor does no direcly ake ino accoun he effecs of repeiion, i is no sricly comparable beween counries wih auomaic promoion and hose allowing grade repeiion. I should also be noed ha, depending on counries, he enrolmen daa do no accoun for many ypes of coninuing educaion and raining. For hese reasons, his indicaor should be inerpreed in he ligh of complemenary indicaors, paricularly percenage of repeaers. 7

8 TRANSITION RATE (TR) Definiion: The number of pupils (or sudens) admied o he firs grade of a higher level of educaion in a given year, expressed as a percenage of he number of pupils (or sudens) enrolled in he final grade of he lower level of educaion in he previous year. Purpose: To convey informaion on he degree of access or ransiion from one cycle or level of educaion o a higher one. Viewed from he lower cycle or level of educaion, i is considered as an oupu indicaor, viewed from he higher educaional cycle or level, i consiues an indicaor of access. I can also help in assessing he relaive seleciviy of an educaion sysem, which can be due o pedagogical or financial requiremens. Calculaion mehod: Divide he number of new enrans in he firs grade of he specified higher cycle or level of educaion by he number of pupils who were enrolled in he final grade of he preceding cycle or level of educaion in he previous school year, and muliply by 100. TR Where: h,h+ 1 = E + 1 h+ 1,1 E R h,n + 1 h+ 1,1 *100 TR h,h + 1 Transiion rae (from cycle or level of educaion h o h+1 in school year ) 1 E + h+ 1,1 Number of pupils enrolled in he firs grade a level of educaion h+1 in school year +1 1 R + h+ 1,1 Number of pupils repeaing he firs grade a level of educaion h+1 in school year +1 E h,n Number of pupils enrolled in final grade n a level of educaion h in school year Daa required: Enrolmen in he final grade of a given cycle or level of educaion for year and new enrans o (or enrolmen minus repeaers) he firs grade of he higher cycle or level of educaion for year +1. Daa source: School regiser, school survey or census. Daa disaggregaion: By gender, level of educaion and geographical locaion (region, rural/urban). Inerpreaion: High ransiion raes indicae a high level of access or ransiion from one level of educaion o he nex. They also reflec he inake capaciy of he nex level of educaion. Inversely, low ransiion raes can signal problems in he bridging beween wo cycles or levels of educaion, due o eiher deficiencies in he examinaion sysem, or inadequae admission capaciy in he higher cycle or level of educaion, or boh. Qualiy sandards: This indicaor should be based on reliable daa on new enrans (or on enrolmen and repeaers), especially in he firs grade of he higher cycle or level of educaion. Limiaions: This indicaor can be disored by incorrec disincion beween new enrans and repeaers, especially in he firs grade of he specified higher level of educaion. Sudens who inerruped heir sudies for one or more years afer having compleed he lower level of educaion, ogeher wih he migran sudens, could also affec he qualiy of his indicaor. 8

9 GROSS ENROLMENT RATIO (GER) Definiion: Toal enrolmen in a specific level of educaion, regardless of age, expressed as a percenage of he eligible official school-age populaion corresponding o he same level of educaion in a given school year. Purpose: To show he general level of paricipaion in a given level of educaion. I indicaes he capaciy of he educaion sysem o enrol sudens of a paricular age group. I can also be a complemenary indicaor o ne enrolmen rae (NER) by indicaing he exen of over-aged and under-aged enrolmen. Calculaion mehod: Divide he number of pupils (or sudens) enrolled in a given level of educaion regardless of age by he populaion of he age group which officially corresponds o he given level of educaion, and muliply he resul by 100. GER h= Where: GER h E P h h,a *100 Gross Enrolmen Raio a level of educaion h in school year E h Enrolmen a he level of educaion h in school year P h,a Populaion in age group a which officially corresponds o he level of educaion h in school year Example: If he enrance age for primary educaion is 7 years wih a duraion of 6 years hen a is (7-12) years. Daa required: Toal enrolmen for a given level of educaion. Populaion of he age group corresponding o he specified level. Daa source: School regiser, school survey or census for daa on enrolmen by level of educaion. Populaion censuses or esimaes for school-age populaion normally obained from he cenral saisical office. Types of disaggregaion: By gender, geographical locaion (region, urban/rural) and by level of educaion. Inerpreaion: A high GER generally indicaes a high degree of paricipaion, wheher he pupils belong o he official age group or no. A GER value approaching or exceeding 100% indicaes ha a counry is, in principle, able o accommodae all of is school-age populaion, bu i does no indicae he proporion already enrolled. The achievemen of a GER of 100% is herefore a necessary bu no sufficien condiion for enrolling all eligible children in school. When he GER exceeds 90% for a paricular level of educaion, he aggregae number of places for pupils is approaching he number required for universal access of he official age group. However, his is a meaningful inerpreaion only if one can expec he under-aged and over-aged enrolmens o decline in he fuure o free places for pupils from he expeced age group. Qualiy sandards: GER a each level of educaion should be based on oal enrolmen in all ypes of schools and educaion insiuions, including public, privae and all oher insiuions ha provide organized educaional programmes. Limiaions: GER can exceed 100% due o he inclusion of over-aged and under-aged pupils/sudens because of early or lae enrans, and grade repeiion. In his case, a rigorous inerpreaion of GER needs addiional informaion o assess he exen of repeiion, lae enrans, ec. 9

