Urban Expansion and Land Use Change Analysis of Karnal City in Haryana: A Study Based on Open Source Satellite Data

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1 Urban Expansion and Land Use Change Analysis of Karnal City in Haryana: A Study Based on Open Source Satellite Data Parmod Bhardwaj 1, Sandeep Kumar 2 Associate Professor 1, Research Scholar 2, Department of Geography M. D. University Rohtak (India) Abstract- Land surface has always been an area of interest for geographers and other scholars interested in spatial analysis. This surface has been recording changes throughout geological times but with recent rapid urban expansion this change has been occurring at a much faster rate. This is more particular in urban landscape. This change needs to be detected, mapped and measured at frequent intervals so that we can have real time information on it. This information will not only be helpful for understanding the dynamics of the change but it is equally essential for further planning and management of land resources. Present paper has tried to find out the changes which has taken place in landscape of Karnal City in Haryana from Study has used open source satellite images of Landsat ETM+ (LE SGS00) and Landsat TM(LT KHC00) downloaded from satellite images Toposheet No 53 C/14 (Survey of India) and guide map of Karnal city has been used for ancillary information. Objective of study has been to find out the pattern of sprawl of Karnal city and changes in land use from Supervised classification using ISODATA algorithm has been carried out for land use classification.four major categories identified are Built up, Water Bodies, Cropland/Vegetation and,open/bare land. Error /confusion matrix has been generated and overall, producer s and user s accuracy have been calculated. Further the change in these categories from has been measured and mapped.softwares like ERDAS IMAGINE 9.0, ARC GIS 9.3 and MS OFFICE 2007 have been used. Sprawl of the city has taken place in two main areas.one is area between Delhi-Ambala main railway track and National Highway No.1; secondly it has spread along National Highway No.1 in the eastern part of the city. The study has found that major change in land use has taken place in urban built and crop/vegetation land.built up has expanded primarily on crop/vegetation land and partly on vacant/bare land. Key Words- Land- use Change, Open source satellite data, Remote sensing and GIS, Supervised classification. Urban Sprawl I. INTRODUCTION Land surface has always been an area of interest for geographers and other scholars interested in analysis of spatial phenomena. Change in use of land has been a continuous process but with recent rapid urban expansion this change has been occurring at a much faster rate. 182 In rural and remote area, the land use / land cover remains constant over longer periods, revealing equilibrium between various human activities, agricultural activities and climate. However, in an urbanizing area, land use and cover undergoes progressive to drastic changes over the longer period of times due to population and economical growth. (Ehlers et al. 1990; Treitz et al. 1992; Harrisand Ventura 1995; Yeh and Li 1996, 1997). This change needs to be detected, mapped and measured at frequent intervals so that we can have real time information on it. This information will not only be helpful for understanding the dynamics of the change but it is equally essential for further planning and management of land resources. Urban expansion is a great concern for the local government because the rapid growth of urban population has created environmental problem of various types (Mandal, ).Spatial information of land use over time is an important means for city planning and undertaking development activities. Analyzing the spatial and temporal changes in land use is one of the effective ways to understand the current environmental status of an area and ongoing change. Urban expansion is a major cause of land use changes (Singh and Kumar, 2012). During last some decades India has witnessed rapid and uncontrolled urban expansion due to progress in industries, trade and population increase. The anticipation of services and opportunities in cities fuels this growth. When the population increases due to migration, in the outer part of the city, urban sprawl is taking its toll on the natural resources at an alarming place. Land development has been out of control and the construction on land has kept expanding blindly, especially in the marginal areas of these cities. The rural and urban fringe is most rapidly changing element in the urban landscape mapping; land use/land cover of the rural urban fringe in a timely and accurate manner is thus of great importance for urban land use planning and sustainable management of land resources (Sulochana, 2005). The land use/land cover change information is very important for decision making of sustainable land use planning at both national and regional levels (Bhardwaj and Kumar, 2009).

