News. The Real Wage. Wages, Labor Markets and Unemployment. Organizing Theme Five Labor Market Trends

Size: px
Start display at page:

Download "News. The Real Wage. Wages, Labor Markets and Unemployment. Organizing Theme Five Labor Market Trends"

Transcription

1 Wages, Labor Markets and Unemployment News Item Five Important Labor Market Trends Demand for and upply of Labor Real Wages Grow Primarily because Workers Become More ive Explaining Wage Inequality Unemployment and the Unemployment Rate What Have We Learned? News Organizing Theme Five Labor Market Trends Real Wages have grown over the 2 th Century ince 197, U real wage growth has slowed. Wage inequality in the U has increased in recent decades. The number of U people with jobs has grown substantially over recent decades. The unemployment rate has been high in Europe for two decades. The Real Wage The real wage is the ratio of the dollar wage to a relevant price level. For the firm, the relevant price is the price of goods and services the firm produces. For the firm, the real wage measures the amount of product the firm must produce to pay for a unit (hour, month or year) of labor. 1

2 The Real Wage The real wage is the ratio of the dollar wage to a relevant price level. For the worker, the relevant price is the price of goods and services the worker consumes. For the worker, the real wage measures the amount of goods they receive by supplying a unit (hour, month or year) of labor. The Real Wage Real Wage = W/P ($/Hour)/($/Unit Good) Goods per Hour Firm: Worker: The goods that must be produced to pay for an hour of labor. Goods that may be obtained by supplying and hour of labor. Demand for Labor The demand for labor gives the quantity of labor the firm will hire as a function of the real wage rate. The cost benefit principle and diminishing marginal productivity of labor imply that the demand for labor is inversely related to the real wage. Demand for Labor at Banana Computers The Price of a Computer is $3 Worker Years Computers Per year Marginal Value of Marginal $75, $69, $63, $57, $51, $45, $39, $33, 2

3 Demand for Labor If a Banana Computer Worker has a wage of $6, per year, how many workers will Banana find it optimal to hire? If the wage falls, why will the optimal quantity of labor employed rise? Use Your Clickers to Answer The Following Graded Question. If the price of a computer is $3 and the dollar wage of a worker is $6, per year, it is optimal for the Banana computer company to hire worker years. Demand for Labor A. 1 B. 2 C. 3 D. 4 E. 5 Worker Years Computers Per year Marginal Value of Marginal $75, $69, $63, $57, $51, $45, $39, $33, Real wage W/P N Demand Labor Employed 3

4 The upply of Labor The supply of labor gives the quantity of labor that workers are willing and able to supply as a function of the real wage. The incentive principle implies that the supply of labor is (usually) directly related to the real wage. upply of Labor Real wage W/P N D Labor Employed The Demand for and upply of Labor Determine the Real Wage and Employment Real wage Equilibrium W/P Equilibrium N D Labor Employed Real Wages Increase Over Time Because Workers Grow More ive as Time Passes 4

5 Increased ivity Causes Increased Labor Demand (The Price of a Computer is $3) Worker Years Marginal New Marginal VMP $75, $69, $63, $57, $51, $45, $39, $33, New VMP $112,5 $13,5 $94,5 $85,5 $76,5 $67,5 $58,5 $49,5 Increased ivity Causes Increased Labor Demand Real wage Equilibrium W/P Equilibrium N Demand Demand after ivity Increase Labor Employed Real Wages Have Grown Along with ivity But Recently Real Wage Growth Has lowed Even Though ivity Has Not. 5

6 Wage Inequality Has Increased Wage Inequality Has Increased The data show that wage inequality increased between 22 and 28. We will use our labor demand and supply model to provide an explanation. The explanation is that recent technology advances have benefited high skill but not low skill workers. A Technology Advance that Affects All Workers Increases Labor Demand and the Real Wage Real wage A Technology Advance that Affects Only High killed Workers Can Increase Wage Inequality Real Wage D w w D D D D D Unskilled workers killed workers N N Labor Employed 6

7 Wage Inequality Has Increased Fed an Francisco Economic Letter (8,22) Wage Inequality Has Increased Fed an Francisco Economic Letter (8, 22) Wage Inequality Has Increased Monthly Labor Review, (6, 29) The Number Employed in the U Has Grown ubstantially Between 1947 and 29 Civilian Employment (Thousands) Jan-48 Jan-5 Jan-52 Jan-54 Jan-56 Jan-58 Jan-6 Jan-62 Jan-64 Jan-66 Jan-68 Jan-7 Jan-72 Jan-74 Jan-76 Jan-78 Jan-8 Jan-82 Jan-84 Jan-86 Jan-88 Jan-9 Jan-92 Jan-94 Jan-96 Jan-98 Jan- Jan-2 Jan-4 Jan-6 Jan-8 7

8 Measuring Unemployment The Bureau of Labor tatistics (BL) surveys about 6, randomly selected households each month. The BL places each person, 16 years or older, into one of three categories: Employed Unemployed Out of the Labor Market Measuring Unemployment The Labor Force is the total number of employed and unemployed people in the economy. The Unemployment Rate is the number of unemployed people divided by the labor force. The Participation Rate is the percentage of the working-age population in the labor force. Measuring Unemployment 12. Civilian Unemployment and Participation Rates unemployed Unemployme nt rate = labor force Participation Rate (Right Axis) Participat ion rate = labor force population 16 and over Percent Jan-48 Jan-5 Jan-52 Jan-54 Jan-56 Jan-58 Jan-6 Jan-62 Jan-64 Jan-66 Jan-68 Jan-7 Jan-72 Jan-74 Jan-76 Jan-78 Jan-8 Jan-82 Jan-84 Jan-86 Jan-88 Jan-9 Jan-92 Jan-94 Jan-96 Jan-98 Jan- Jan-2 Jan-4 Jan-6 Jan-8 Unemployment Rate (Left Axis)