10 NET ENROLMENT RATE (NER) Definiion: Enrolmen of he official age group for a given level of educaion expressed as a percenage of he corresponding populaion. Purpose: To show he exen of coverage in a given level of educaion of children and youhs belonging o he official age group corresponding o he given level of educaion. Calculaion mehod: Divide he number of pupils (or sudens) enrolled who are of he official age group for a given level of educaion by he populaion for he same age group and muliply he resul by 100. NER h= Where: NER h E P h,a h,a *100 Ne Enrolmen Rae a level of educaion h in school year E h,a Enrolmen of he populaion of age group a a level of educaion h in school year P h,a Populaion in age group a which officially corresponds o level of educaion h in school year Example: If he enrance age for primary educaion is 7 years wih a duraion of 6 years hen a is (7-12) years. Daa required: Enrolmen by single years of age for a given level of educaion. Populaion of he age group corresponding o he given level of educaion. Daa source: School regiser, school survey or census for daa on enrolmen by age; populaion censuses or esimaes for school-age populaion normally obained from he cenral saisical office. Types of disaggregaion: By gender, geographical locaion (region, urban/rural) and by level of educaion. Inerpreaion: A high NER denoes a high degree of coverage for he official school-age populaion. The heoreical maximum value is 100%. Increasing rends can be considered as reflecing improving coverage a he specified level of educaion. When he NER is compared wih he GER, he difference beween he wo highlighs he incidence of under-aged and over-aged enrolmen. If he NER is below 100%, hen he complemen, i.e. he difference wih 100%, provides a measure of he proporion of children no enrolled a he specified level of educaion. However, since some of hese children/youh could be enrolled a oher levels of educaion, his difference should in no way be considered as indicaing he percenage of sudens no enrolled. To measure universal primary educaion, for example, adjused primary NER is calculaed on he basis of he percenage of children in he official primary school age range who are enrolled in eiher primary or secondary educaion. A more precise complemenary indicaor is he age-specific enrolmen raio (ASER) which shows he paricipaion in educaion of he populaion of each paricular age, regardless of he level of educaion. Qualiy sandards: NER a each level of educaion should be based on enrolmen of he relevan age group in all ypes of schools and educaion insiuions, including public, privae and all oher insiuions ha provide organized educaional programmes. Limiaions: For eriary educaion, his indicaor is no perinen because of he difficulies in deermining an appropriae age group due o he wide variaions in he duraion of programmes a his level of educaion. As regards primary and secondary educaion, difficulies may arise when calculaing an NER ha approaches 100% if: 1. he reference dae for enry o primary educaion does no coincide wih he birh daes of all of he cohor eligible o enrol a his level of educaion; 2. a significan porion of he populaion sars primary school earlier han he prescribed age and consequenly finishes earlier as well; 10

11 3. here is an increase in he enrance age o primary educaion bu he duraion remains unchanged. N.B. Alhough he NER canno exceed 100%, values up o 105% have been obained reflecing inconsisencies in he enrolmen and/or populaion daa. 11