2 Identifying, delineating and mapping land use/land cover is important for global monitoring studies, resource management and planning activities. Identification of land use/land cover establishes the baseline from which monitoring activities can be performed and provides the ground cover information for baseline thematic maps (Bhardwaj and Kumar, 2012). Recent research has identified a number of approaches for data acquisition, land use characterization and analysis that utilize remotely sensed imagery as source data for the derivation of spatial sets (Yuan et al., 2005). To assess the urban growth and to detect the changes in the land use, conventional practice of field surveys and aerial photointerpretation have been in use. Now satellite images are acquired frequently and hence the same area can be observed for change in land-use over frequent intervals of time. Furthermore the satellite images digital format can be directly studied with image processing softwares. The spatial patterns of urban expansion over different time periods can be accurately assessed, mapped and monitored from satellite data (remotely sensed data) along with conventional ground data. These recent technologies help in identifying the pattern and rate of growth. Mapping urban expansion provides a "picture" of where this type of growth is occurring and to suggest the likely future directions and patterns of sprawling growth. Traditionally, the methods of monitoring changes in the land use were field methods. These methods were time consuming and expensive. Current technologies such as geographical information systems and remote sensing provide a cost effective and accurate alternative to understanding landscape dynamics. Digital change detection techniques based on multi-temporal and multispectral remotely sensed data have demonstrated a great potential as a means to understand landscape dynamics. Recent improvements in satellite image quality and availability have made it possible to perform image analysis at much larger scale than in the past (Zhou, 1995). Present paper has tried to find out the growth and pattern of sprawl of Karnal city (-2011) and land use changes taking place there in using open source satellite data. II. STUDY AREA The Karnal city is located in Haryana state of India having latitudinal extent N and longitudinal extent E. Karnal is one of the 21 districts of state. Karnal city is district headquarter of Karnal district as well. Population of Karnal in 2011 is 286,974(2011). Karnal is said to have been founded by the Kauravas in the Mahabharata era for the king Karna, a mythological hero & a key figure in the epic tale. 183 It is midway between Delhi and Chandigarh, being 123 km north of Delhi and 126 km south of Chandigarh, on the National Highway No.1(popularly known as GT Road). Karnal is famous for lush green pastures, Liberty shoes, production of high-quality basmati rice and for its many agricultural and dairy research institutes. Objectives The study attempts to measure urban sprawl and transformation of land use in Karnal city between to Data sources Following data sources have been used for present work i. Topsheet No 53C/14 on scale 1:50000(Survey of India, Dehradun). ii. Guide map on scale 1:10000 (Survey of India, Dehradun). iii. Landsat ETM+ satellite image dated having path/ row 147/39 with 0% cloud cover bearing scene id LE SGS00 and Landsat TM satellite image dated having path /row 147/39 with 0% cloud cover bearing scene id LT KHC00 were downloaded from Both these data are open source satellite images. iv. Census data published by Census of India Besides above data Google earth was used for visualization purposes for better interpretation. III. METHODS All spatial data was georeferenced with each other. A subset of study area of Karnal city was created. Supervised classification using ISODATA logarithm has been performed for land use classification for and 2011.While selecting training sites for supervised classification help has been taken from toposheet, guide map and Google Earth images and accuracy assessment was calculated with the help of Error Matrix.

3 In the first part, sprawl of city has been measured and is related with growth of population. In the second part, change in various land use categories has been mapped, measured and analysed. Figure 3 IV. SOFTWARES Present work has been carried out with the help of image processing software ERDAS Imagine 9.0.All major operations like import-export of satellite data, layer stacking, subset creation, supervised image classification, area calculation and accuracy assessment were attempted in this software. Arc Map 9.3 has been used for map construction and production.ms Office 2007 has been used for statistical diagrams and analysis. V. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION URBAN SPRAWL In the total built up area in Karnal city was hectares. It increased to hectares in 2011, thus recording a growth of %.During this period however the growth of population has been % which indicates a mismatch between population growth and growth of urban sprawl. It indicates speculative construction in urban areas.sprawl has taken place mainly in a linear pattern along National Highway No.1 (hereinafter referred as NH No 1). Second important pattern of sprawl is found in the area lying between NH No.1 and Delhi-Ambala main railway track. Whereas sprawl has taken place by densification of built up in the area lying between NH No.1 and Delhi-Ambala main railway track it has occurred afresh along and eastern part of NH No. 1 (Figure 2 &3). Figure 2 Source: Prepared from Landsat Images VI. LAND USE CHANGE As far as change in land use is concerned, study found that two categerious i.e. built up and water bodies recorded increase in the area while as other two categeriuos i.e. crop land/vegetation and open/bare land recorded decline in their respective areas.major impact has been found in built up area as it has increased by 66.83% (-2011). Ware bodies have also shown an increase of 18.28% (- 2011). Though built up has grown in all directions but major change has taken place in eastern part of the city particularly along NH No. 1. The change in water bodies does not show any regular pattern. It has decreased in north-eastern part and increased in south-west part particularly along State Highway No. 82 leading to Shamli (Uttar Pradesh). Major change has been reported in cropland/vegetation as it has declined from hectares () to hecteres (2011) registering a decline of 29.96%.The decline in crop land/vegetation and increase in built up have taken place due to expansion of built up at the cost of crop land/vegetation. 184