9 Use Your Clickers to Answer The Following Graded Question. A rising unemployment rate may understate the impact of a recession on the economy because A. The unemployment rate does not typically rise in a recession. B. Inflation typically increases during a recession. C. ome workers may leave the labor force and not be reflected in the unemployment rate. D. The unemployment rate does not include unemployment among female workers. European Employment Has Been High U and European Unemployment Rates Europe What Have We Learned? 6. U Jan-95 Jul-95 Jan-96 Jul-96 Jan-97 Jul-97 Jan-98 Jul-98 Jan-99 Jul-99 Jan- Jul- Jan-1 Jul-1 Jan-2 Jul-2 Jan-3 Jul-3 Jan-4 Jul-4 Jan-5 Jul-5 Jan-6 Jul-6 Jan-7 Jul-7 Jan-8 Jul-8 Jan-9 Jul-9 9

10 Wages, Labor Markets and Unemployment Economists use Demand for and upply of Labor to predict real wages and employment. Real Wages Grow Primarily because Workers Become More ive Rising Wage Inequality can be explained by technological advances that benefit high skill but not low skill workers. The unemployment rate rose and the participation rate fell during the recession. 1

CHAPTER 8. Practise Problems

CHAPTER 8. Practise Problems CHAPTER 8 Practise Problems 1. The labor force is: A) the total of people employed. B) the total population. C) the total of the population of working age. D) the total of people employed and unemployed.

More information

LECTURE NOTES ON MACROECONOMIC PRINCIPLES

LECTURE NOTES ON MACROECONOMIC PRINCIPLES LECTURE NOTES ON MACROECONOMIC PRINCIPLES Peter Ireland Department of Economics Boston College peter.ireland@bc.edu http://www2.bc.edu/peter-ireland/ec132.html Copyright (c) 2013 by Peter Ireland. Redistribution

More information

Chapter 3 Productivity, Output, and Employment

Chapter 3 Productivity, Output, and Employment Chapter 3 Productivity, Output, and Employment Multiple Choice Questions 1. A mathematical expression relating the amount of output produced to quantities of capital and labor utilized is the (a) real

More information

Potential GDP and Economic Growth

Potential GDP and Economic Growth Potential GDP and Economic Growth CHAPTER17 C H A P T E R C H E C K L I S T When you have completed your study of this chapter, you will be able to 1 Explain the forces that determine potential GDP and

More information

MULTIPLE CHOICE. Choose the one alternative that best completes the statement or answers the question.

MULTIPLE CHOICE. Choose the one alternative that best completes the statement or answers the question. Suvey of Macroeconomics, MBA 641 Fall 2006, Final Exam Name MULTIPLE CHOICE. Choose the one alternative that best completes the statement or answers the question. 1) Modern macroeconomics emerged from

More information

Chapter 6 Economic Growth

Chapter 6 Economic Growth Chapter 6 Economic Growth 1 The Basics of Economic Growth 1) The best definition for economic growth is A) a sustained expansion of production possibilities measured as the increase in real GDP over a

More information

CH 10 - REVIEW QUESTIONS

CH 10 - REVIEW QUESTIONS CH 10 - REVIEW QUESTIONS 1. The short-run aggregate supply curve is horizontal at: A) a level of output determined by aggregate demand. B) the natural level of output. C) the level of output at which the

More information

THIRD EDITION. ECONOMICS and. MICROECONOMICS Paul Krugman Robin Wells. Chapter 19. Factor Markets and Distribution of Income

THIRD EDITION. ECONOMICS and. MICROECONOMICS Paul Krugman Robin Wells. Chapter 19. Factor Markets and Distribution of Income THIRD EDITION ECONOMICS and MICROECONOMICS Paul Krugman Robin Wells Chapter 19 Factor Markets and Distribution of Income WHAT YOU WILL LEARN IN THIS CHAPTER How factors of production resources like land,

More information

Exam 1 Review. 3. A severe recession is called a(n): A) depression. B) deflation. C) exogenous event. D) market-clearing assumption.

Exam 1 Review. 3. A severe recession is called a(n): A) depression. B) deflation. C) exogenous event. D) market-clearing assumption. Exam 1 Review 1. Macroeconomics does not try to answer the question of: A) why do some countries experience rapid growth. B) what is the rate of return on education. C) why do some countries have high

More information

BUSINESS ECONOMICS CEC2 532-751 & 761

BUSINESS ECONOMICS CEC2 532-751 & 761 BUSINESS ECONOMICS CEC2 532-751 & 761 PRACTICE MACROECONOMICS MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTIONS Warning: These questions have been posted to give you an opportunity to practice with the multiple choice format

More information

Forty years ago when the discovery of North Slope

Forty years ago when the discovery of North Slope The Changing Economic Status of Alaska Natives, -2007 By Stephanie Martin and Alexandra Hill Note No. 5 July 2009 Forty years ago when the discovery of North Slope Figure 1. Economic Indicators, Alaska