12 AGE SPECIFIC ENROLMENT RATE (ASER) Definiion: Enrolmen of a specific single age enrolled, irrespecive of he level of educaion, as a percenage of he populaion of he same age. Purpose: To show he exen of he educaional paricipaion of a specific age cohor. Calculaion mehod: Divide he number of pupils (or sudens) of a specific age enrolled in educaional insiuions a all levels of educaion by he populaion of he same age and muliply he resul by 100. ASER a= E P a a *100 Where : ASER a Age Specific Enrolmen Rae of he populaion of age a in school year E a Enrolmen of he populaion of age a in school year P a Populaion of age a in school year N.B. This mehod may also be used separaely o calculae ASER by individual levels of educaion. The calculaion is he same, he sole difference being ha he enrolmen refers only o one level of educaion, for example primary educaion. Daa required: Enrolmen by single years of age. Populaion of he corresponding age. Daa source: School regiser, school survey or census for daa on enrolmen by age. Populaion censuses or esimaes for single year school-age populaion normally obained from he Cenral saisical office. Types of disaggregaion: By gender, geographical locaion (region, urban/rural) and by level of educaion. Inerpreaion: A high ASER denoes a high degree of educaional paricipaion of he populaion of he paricular age. The heoreical maximum value is 100%. Increasing rends can be considered as reflecing improving paricipaion of he paricular age. If he ASER is below 100%, hen he complemen, i.e. he difference wih 100% provides a measure of he proporion of he populaion of he paricular age who are no enrolled. Qualiy sandards: ASER a each level of educaion should be based on oal enrolmen in all ypes of schools and educaion insiuions, including public, privae and all oher insiuions ha provide organized educaional programmes. The enrolmen and populaion daa should refer o he same dae. Furher, i mus be ensured ha he enrolmen daa covers all levels of educaion o avoid excluding some members of he age cohor. Limiaions: This indicaor does no give an indicaion of he grade or he level of educaion in which pupils or sudens are enrolled excep when i is calculaed by level of educaion. 12

13 REPETITION RATE BY GRADE (RR) Definiion: Proporion of pupils from a cohor enrolled in a given grade a a given school year who sudy in he same grade in he following school year. Purpose: To measure he rae a which pupils from a cohor repea a grade, and is effec on he inernal efficiency of educaional sysems. In addiion, i is one of he key indicaors for analysing and projecing pupil flows from grade o grade wihin he educaional cycle. Calculaion mehod: Divide he number of repeaers in a given grade in school year +1 by he number of pupils from he same cohor enrolled in he same grade in he previous school year. RR i Where: RR i R = E +1 i i Repeiion Rae a grade i in school year 1 R + i Number of pupils repeaing grade i, in school year +1 E i Number of pupils enrolled in grade i, in school year Daa required: Enrolmen by grade for school year and number of repeaers from he same cohor by grade for year +1. Daa source: School regiser, school survey or census for daa on enrolmen and repeaers by grade. Type of disaggregaion: By grade, gender, geographical locaion (regions, urban/rural) and by ype of insiuion (public/privae). Inerpreaion: Repeiion Rae ideally should approach zero percen. High repeiion rae reveals problems in he inernal efficiency of he educaional sysem and possibly reflec a poor level of insrucion. When compared across grades, he paerns can indicae specific grades for which here is higher repeiion, hence requiring more in deph sudy of causes and possible remedies. Qualiy sandard: Like oher pupil-flow raes (promoion and dropou raes), repeiion rae is derived by analysing daa on enrolmen and repeaers by grade for wo consecuive years. One should herefore ensure ha such daa are consisen in erms of coverage over ime and across grades. Special aenion should also be paid o minimizing some common errors which may bias hese flow raes, such as: Over-reporing enrolmen/repeaers (paricularly in grade one); incorrec disincion beween new enrans and repeaers; ransfers of pupils beween grades and schools. Limiaions: In some cases, low repeiion raes merely reflec policies or pracices of auomaic promoion. The level and maximum number of grade repeiions allowed can in some cases be deermined by he educaional auhoriies wih he aim of coping wih limied grade capaciy and increasing he inernal efficiency and flow of pupils (or sudens). Care should be aken in inerpreing his indicaor, especially in comparisons beween educaion sysems. 13