4 Area in Hectares International Journal of Emerging Technology and Advanced Engineering Figure 4 Land Use Type Table No 1 Land Use Statistics -11 Area (hectares) Area (hectares) 2011 Growth (%) Bup WB CV OBL Source: Figure 3 (Bup-Built-up, WB-water bodies, CV-cropland/vegetation, OBLopen/bare land) Table 2 Error Matrix () Source: Prepared from Landsat Images Figure 5 Reference Data Classified Data Bup WB OBL CV Row Bup WB BL CV Column Table 2 and 3 shows the pixel based change in various categories from -11. The overall accuracy calculated for and 2011 is % and % respectively which is acceptable for such change analysis Table 3 Error Matrix (2011) Figure 6 Land Use Change in Karnal City ( ) Land-use category Source: Based on Table Reference Data Classified Data 2011 Bup WB OBL C V Row Bup WB CV OBL Table 4 User s Accuracy Class 2011 Bup WB OBL CV

5 Table 5 Producer s Accuracy Class 2011 Bup WB OBL CV VII. CONCLUSIONS Study highlights the pattern of sprawl of Karnal city from It is found that transport facilities are the main driving force behind this sprawl in the city. Change in land use is other important issue. Built up is encroaching upon crop land in the city of Karnal which has been a practice in expansion of urban areas globally. Mismatch between growth of urban sprawl (66.83%) and population (27.50%) indicates the speculation in urban infrastructure projects. Remote sensing and GIS are proving helpful for estimating the direction of the urban expansion and its effect on existing land use/land cover. Satellite images from open source can be used further for detection, measurement and analysis of changes in land use/land cover. Acknowledgement Authors express their gratitude to Department of Geography, M.D. University, Rohtak for institutional support and USGS for free access to Landsat satellite images. REFERENCES [1 ] Anderson, J. F., Hardy, E. E., Roach, J. T., and Witmer, R. E. 1976, A land use and land cover classification system for use with remote sensor data,u.s. Geological Survey Professional Paper 964. Washington, DC: U.S. Geological Survey, pp. 28. [2 ] Barnsley, M. J. and Barr, S. J., (1996), Inferring urban land use from satellite sensor images using Kernel-based spatial reclassification, Photogrammetric Engineering and Remote Sensing, 62, pp [3 ] Bhardwaj, P.K., and Kumar, Rajiv., (2009), Technological mapping of land use /land cover transformation along Haridwar-Roorkee transport corridor, proceedings CETAS-2009, pp [4 ] Bhardwaj,P.K., and Kumar, Vinay., (2012), Geoinformatics based Mapping and Analysis of land use/land Cover Pattern : A case study of Rohtak City in Haryana Maharshi Dayanand University Research Journal (ARTS), Vol. 11(1),pp [5 ] Burrough, P.A., Principles of Geographical Information Systems for Land Resources Assessment, Clarendon Press, Oxford, United Kingdom. [6 ] Ehlers, M., Jadkowski, M. A., Howard, R. R. and Brostuen, D. E. (1990). Application of SPOT data for regional growth analysis and local planning, Photogrammetric Engineering and Remote Sensing 56,pp [7 ] Gross, H.N., and Schott, J.R., (1998), Application of spectral mixture analysis and image fusion techniques for image sharpening, Remote Sensing of Environment, 63, pp [8 ] Harris, P. M., and Ventura, S. J., 1995, The integration of geographic data with remotely sensed imagery to improve classification in an urban area, Photogrametric Engineering and Remote Sensing, 61, pp [9 ] Jensen, J.R., Merging different types of remotely sensed data for effective visual display. Introductory Digital Image Processing: A Remote Sensing Perspective, 2nd ed. PrenticeHall, Upper Saddle River, NJ, pp [10 ] Lillesand T. M., and Kiefer R. W.,, Remote Sensing and Image Interpretation. John Wiley& Sons Inc, New York. [11 ] Mandal, R.B.,, Urban Geography: A text book. Concept Publication Company, New Delhi. pp.382. [12 ] Manonmani,R., and Suganya,D.,(2010), Change Detection Study In Urban Zone :Using Multi Temporal Satellite Data, International Journal of Geomatics and Geosciences Volume 1 (1), pp [13 ] Pham, H. M., and Yamaguchi, Y., (2011), Urban growth and change analysis using remote sensing and spatial metrics from 1975 to 2003 for Hanoi, Vietnam. International Journal of Remote Sensing, Vol. 32, No. 7, pp [14 ] Singh, Nina and Kumar, Jitendra (2012), Urban Growth and its Impact on Cityscape: A Geospatial Analysis of Rohtak City, India. Journal of Geographic Information System, Vol. 4(1), pp [15 ] Sulochana, S.,(2005), Monitoring urban sprawl of Pune by using Remote Sensing and GIS techniques, Ph D thesis submitted to University of Pune. [16 ] Yeh,A. G. and Li, X. Measurement and Monitoring of Urban Sprawl in a Rapidly Growing Region Using Entropy, Photogrammetric Engineering & Remote Sensing,Vol. 67(1), January 2001, pp