More information

Economics 212 Principles of Macroeconomics Study Guide. David L. Kelly

Economics 212 Principles of Macroeconomics Study Guide. David L. Kelly Economics 212 Principles of Macroeconomics Study Guide David L. Kelly Department of Economics University of Miami Box 248126 Coral Gables, FL 33134 dkelly@miami.edu First Version: Spring, 2006 Current

More information

New York s 2005-2007 minimum wage increases: Good for the state s workers, good for the economy. A Fiscal Policy Institute Report January 22, 2007

New York s 2005-2007 minimum wage increases: Good for the state s workers, good for the economy. A Fiscal Policy Institute Report January 22, 2007 FISCAL POLICY NOTE$ New York s 2005-2007 minimum wage increases: Good for the state s workers, good for the economy A Fiscal Policy Institute Report January 22, 2007 The federal minimum wage has not increased

More information

FISCAL POLICY* Chapter. Key Concepts

FISCAL POLICY* Chapter. Key Concepts Chapter 11 FISCAL POLICY* Key Concepts The Federal Budget The federal budget is an annual statement of the government s expenditures and tax revenues. Using the federal budget to achieve macroeconomic

More information

Macroeconomics 2301 Potential questions and study guide for exam 2. Any 6 of these questions could be on your exam!

Macroeconomics 2301 Potential questions and study guide for exam 2. Any 6 of these questions could be on your exam! Macroeconomics 2301 Potential questions and study guide for exam 2 Any 6 of these questions could be on your exam! 1. GDP is a key concept in Macroeconomics. a. What is the definition of GDP? b. List and

More information

The Aggregate Demand- Aggregate Supply (AD-AS) Model

The Aggregate Demand- Aggregate Supply (AD-AS) Model The AD-AS Model The Aggregate Demand- Aggregate Supply (AD-AS) Model Chapter 9 The AD-AS Model addresses two deficiencies of the AE Model: No explicit modeling of aggregate supply. Fixed price level. 2

More information

Chapter 13. Aggregate Demand and Aggregate Supply Analysis

Chapter 13. Aggregate Demand and Aggregate Supply Analysis Chapter 13. Aggregate Demand and Aggregate Supply Analysis Instructor: JINKOOK LEE Department of Economics / Texas A&M University ECON 203 502 Principles of Macroeconomics In the short run, real GDP and

More information

Chapter 4 Specific Factors and Income Distribution

Chapter 4 Specific Factors and Income Distribution Chapter 4 Specific Factors and Income Distribution Chapter Organization Introduction The Specific Factors Model International Trade in the Specific Factors Model Income Distribution and the Gains from

More information

The Problem with Structural Unemployment in the U.S.

The Problem with Structural Unemployment in the U.S. Issue Brief October 2012 The Problem with Structural Unemployment in the U.S. BY DEAN BAKER* It took centuries worth of research and evidence for astronomers to convince the world, including their fellow

More information

THE ECONOMY AT FULL EMPLOYMENT. Objectives. Production and Jobs. Objectives. Real GDP and Employment. Real GDP and Employment CHAPTER

THE ECONOMY AT FULL EMPLOYMENT. Objectives. Production and Jobs. Objectives. Real GDP and Employment. Real GDP and Employment CHAPTER THE ECONOMY AT 29 FULL EMPLOYMENT CHAPTER Objectives After studying this chapter, you will able to Describe the relationship between the quantity of labour employed and real GDP Explain what determines

More information

Households Wages, profit, interest, rent = $750. Factor markets. Wages, profit, interest, rent = $750

Households Wages, profit, interest, rent = $750. Factor markets. Wages, profit, interest, rent = $750 KrugmanMacro_SM_Ch07.qxp 11/9/05 4:47 PM Page 87 Tracking the Macroeconomy 1. Below is a simplified circular-flow diagram for the economy of Micronia. a. What is the value of GDP in Micronia? b. What is

More information

Chapter 11: Activity

Chapter 11: Activity Economics for Managers by Paul Farnham Chapter 11: Measuring Macroeconomic Activity 11.1 Measuring Gross Domestic Product (GDP) GDP: the market value of all currently yproduced final goods and services

More information

4. Answer c. The index of nominal wages for 1996 is the nominal wage in 1996 expressed as a percentage of the nominal wage in the base year.

4. Answer c. The index of nominal wages for 1996 is the nominal wage in 1996 expressed as a percentage of the nominal wage in the base year. Answers To Chapter 2 Review Questions 1. Answer a. To be classified as in the labor force, an individual must be employed, actively seeking work, or waiting to be recalled from a layoff. However, those

More information

Unemployment and Economic Recovery

Unemployment and Economic Recovery Cornell University ILR School DigitalCommons@ILR Federal Publications Key Workplace Documents 11-17-2009 Unemployment and Economic Recovery Brian W. Cashell Congressional Research Service Follow this and

More information

Demand and Supply Examples

Demand and Supply Examples and Examples Review Price Floors and Ceilings keep market price from allocating scarce goods. Using demand and supply to predict changes in prices and quantities. Shifts in the demand schedule Shifts in

More information

MULTIPLE CHOICE. Choose the one alternative that best completes the statement or answers the question.