14 SURVIVAL RATE BY GRADE (SR) Definiion: Percenage of a cohor of pupils (or sudens) enrolled in he firs grade of a given level or cycle of educaion in a given school year who are expeced o reach successive grades. Purpose: To measure he reenion capaciy and inernal efficiency of an educaion sysem. I illusraes he siuaion regarding reenion of pupils (or sudens) from grade o grade in schools, and conversely he magniude of dropou by grade. Calculaion mehod: Divide he oal number of pupils belonging o a school-cohor who reached each successive grade of he specified level of educaion by he number of pupils in he school-cohor i.e. hose originally enrolled in he firs grade of primary educaion, and muliply he resul by 100. The survival rae is calculaed on he basis of he reconsruced cohor mehod, which uses daa on enrolmen and repeaers for wo consecuive years. SR k g,i m Pg,i = 1 1 = *100 Where: k Pg,i Eg,i 1 R E = + + g + 1 g,i+ 1 i g grade (1, 2, 3,,n) year (1, 2, 3,,m) pupil-cohor SR k g, i k E g Survival Rae of pupil-cohor g a grade i for a reference year k Toal number of pupils belonging o a cohor g a a reference year k P g,i Promoees from k Eg who would join successive grades i hroughou successive years R i Number of pupils repeaing grade i in school year Daa required: Enrolmen by grade for wo consecuive years (years and +1); number of repeaers by grade for year +1. Daa source: School regiser, school survey or census. Type of disaggregaion: By gender, geographical locaion (region, urban/rural) and by ype of insiuion (privae/public). Survival raes can also be disaggregaed wih or wihou grade repeiion. Inerpreaion: Raes approaching 100% indicae a high level of reenion and low incidence of dropou. The disincion beween survival rae wih and wihou repeiion is necessary o compare he exen of wasage due o dropou and repeiion. Survival rae o he las grade of primary educaion is of paricular ineres for monioring universal primary educaion, a cenral objecive for Educaion for All and he Millennium Developmen Goals. Qualiy sandards: Since he calculaion of his indicaor is based on pupil-flow raes, he reliabiliy of he Survival Rae depends on he consisency of daa on enrolmen and repeaers in erm of coverage over ime and across grades. Limiaions: Given ha his indicaor is usually esimaed using cohor analysis models ha are based on a number of assumpions (i.e. he observed flow raes will remain unchanged hroughou he cohor life), care should be aken in using of he resuls in comparisons. Care should also be aken in calculaing he indicaor a sub-naional level because of possible pupils ransfers beween localiies. 14

15 COEFFICIENT OF EFFICIENCY Definiion: The ideal (opimal) number of pupil-years required (i.e. in he absence of repeiion and dropou) o produce a number of graduaes from a given school-cohor for a cycle or level of educaion expressed as a percenage of he acual number of pupil-years spen o produce he same number of graduaes. Inpu-oupu raio, which is he reciprocal of he coefficien of efficiency, is ofen used as an alernaive. N.B. One school year spen in a grade by a pupil is couned as one pupil-year. Purpose: This is a synheic indicaor of he inernal efficiency of an educaional sysem. I summarises he consequences of repeiion and dropou on he efficiency of he educaional process in producing graduaes. Calculaion mehod: Divide he ideal number of pupil-years required o produce a number of graduaes from a given school-cohor for he specified level of educaion, by he acual number of pupil-years spen o produce he same number of graduaes, and muliply he resul by 100. The coefficien of efficiency is calculaed on he basis of he reconsruced cohor mehod, which uses daa on enrolmen and repeaers for wo consecuive years. g, j * j + * n g, j j= n CE = For more deails, see he flow diagram on cohor analysis. g n+ k n+ k Where: j= n G n+ k G j= 1 D g, j *100 * j CE g Coefficien of Efficiency for a pupil-cohor g G g,n Number of pupils graduaing from cohor g in final grade n afer n years of sudy (wihou repeiion) G g, j Number of pupils graduaing from cohor g in final grade n afer j years of sudy D g, j Number of pupils (of he cohor g) dropping ou afer j years of sudy k Number of repeiions allowed n Normal duraion of sudy for a cycle or level of educaion g Pupil-cohor j Number of years of sudy. Daa required: Number of graduaes and dropous by lengh of sudy. These daa can also be derived by using he reconsruced cohor model, which requires enrolmen by grade for wo consecuive years (years and +1); number of repeaers by grade for year +1 and number of graduaes for year. Daa source: School regiser, school survey or census for daa on repeaers and enrolmen. Type of disaggregaion: By gender, geographical locaion (region, urban/rural) and by school ype (privae/public). Inerpreaion: Resuls approaching 100% indicae a high overall level of inernal efficiency in producing graduaes and no wasage due o repeiion and dropou. Coefficiens below 100% reflec he impac of repeiion and dropou on he efficiency of he educaional process in producing graduaes. As he reciprocal, he opimum inpu-oupu raio is one, and inefficiency arises from any poin which is greaer han one. Qualiy sandards: Since he calculaion of his indicaor is based on pupil-flow raes, is reliabiliy depends on he consisency of daa on enrolmen and repeaers in erm of coverage over ime and across grades. Differences in 15