MULTIPLE CHOICE. Choose the one alternative that best completes the statement or answers the question. MULTIPLE CHOICE. Choose the one alternative that best completes the statement or answers the question. 1) Firms that survive in the long run are usually those that A) remain small. B) strive for the largest

More information

Extra Problems #3. ECON 410.502 Macroeconomic Theory Spring 2010 Instructor: Guangyi Ma. Notice:

Extra Problems #3. ECON 410.502 Macroeconomic Theory Spring 2010 Instructor: Guangyi Ma. Notice: ECON 410.502 Macroeconomic Theory Spring 2010 Instructor: Guangyi Ma Extra Problems #3 Notice: (1) There are 25 multiple-choice problems covering Chapter 6, 9, 10, 11. These problems are not homework and

More information

Unemployment and Inflation

Unemployment and Inflation Unemployment and Inflation Unemployment Inflation Costs of Unemployment Personal Cost Loss of income Loss of self-esteem Increase in stress related psychological problems Increase in incidence of crime,

More information

Figure 1. D S (private) S' (social) Quantity (tons of medicine)

Figure 1. D S (private) S' (social) Quantity (tons of medicine) Price per ton Practice Homework Pollution & Environment Economics 101 The Economic Way of Thinking 1. Suppose that the production of pharmaceuticals generates pollution of the Columbia River, which is

More information

In the news. The Global Economy Aggregate Supply & Demand. Roadmap. In the news. In the news. In the news

In the news. The Global Economy Aggregate Supply & Demand. Roadmap. In the news. In the news. In the news In the news 50% 45% The Global Economy ggregate Supply & Demand Top 10% Income Share 40% 35% 30% Including capital gains Excluding capital gains 25% 1917 1922 1927 1932 1937 1942 1947 1952 1957 1962 1967

More information

DEMAND AND SUPPLY. Chapter. Markets and Prices. Demand. C) the price of a hot dog minus the price of a hamburger.

DEMAND AND SUPPLY. Chapter. Markets and Prices. Demand. C) the price of a hot dog minus the price of a hamburger. Chapter 3 DEMAND AND SUPPLY Markets and Prices Topic: Price and Opportunity Cost 1) A relative price is A) the slope of the demand curve B) the difference between one price and another C) the slope of

More information

State of Working Britain

State of Working Britain State of Working Britain Aim is to Gives an up to date assessment of the performance of UK labour market, to highlight recent important developments seeks to describe and understand the major long-term

More information

MULTIPLE CHOICE. Choose the one alternative that best completes the statement or answers the question.

MULTIPLE CHOICE. Choose the one alternative that best completes the statement or answers the question. Chapter 6 - Markets in Action - Sample Questions MULTIPLE CHOICE. Choose the one alternative that best completes the statement or answers the question. 1) The short-run impact of the San Francisco earthquake

More information

Chapter 9. Unemployment and Stagflation. These slides supplement the textbook, but should not replace reading the textbook

Chapter 9. Unemployment and Stagflation. These slides supplement the textbook, but should not replace reading the textbook Chapter 9 Unemployment and Stagflation These slides supplement the textbook, but should not replace reading the textbook What is the labor force? All non-institutionalized individuals 16 years of age and

More information

Econ 202 Section 4 Final Exam

Econ 202 Section 4 Final Exam Douglas, Fall 2009 December 15, 2009 A: Special Code 00004 PLEDGE: I have neither given nor received unauthorized help on this exam. SIGNED: PRINT NAME: Econ 202 Section 4 Final Exam 1. Oceania buys $40

More information

1 The Market for Factors of Production Factors of Production are the inputs used to produce goods and services. The markets for these factors of production are similar to the markets for goods and services

More information

Pre-Test Chapter 16 ed17

Pre-Test Chapter 16 ed17 Pre-Test Chapter 16 ed17 Multiple Choice Questions 1. Suppose total output (real GDP) is $4000 and labor productivity is 8. We can conclude that: A. real GDP per capita must be $500. B. the price-level

More information

Labor Market and Unemployment Ing. Mansoor Maitah Ph.D.

Labor Market and Unemployment Ing. Mansoor Maitah Ph.D. Labor Market and Unemployment Ing. Mansoor Maitah Ph.D. Product and Factor Markets Demand for Goods and Services Market of Goods and Services S D Supply of Goods and Services Households Firms Supply of

More information

For instance between 1960 and 2000 the average hourly output produced by US workers rose by 140 percent.

For instance between 1960 and 2000 the average hourly output produced by US workers rose by 140 percent. Causes of shifts in labor demand curve The labor demand curve shows the value of the marginal product of labor as a function of quantity of labor hired. Using this fact, it can be seen that the following

More information

United States General Accounting Office Washington, D.C. 20548. Health, Education, and Human Services Division

United States General Accounting Office Washington, D.C. 20548. Health, Education, and Human Services Division GAO United States General Accounting Office Washington, D.C. 20548 Health, Education, and Human Services Division B-279910 May 12, 1998 The Honorable John D. Dingell Ranking Minority Member Committee on

More information

Making the Leap from Self- Employed to Employer? What matters capital, labor, or training?

Making the Leap from Self- Employed to Employer? What matters capital, labor, or training? Making the Leap from Self- Employed to Employer? What matters capital, labor, or training? David McKenzie, World Bank (with Suresh de Mel and Chris Woodruff) In developing countries there are lots of selfemployed,

More information

MULTIPLE CHOICE. Choose the one alternative that best completes the statement or answers the question.

MULTIPLE CHOICE. Choose the one alternative that best completes the statement or answers the question. MULTIPLE CHOICE. Choose the one alternative that best completes the statement or answers the question. 1) It is efficient to produce an additional shirt if A) the marginal benefit of producing the shirt

More information

NATIONAL FEDERATION OF INDEPENDENT BUSINESS CHAIRMAN, LIBERTY BELL BANK, NEW JERSEY CHAIR, GLOBAL INTERDEPENDENCE CENTER ECONOMIC STRATEGIST

NATIONAL FEDERATION OF INDEPENDENT BUSINESS CHAIRMAN, LIBERTY BELL BANK, NEW JERSEY CHAIR, GLOBAL INTERDEPENDENCE CENTER ECONOMIC STRATEGIST DR. WILLIAM DUNKELBERG Chief Economist NATIONAL FEDERATION OF INDEPENDENT BUSINESS ECONOMIC STRATEGIST CHAIRMAN, LIBERTY BELL BANK, NEW JERSEY PROFESSOR OF ECONOMICS CHAIR, GLOBAL INTERDEPENDENCE CENTER

More information

CREDIT UNION TRENDS REPORT

CREDIT UNION TRENDS REPORT CREDIT UNION TRENDS REPORT CUNA Mutual Group Economics June 2 (April 2 data) Highlights During April, credit unions picked up 3, new memberships, credit union loan balances grew at an annualized 1.7% pace,

More information

LECTURE NOTES ON MACROECONOMIC PRINCIPLES

LECTURE NOTES ON MACROECONOMIC PRINCIPLES LECTURE NOTES ON MACROECONOMIC PRINCIPLES Peter Ireland Department of Economics Boston College peter.ireland@bc.edu http://www2.bc.edu/peter-ireland/ec132.html Copyright (c) 2013 by Peter Ireland. Redistribution

More information

The labor market. National and local labor markets. Internal labor markets. Primary and secondary labor markets. Labor force and unemployment

The labor market. National and local labor markets. Internal labor markets. Primary and secondary labor markets. Labor force and unemployment The labor market The labor market differs from most product markets in several important ways. Among these differences are: labor services are rented, not sold, labor productivity is affected by pay and

More information

Chapter 7: Classical-Keynesian Controversy John Petroff

Chapter 7: Classical-Keynesian Controversy John Petroff Chapter 7: Classical-Keynesian Controversy John Petroff The purpose of this topic is show two alternative views of the business cycle and the major problems of unemployment and inflation. The classical

More information

4. The statistics and data on unemployment are gathered and reported: A) daily. B) weekly. C) monthly. D) yearly.

4. The statistics and data on unemployment are gathered and reported: A) daily. B) weekly. C) monthly. D) yearly. Exam 1 inclass review for exam 1 (2) 1. To be counted as unemployed, one must: A) have had a job previously. B) be out of work and be actively looking for a job. C) have had a job before and be actively

More information

MULTIPLE CHOICE. Choose the one alternative that best completes the statement or answers the question.

MULTIPLE CHOICE. Choose the one alternative that best completes the statement or answers the question. Econ 111 Summer 2007 Final Exam Name MULTIPLE CHOICE. Choose the one alternative that best completes the statement or answers the question. 1) The classical dichotomy allows us to explore economic growth

More information

AP Microeconomics Chapter 12 Outline

AP Microeconomics Chapter 12 Outline I. Learning Objectives In this chapter students will learn: A. The significance of resource pricing. B. How the marginal revenue productivity of a resource relates to a firm s demand for that resource.

More information

SalarieS of chemists fall

SalarieS of chemists fall ACS news SalarieS of chemists fall Unemployment reaches new heights in 2009 as recession hits profession hard The economic recession has taken its toll on chemists. Despite holding up fairly well in previous

More information

New York State Employment Trends

New York State Employment Trends New York State Employment Trends August 2015 Thomas P. DiNapoli New York State Comptroller Prepared by the Office of Budget and Policy Analysis Additional copies of this report may be obtained from: Office

More information

For Immediate Release

For Immediate Release Household Income Trends May 2015 Issued July 2015 Gordon Green and John Coder Sentier Research, LLC For Immediate Release 1 Household Income Trends May 2015 Note This report on median household income

More information

The Recession of 2007 2009

The Recession of 2007 2009 The Recession of 2007 2009 February 2012 A general slowdown in economic activity, a downturn in the business cycle, a reduction in the amount of goods and services produced and sold these are all characteristics

More information

Fundamental Economic Factors

Fundamental Economic Factors Classical Model Real business cycle theory seeks to explain business cycles via the classical model. There is general equilibrium: demand equals supply in every market. An ideological conviction underlies

More information

Chapter 4 Specific Factors and Income Distribution

Chapter 4 Specific Factors and Income Distribution Chapter 4 Specific Factors and Income Distribution Chapter Organization Introduction The Specific Factors Model International Trade in the Specific Factors Model Income Distribution and the Gains from

More information

New Jersey Private Sector Employment Up by 57,500 Jobs Over the Past Year Preliminary Data: July Employment Contracts

New Jersey Private Sector Employment Up by 57,500 Jobs Over the Past Year Preliminary Data: July Employment Contracts Media Contact Amanda Pisano 609-984-2841 EMAIL: MediaCalls@dol.state.nj.us New Jersey Private Sector Employment Up by 57,500 Jobs Over the Past Year Preliminary Data: July Employment Contracts TRENTON,