16 naional regulaions concerning he number of repeiions allowed consiue an aspec o be aken ino accoun when using his indicaor for cross-counry comparisons. Limiaions: Given ha his indicaor is usually derived using cohor analysis models ha are based on a number of assumpions, and owing o he highly synheic naure of his indicaor, care should be aken in he use of he resuls in comparing educaion sysems. From a concepual viewpoin, having mos pupils (or sudens) graduaing wihin he prescribed duraion of he cycle is opimal wih regard o economic efficiency and resource uilizaion, bu his does no necessarily imply achievemen of he expeced learning oucomes. Also, according o his calculaion mehod, early dropous (i.e. from lower grades) can resul in higher inernal efficiency han lae dropou (i.e. from higher grades); his means ha efficiency from he economic poin of view can be in conradicion wih educaional objecives aiming a reaining pupils in schools unil higher grades when hey would have acquired he desired knowledge and skills. 16

17 YEARS-INPUT PER GRADUATE Definiion: The esimaed average number of pupil-years spen by pupils (or sudens) from a given cohor who graduae from a given cycle or level of educaion, aking ino accoun he pupil-years wased due o dropou and repeiion. N.B. One school year spen in a grade by a pupil is equal o one pupil-year. Purpose: To assess he exen of educaional inernal efficiency in erms of he esimaed average number of years o be invesed in producing a graduae. Calculaion mehod: Divide he oal number of pupil-years spen by a pupil-cohor (graduaes plus dropous) in he specified level of educaion by he sum of he successive bach of graduaes belonging o he same cohor. This indicaor is calculaed on he basis of he reconsruced cohor mehod, which uses daa on enrolmen and repeaers for wo consecuive years. YIG Where: n+ k n+ k G g, j * j + Dg, j *j = = j n j 1 g= n+ k G j= n g,j For more deails, see he flow diagram on cohor analysis YIGg G g, j Years inpu per graduae (for graduaes belonging o cohor g) Graduaes from cohor g afer j years of sudy D g,j Dropous from cohor g afer j years of sudy k n g j Number of repeiions allowed Normal duraion of sudy for a cycle or level of educaion Pupil-cohor Number of years of sudy. Daa required: Toal number of pupil-years spen by he pupil-cohor and he oal number of graduaes from he same cohor. These daa can be derived using cohor reconsruced model, which requires enrolmen by grade for wo consecuive years (years and +1); number of repeaers by grade for year +1 and number of graduaes for year. Daa source: School regiser, school survey, census or records. Type of disaggregaion: By gender, geographical locaion (region, urban/rural) and by ype of insiuion (privae/public). Inerpreaion: The closer he value of his indicaor is o he heoreical number of grades (or duraion) of he specified educaion cycle, he higher he inernal efficiency and he lesser he negaive effecs of repeiion and dropou. A high number of pupil-years per graduae as compared o he normal duraion, denoes wase of resources and hence inefficiency. Qualiy sandards: Since he calculaion of his indicaor is based on pupil-flow raes, is reliabiliy depends on he consisency of daa on enrolmen and repeaers in erms of coverage over ime and across grades. Differences in naional regulaions concerning he number of repeiions allowed consiue an aspec o be aken ino accoun when using his indicaor for cross-counry comparisons. Limiaions: From a concepual viewpoin, having mos pupils (or sudens) graduaing wihin he prescribed duraion of he cycle is opimal wih regard o economic efficiency and resource uilizaion, bu his does no 17

18 necessarily imply achievemen of he expeced learning oucomes. Also, according o his calculaion mehod, early dropous (i.e. from lower grades) can resul in higher inernal efficiency han lae dropou (i.e. from higher grades); his means ha efficiency from he economic poin of view can be in conradicion wih educaional objecives aiming o reain pupils in schools unil higher grades when hey would have acquired he desired knowledge and skills. 18