More information

Economic and Fiscal Impacts of the New Mexico Film Production Tax Credit

Economic and Fiscal Impacts of the New Mexico Film Production Tax Credit Economic and Fiscal Impacts of the New Mexico Film Production Tax Credit Prepared for the New Mexico State Film Office and State Investment Council January 2009 Executive Summary New Mexico has provided

More information

Gloomy Days, But a Ray of Hope, for Oregon Workers

Gloomy Days, But a Ray of Hope, for Oregon Workers Executive Summary September 3, 2010 Gloomy Days, But a Ray of Hope, for Oregon Workers Labor Day is an appropriate moment to reflect on the state of Oregon workers. This year s holiday takes place as the

More information

Long Run Economic Growth Agenda. Long-run Economic Growth. Long-run Growth Model. Long-run Economic Growth. Determinants of Long-run Growth

Long Run Economic Growth Agenda. Long-run Economic Growth. Long-run Growth Model. Long-run Economic Growth. Determinants of Long-run Growth Long Run Economic Growth Agenda Long-run economic growth. Determinants of long-run growth. Production functions. Long-run Economic Growth Output is measured by real GDP per capita. This measures our (material)

More information

The Circular Flow of Income and Expenditure

The Circular Flow of Income and Expenditure The Circular Flow of Income and Expenditure Imports HOUSEHOLDS Savings Taxation Govt Exp OTHER ECONOMIES GOVERNMENT FINANCIAL INSTITUTIONS Factor Incomes Taxation Govt Exp Consumer Exp Exports FIRMS Capital

More information

Measuring the Cost of Living THE CONSUMER PRICE INDEX

Measuring the Cost of Living THE CONSUMER PRICE INDEX 6 In this chapter, look for the answers to these questions: What is the Consumer (CPI)? How is it calculated? What s it used for? What are the problems with the CPI? How serious are they? How does the

More information

Long run v.s. short run. Introduction. Aggregate Demand and Aggregate Supply. In this chapter, look for the answers to these questions:

Long run v.s. short run. Introduction. Aggregate Demand and Aggregate Supply. In this chapter, look for the answers to these questions: 33 Aggregate Demand and Aggregate Supply R I N C I L E S O F ECONOMICS FOURTH EDITION N. GREGOR MANKIW Long run v.s. short run Long run growth: what determines long-run output (and the related employment

More information

Where are we? To do today: finish the derivation of the demand curve using indifference curves. Go on then to chapter Production and Cost

Where are we? To do today: finish the derivation of the demand curve using indifference curves. Go on then to chapter Production and Cost Where are we? To do today: finish the derivation of the demand curve using indifference curves Go on then to chapter Production and Cost Utility and indifference curves The point is to find where on the

More information

ECON 443 Labor Market Analysis Final Exam (07/20/2005)

ECON 443 Labor Market Analysis Final Exam (07/20/2005) ECON 443 Labor Market Analysis Final Exam (07/20/2005) I. Multiple-Choice Questions (80%) 1. A compensating wage differential is A) an extra wage that will make all workers willing to accept undesirable

More information

THE STATE OF THE ECONOMY

THE STATE OF THE ECONOMY THE STATE OF THE ECONOMY CARLY HARRISON Portland State University Following data revisions, the economy continues to grow steadily, but slowly, in line with expectations. Gross domestic product has increased,

More information

10/7/2013. Chapter 9: Introduction to Economic Fluctuations. Facts about the business cycle. Unemployment. Okun s Law Y Y

10/7/2013. Chapter 9: Introduction to Economic Fluctuations. Facts about the business cycle. Unemployment. Okun s Law Y Y Facts about the business cycle Chapter 9: GD growth averages 3 3.5 percent per year over the long run with large fluctuations in the short run. Consumption and investment fluctuate with GD, but consumption

More information

Gini in a Bottle: The Mathematics of Income Inequality

Gini in a Bottle: The Mathematics of Income Inequality Gini in a Bottle: The Mathematics of Income Inequality Rich Beveridge Clatsop Community College rbeveridge@clatsopcc.edu https://www.clatsopcc.edu/rich-beveridges-homepage Statistics and Social Justice

More information

Tutor2u Economics Essay Plans Summer 2002

Tutor2u Economics Essay Plans Summer 2002 Macroeconomics Revision Essay Plan (2): Inflation and Unemployment and Economic Policy (a) Explain why it is considered important to control inflation (20 marks) (b) Discuss how a government s commitment

More information

13. If Y = AK 0.5 L 0.5 and A, K, and L are all 100, the marginal product of capital is: A) 50. B) 100. C) 200. D) 1,000.

13. If Y = AK 0.5 L 0.5 and A, K, and L are all 100, the marginal product of capital is: A) 50. B) 100. C) 200. D) 1,000. Name: Date: 1. In the long run, the level of national income in an economy is determined by its: A) factors of production and production function. B) real and nominal interest rate. C) government budget

More information

Name: Date: 3. Variables that a model tries to explain are called: A. endogenous. B. exogenous. C. market clearing. D. fixed.

Name: Date: 3. Variables that a model tries to explain are called: A. endogenous. B. exogenous. C. market clearing. D. fixed. Name: Date: 1 A measure of how fast prices are rising is called the: A growth rate of real GDP B inflation rate C unemployment rate D market-clearing rate 2 Compared with a recession, real GDP during a

More information

US Labour Market Monitor July report set to attract much attention as both employment and growth have slowed in 2016

US Labour Market Monitor July report set to attract much attention as both employment and growth have slowed in 2016 Investment Research General Market Conditions 02 August 2016 US Labour Market Monitor July report set to attract much attention as both employment and growth have slowed in 2016 Jobs report preview We

More information

Chapter 6 Supply, Demand, and Government Policies

Chapter 6 Supply, Demand, and Government Policies Chapter 6 Supply, Demand, and Government Policies Review Questions Using supply-demand diagrams, show the difference between a non-binding price ceiling and a binding price ceiling in the wheat market.

More information

Econ 303: Intermediate Macroeconomics I Dr. Sauer Sample Questions for Exam #3

Econ 303: Intermediate Macroeconomics I Dr. Sauer Sample Questions for Exam #3 Econ 303: Intermediate Macroeconomics I Dr. Sauer Sample Questions for Exam #3 1. When firms experience unplanned inventory accumulation, they typically: A) build new plants. B) lay off workers and reduce

More information

ECON 103, 2008-2 ANSWERS TO HOME WORK ASSIGNMENTS

ECON 103, 2008-2 ANSWERS TO HOME WORK ASSIGNMENTS ECON 103, 2008-2 ANSWERS TO HOME WORK ASSIGNMENTS Due the Week of July 14 Chapter 11 WRITE: [2] Complete the following labour demand table for a firm that is hiring labour competitively and selling its

More information

Measuring GDP and Economic Growth

Measuring GDP and Economic Growth 20 Measuring GDP and Economic Growth After studying this chapter you will be able to Define GDP and explain why GDP equals aggregate expenditure and aggregate income Explain how Statistics Canada measures

More information

Women in the Workforce

Women in the Workforce Women in the Workforce Subject Definitions Employed Employed includes all civilians 16 years old and over who were either (1) at work during the reference week; or (2) those who did not work during the

More information

THREE KEY FACTS ABOUT ECONOMIC FLUCTUATIONS

THREE KEY FACTS ABOUT ECONOMIC FLUCTUATIONS 15 In this chapter, look for the answers to these questions: What are economic fluctuations? What are their characteristics? How does the model of demand and explain economic fluctuations? Why does the

More information

chapter: Aggregate Demand and Aggregate Supply Krugman/Wells 2009 Worth Publishers 1 of 58

chapter: Aggregate Demand and Aggregate Supply Krugman/Wells 2009 Worth Publishers 1 of 58 chapter: 12 >> Aggregate Demand and Aggregate Supply Krugman/Wells 2009 Worth Publishers 1 of 58 WHAT YOU WILL LEARN IN THIS CHAPTER How the aggregate demand curve illustrates the relationship between

More information

The Data of Macroeconomics

The Data of Macroeconomics CHAPTER 2 The Data of Macroeconomics Modified for ECON 2204 by Bob Murphy 2016 Worth Publishers, all rights reserved IN THIS CHAPTER, YOU WILL LEARN:... the meaning and measurement of the most important

More information

Macroeconomics Instructor Miller GDP Practice Problems

Macroeconomics Instructor Miller GDP Practice Problems Macroeconomics Instructor Miller GDP Practice Problems 1. Gross domestic product in the economy is measured by the A) total number of goods and services produced in the economy. B) dollar value of all

More information

Lars Osberg. Department of Economics Dalhousie University 6214 University Avenue Halifax, Nova Scotia B3H 3J5 CANADA Email: Lars.Osberg@dal.

Lars Osberg. Department of Economics Dalhousie University 6214 University Avenue Halifax, Nova Scotia B3H 3J5 CANADA Email: Lars.Osberg@dal. Not Good Enough to be Average? Comments on The Weak Jobs recovery: whatever happened to the great American jobs machine? by Freeman and Rodgers Lars Osberg Department of Economics Dalhousie University

More information

Chapter 18. MODERN PRINCIPLES OF ECONOMICS Third Edition

Chapter 18. MODERN PRINCIPLES OF ECONOMICS Third Edition Chapter 18 MODERN PRINCIPLES OF ECONOMICS Third Edition Fiscal Policy Outline Fiscal Policy: The Best Case The Limits to Fiscal Policy When Fiscal Policy Might Make Matters Worse So When Is Fiscal Policy

More information

labour market in the west bank briefing on first-half 2011

labour market in the west bank briefing on first-half 2011 labour market in the west bank briefing on first-half 2011 www.unrwa.org Labour Market in the West Bank A Briefing on First-Half 2011 December 2011 West Bank Labour Market A Briefing on First-Half 2011

More information

College Degrees: Are they worth it? Summer 2011

College Degrees: Are they worth it? Summer 2011 College s: Are they worth it? Summer 2011 Prepared by Karalee Langford, Graduate Student Under the direction of Center for Economic Development and Business Research W. Frank Barton School of Business

More information

The Labor Market Problems of Massachusetts Workers in the Recovery from the Great Recession: The Great Socioeconomic Divergence

The Labor Market Problems of Massachusetts Workers in the Recovery from the Great Recession: The Great Socioeconomic Divergence The Labor Market Problems of Massachusetts Workers in the Recovery from the Great Recession: The Great Socioeconomic Divergence Prepared by: Andrew Sum Ishwar Khatiwada Walter McHugh Center for Labor Market