19 PERCENTAGE OF REPEATERS Definiion: Toal number of pupils who are enrolled in he same grade as in a previous year, expressed as a percenage of he oal enrolmen o he specified grade. Purpose: To measure he exen and paerns of repeiion by grade, as par of he inernal efficiency of educaion sysem. Calculaion mehod: Divide he number of pupils/sudens repeaing a given grade in a given school year by he number of pupils or sudens enrolled in he same grade in he same school year and muliply by 100. I can be calculaed for he whole level of educaion by dividing he sum of repeaers in all grades of he given level by he oal enrolmen of ha level of educaion and muliply he resul by100. PR i = Ri *100 Ei Where : PR i R i E i Percenage of repeaers in grade i, in school year Number of pupils repeaing grade i in school year Number of pupils enrolled in grade i, in school year Daa required: Number of repeaers and enrolmen by grade for he same school year. Daa source: School regiser, school census or surveys for daa on repeaers and enrolmen by grade. Types of disaggregaion: By gender, geographical locaion (region, rural/urban areas) and level of educaion. Inerpreaion: High values reflec serious problems of grade repeiion or he inernal efficiency of he educaion sysem. Qualiy sandards: The definiion of repeaers should be unambiguously applied o include even pupils or sudens repeaing more han once in he same grade and hose who repea he same grade while ransferring from one school o anoher. Pupils or sudens who were no sudying in he same grade in he previous year should be excluded. Limiaions: The level and maximum number of grade repeiions allowed can in some cases be deermined by he educaional auhoriies wih he aim of coping wih limied grade capaciy and increasing he inernal efficiency and flow of pupils (or sudens). Care should be aken in inerpreing his indicaor, especially in comparisons beween educaion sysems. 19

20 PUBLIC EXPENDITURE ON EDUCATION AS % OF GROSS NATIONAL INCOME Definiion: Toal public expendiure on educaion (curren and capial) expressed as a percenage of he Gross Naional Income (GNI) in a given financial year. GNI is also referred o as Gross Naional Produc (GNP). Purpose: This indicaor shows he proporion of a counry s wealh generaed during a given financial year ha has been spen by governmen auhoriies on educaion. The indicaor can be also calculaed based on Gross Domesic produc (GDP) Calculaion mehod: Divide oal public expendiure on educaion in a given financial year by he GNI of he counry for he corresponding year and muliply by 100. % XGNI Where : = PXE GNI *100 % XGNI Percenage public expendiure on educaion in financial year PXE Toal Public expendiure on Educaion in financial year GNI Gross Naional Income in financial year Daa required: Toal public expendiure on educaion and he Gross Naional Income for a given financial year. Daa sources: Annual financial repors by cenral or federal governmens, sae or provincial or regional adminisraions. Daa on GNI are normally available from Naional accouns repors from he Bureau of Saisics. Type of disaggregaion: This indicaor is normally calculaed a he naional level only. Inerpreaion: In principle a high percenage of GNI devoed o public expendiure on educaion denoes a high level of aenion given o invesmen in educaion by he governmen; and vice versa. Qualiy sandards: Toal public expendiure on educaion should include hose incurred by all concerned minisries and levels of adminisraion. Toal public expendiure on educaion refers o all expendiure on educaion by he cenral or federal governmen, sae governmens, provincial or regional adminisraions and expendiure by municipal and oher local auhoriies. Cenral governmen includes miniserial deparmens, agencies and auonomous insiuions which have educaion responsibiliies. The saisics on expendiure should cover ransacions made by all deparmens or services wih educaion responsibiliy a all decision-making levels. Public expendiure on educaion as a percenage of GNI canno exceed or even approach 100%. Limiaions: In some insances daa on oal public expendiure on educaion refers only o he Minisry of educaion, excluding oher minisries ha spend a par of heir budge on educaional aciviies. 20