More information

THE GROWING COST OF HEALTH INSURANCE COVERAGE HEALTH CARE COSTS AND SPENDING IN NEW YORK STATE

THE GROWING COST OF HEALTH INSURANCE COVERAGE HEALTH CARE COSTS AND SPENDING IN NEW YORK STATE S E C T I O N THE GROWING COST OF HEALTH INSURANCE COVERAGE 18 The Growing Cost of Health Insurance Coverage New York s large employers contribute higher shares of premium costs than employers in any other

More information

AGGREGATE DEMAND AND AGGREGATE SUPPLY The Influence of Monetary and Fiscal Policy on Aggregate Demand

AGGREGATE DEMAND AND AGGREGATE SUPPLY The Influence of Monetary and Fiscal Policy on Aggregate Demand AGGREGATE DEMAND AND AGGREGATE SUPPLY The Influence of Monetary and Fiscal Policy on Aggregate Demand Suppose that the economy is undergoing a recession because of a fall in aggregate demand. a. Using

More information

A decline in the stock market, which makes consumers poorer, would cause the aggregate demand curve to shift to the left.

A decline in the stock market, which makes consumers poorer, would cause the aggregate demand curve to shift to the left. Economics 304 Final Exam Fall 2000 PART I: TRUE/FALSE. Write 'T' if the statement is true and 'F' if the statement is false. (1.5 pts. each) A decline in the stock market, which makes consumers poorer,

More information

7 AGGREGATE SUPPLY AND AGGREGATE DEMAND* Chapter. Key Concepts

7 AGGREGATE SUPPLY AND AGGREGATE DEMAND* Chapter. Key Concepts Chapter 7 AGGREGATE SUPPLY AND AGGREGATE DEMAND* Key Concepts Aggregate Supply The aggregate production function shows that the quantity of real GDP (Y ) supplied depends on the quantity of labor (L ),

More information

Ch.6 Aggregate Supply, Wages, Prices, and Unemployment

Ch.6 Aggregate Supply, Wages, Prices, and Unemployment 1 Econ 302 Intermediate Macroeconomics Chul-Woo Kwon Ch.6 Aggregate Supply, Wages, rices, and Unemployment I. Introduction A. The dynamic changes of and the price adjustment B. Link between the price change

More information

Income Sustainability through Educational Attainment

Income Sustainability through Educational Attainment Journal of Education and Training Studies Vol. 3, No. 1; January 2015 ISSN 2324-805X E-ISSN 2324-8068 Published by Redfame Publishing URL: http://jets.redfame.com Income Sustainability through Educational

More information

THE EDUCATIONAL ATTAINMENT OF THE WORKFORCE

THE EDUCATIONAL ATTAINMENT OF THE WORKFORCE THE EDUCATIONAL ATTAINMENT OF THE WORKFORCE March 2016 Dennis Hoffman, Ph.D. Professor, Department of Economics; Director, L. William Seidman Research Institute; and Director, Office of the University

More information

STAFF REPORT The American Recovery and Reinvestment Act: Helping Middle-Class Families

STAFF REPORT The American Recovery and Reinvestment Act: Helping Middle-Class Families STAFF REPORT The American Recovery and Reinvestment Act: Helping Middle-Class Families Introduction One of the central goals of the Middle Class Taskforce is to identify public policies that will help

More information

INTRODUCTION THE LABOR MARKET LABOR SUPPLY INCOME VS. LEISURE THE SUPPLY OF LABOR

INTRODUCTION THE LABOR MARKET LABOR SUPPLY INCOME VS. LEISURE THE SUPPLY OF LABOR INTRODUCTION Chapter 15 THE LBOR MRKET This chapter covers why there are differences in wages: How do people decide how much time to spend working? What determines the wage rate an employer is willing

More information

Recitation 9: Empirical Evidence on Labor Market Dynamics. 1. Unemployment and Vacancies over the Business Cycle

Recitation 9: Empirical Evidence on Labor Market Dynamics. 1. Unemployment and Vacancies over the Business Cycle 14.461: Advanced Macroeconomics I Suman S. Basu, MIT Recitation 9: Empirical Evidence on Labor Market Dynamics Part II of 14.461 covers topics in the macroeconomic analysis of labor markets. The purpose

More information

Low-wage Workers Are Older and Better Educated than Ever BY JOHN SCHMITT AND JANELLE JONES*

Low-wage Workers Are Older and Better Educated than Ever BY JOHN SCHMITT AND JANELLE JONES* Issue Brief April 2012 Low-wage Workers Are Older and Better Educated than Ever BY JOHN SCHMITT AND JANELLE JONES* Relative to any of the most common benchmarks the cost of living, the wages of the average

More information

CHAPTER 23 FISCAL POLICY: COPING WITH INFLATION AND UNEMPLOYMENT

CHAPTER 23 FISCAL POLICY: COPING WITH INFLATION AND UNEMPLOYMENT CHAPTER 23 FISCAL POLICY: COPING WITH INFLATION AND UNEMPLOYMENT Chapter in a Nutshell To say that an economy is in equilibrium tells us very little about the general state of the economy. The model showing

More information

Women s Participation in Education and the Workforce. Council of Economic Advisers

Women s Participation in Education and the Workforce. Council of Economic Advisers Women s Participation in Education and the Workforce Council of Economic Advisers Updated October 14, 214 Executive Summary Over the past forty years, women have made substantial gains in the workforce

More information