21 PUBLIC EXPENDITURE ON EDUCATION AS % OF TOTAL GOVERNMENT EXPENDITURE Definiion: Toal public expendiure on educaion (curren and capial) expressed as a percenage of oal governmen expendiure in a given financial year. Purpose: To assess a governmen's policy emphasis on educaion relaive o he perceived value of oher public invesmens. I reflecs also he commimen of a governmen o inves in human capial developmen. Calculaion mehod: Divide oal public expendiure on educaion incurred by all governmen agencies/deparmens in a given financial year by he oal governmen expendiure for he same financial year and muliply by 100. %PXE = PXE TPX *100 Where : % PXE Public expendiure on educaion as a percenage of oal governmen expendiure in financial year PXE Toal public expendiure on educaion in financial year TPX Toal governmen expendiure in financial year Daa required: Toal public expendiure on educaion; and oal governmen expendiure. Daa sources: Annual financial repors prepared by he minisry of finance; naional accouns repors by he cenral saisical office and financial repors from he various governmen deparmens engaged in educaion aciviies especially he minisry of educaion. Daa disaggregaion: By level of adminisraion, geographical locaion (region, urban/rural), and by purpose of expendiure (emolumens, eaching maerial, ec.). Inerpreaion: A higher percenage of governmen expendiure on educaion shows a high governmen policy prioriy for educaion relaive o he perceived value of oher public invesmens, including defence and securiy, healh care, social securiy for unemploymen and elderly, and oher social or economic secors. Qualiy sandards: Toal public expendiure on educaion should include hose incurred by all concerned minisries and levels of adminisraion. This indicaor can never be 100% since he laer includes expendiure on many economic and social secors, besides educaion. The fac ha he fiscal year and educaional year budge periods may be differen should also be aken ino consideraion. Limiaions: In some insances daa on oal public expendiure on educaion refers only o he minisry of educaion, excluding oher minisries ha spend a par of heir budge on educaional aciviies. 21

22 PERCENTAGE DISTRIBUTION OF PUBLIC CURRENT EXPENDITURE ON EDUCATION BY LEVEL Definiion: Public curren expendiure for each level of educaion, expressed as a percenage of oal public curren expendiure on educaion. Purpose: To show how financial resources for educaion have been disribued across he differen levels or sages of educaion. I measures he relaive emphasis of governmen spending on a paricular level of educaion wihin he overall educaional expendiure. Calculaion mehod: Divide public curren expendiure devoed o each level of educaion by he oal public curren expendiure on educaion, and muliply he resul by 100. PCXEh % PCXEh= n PCXE Where : %PCXEh PCXE h h= 1 h *100 Percenage public curren expendiures on level of educaion h in financial year Toal public curren expendiures on level of educaion h in financial year Daa required: Toal public curren expendiure on educaion; curren public expendiures by level of educaion. Daa source: Annual financial repors prepared by he minisry of finance; naional accouns repors by he cenral saisical office and financial repors from he various governmen deparmens engaged in educaional aciviies especially he minisry of educaion. Type of disaggregaion: By level of adminisraion, geographical locaion (region, urban/rural) and by various purposes of curren expendiures (emolumens, eaching maerials, scholarships, welfare services, ec.). Inerpreaion: Relaively high percenage of curren expendiures devoed o a specific level of educaion denoes he prioriy given o ha level in naional educaional policy and resource allocaion. When inerpreing his indicaor, one may also ake ino accoun he corresponding disribuion of enrolmen by level and hen assess he relaive curren expendiure per suden. Qualiy sandards: This indicaor should be based on consisen daa on curren expendiure for each level of educaion ha cover public funding for boh public and privae educaional insiuions a all levels of he educaional adminisraion. The sum of he percenage disribuions for all levels of educaion should add up o 100%. Limiaions: In some insances daa on curren public expendiure on educaion refers only o he minisry of educaion, excluding oher minisries ha spend a par of heir budge on educaional aciviies. 22

23 PUBLIC CURRENT EXPENDITURE PER PUPIL (STUDENT) AS % OF GROSS NATIONAL INCOME (GNI) PER CAPITA Definiion: Public curren expendiure per pupil (or suden) a each level of educaion, expressed as a percenage of GNI per capia in a given financial year. Purpose: To measure he share of per capia income spen on each pupil or suden. I helps in assessing a counry s level of invesmen in human capial developmen. When calculaed by level of educaion, i also indicaes he relaive coss and emphasis placed by he counry on a paricular level of educaion. The indicaor can be also calculaed based on gross domesic produc (GDP). Calculaion mehod: Divide per pupil public curren expendiure on each level of educaion in a given year by he GNI per capia for he same year and muliply by 100. PCXE PCXE = E h % h, GNIc Where, h / GNI P *100 %PCXE h, GNIc Public curren expendiure per pupil of educaion level h as percenage of GNI per capia in financial year PCXE h GNI Public curren expendiure on educaion level h in financial year Gross Naional Produc in financial year E h Toal enrolmen in educaion level h in school year P Toal naional populaion in year Daa required: Public curren expendiure by level of educaion; he number pupils enrolled in each level of educaion; GNI; populaion. Daa sources: Annual financial repors prepared by he minisry of finance; naional accouns repors by he cenral saisical office; Financial repors from various governmen deparmens engaged in educaional aciviies especially he minisry of educaion; school regiser, school survey or census for daa on enrolmen; populaion census. Daa disaggregaion: By level of educaion. Inerpreaion: A high percenage figure for his indicaor denoes a high share of per capia income being spen on each pupil/suden in a specified level of educaion. I represens a measure of he financial cos per pupil/suden in relaion o average per capia income. A high level of spending per pupil should be inerpreed wih cauion because his could simply reflec low enrolmen. This indicaor should herefore be used in conjuncion wih enrolmen raios. Low expendiure per pupil and low enrolmen in primary educaion when compared o high expendiure and/or low enrolmen in eriary educaion suggess a need o reconsider resource allocaions wihin he educaion secor, especially if universal primary educaion is a prioriy. Qualiy sandards: This indicaor can exceed 100% in counries where GNI per capia is low and he curren cos per pupil is high. This indicaor should be based on consisen daa on public expendiure ha covers all subsidies o boh public and privae educaional insiuions. The use of his indicaor mus ake ino accoun he degree of coverage represened by he educaional expendiure figure and he abiliy of he GNI esimae o accuraely represen he level of naional economic capaciy. 23

24 Limiaions: This indicaor may be disored by inaccurae esimaion of GNI, curren populaion or enrolmen by level of educaion. The fac ha fiscal year and educaional year budge periods may be differen should also be aken ino consideraion. 24

25 PUPIL-TEACHER RATIO (PTR) Definiion: Average number of pupils (sudens) per eacher a a specific level of educaion in a given school year. Purpose: To measure he level of human resources inpu in erms of he number of eachers in relaion o he size of he pupil populaion. The resuls can be compared wih esablished naional norms on he number of pupils per eacher for each level or ype of educaion. Calculaion mehod: Divide he oal number of pupils enrolled a he specified level of educaion by he number of eachers a he same level. P TR h= where: E T h h PTR h Pupil-eacher raio a level of educaion h in school year Eh Toal number of pupils or (sudens) a level of educaion h in school year T h Toal number of eachers a level of educaion h in school year Daa required: Number of pupils enrolled and eaching saff for he specific level of educaion. Daa source: School regisers, eacher records, school census or surveys for daa on enrolmen and eaching saff. Type of disaggregaion: By level of educaion, ype of insiuions (privae/public) and by geographical locaion (region, urban/rural). Inerpreaion: A high eacher pupil-raio suggess ha each eacher has o be responsible for a large number of pupils. In oher words, he higher he pupil/eacher raio, he lower he relaive access of pupils o eachers. I is generally assumed ha a low pupil-eacher raio signifies smaller classes, which enables he eacher o pay more aenion o individual sudens, which may in he long run resul in a beer performance of he pupils. Qualiy sandards: In compuing and inerpreing his indicaor, one should ake ino accoun he exisence of parime eaching, school-shifs, muli-grade classes and oher pracices ha may affec he precision and meaningfulness of pupil-eacher raios. If feasible, he number of par-ime eachers is o be convered o full-ime equivalen eachers; a double-shif eacher is o be couned wice, ec. Care should be exercised o include all saff involved in eaching. Teachers are defined as persons whose professional aciviy involves he ransmiing of knowledge, aiudes and skills ha are sipulaed in a formal curriculum programme o sudens enrolled in a formal educaional insiuion. Limiaions: This indicaor does no ake ino accoun facors which could affec he qualiy of eaching/learning, such as differences in eachers qualificaions, pedagogical raining, experiences and saus, eaching mehods, eaching maerials and variaions in classroom condiions. 25