National and international

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1 National and international Metla s products and services, and the data and know-how Metla generates and actively communicates, are utilised both nationally and internationally. Metla is one of best known international forest research institutes in the world.

2 Financing and Personnel In 2013 the overall budget of Metla was 55 million. 47 million euros were expended on research Personnel Metla is one of the biggest forest research institutes in the Europe. The whole personnel is 650 andabout half of them are researchers. Other sources of financing with 10 million share were Ministry of Environment, Finlands Academy, Tekes, EU, Foundations, etc

3 Research programmes Forests and silviculture in the future ( ) Woodenergy 2020 pathways to 2020 and beyond ( ) H2O Forests and Water ( ). Wood materials and products in the development of Bio-economy ( ) New forest and forest biomass based products and services ( ) Forests for multiple purposes ( )

4 Other tasks Metla is in charge of several focal information services and official tasks of the forest sector: Monitoring of forest health Greenhouse gas reporting Forest tree breeding Forest statistics Forest damage diagnostic and advisory service Testing and inspection of pesticides Timber scaling methods and guidelines Monitoring regeneration success in protection forest area National forest inventory

5 Metla publishes Statistical Yearbook of Forestry Finnish Forest Sector Economic Outlook Working Papers Dissertationes Forestales Forest Finland in Brief Media Releases, Newsletters and Online Services Together with Finnish Society of Forest Science : - Metsätieteen aikakauskirja- in Finnish and Swedish -Silva Fennica-inEnglish

6 Luke The Finnish Forest Research Institute will merge with MTT Agrifood Research Finland, the Finnish Game and Fisheries Research Institute and the statistical services of the Information Centre of the Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry Tike on 1 January 2015, to form Natural Resources Institute Finland.

7 METLA Western Finland Parkano Staff, (29) 38 Reseachers ~(9) 14 Laboratory (6) 9 Technical (7) 8 Administration and supportive services 7 Kannus Staff, (19) 23 Reseachers (6) 9 Laboratoryo 3 Technical staff 9 Admininstration and supportive services (1) 3

8 Tree harvestig on sensitive soils Predicting bearing capacity on peatlands and fine-grained minreal soils Development of planning tools (hydrological modelling, GIS, ALS) Jori Uusitalo Harri Lindeman Jyrki Hytönen

9 Efficient wood procurement as a part of value chain New wood pricing methods Follow up studies of forest work (harvesters and forwarders) Wood quality prediction and wood allocation centre - concept Transportation optimisation Bearing capacity of forest roads

10 R&D of small sawmills and carpentery enterprises Maarit Haavisto, Jori Uusitalo Elinvoimainen puuverstas/puusta elinvoimaa : puutoimialan kehittäminen yhteinen markkinointiviestintä ( Puurakentamisen edistäminen PUUPUUSTI : yhteinen Kohderyhmät: puualan mikroyritykset Lihasulan säätiö

11 Thank you

12 Forest road R&D project( ) Tomi Kaakkurivaara Jori Uusitalo

13 Sponsors/collaborators Funding Metla and TUT

14 Measuring bearing capacity in Introduction forest road Year-round need to transport timber from forest to mills Age of forest road network increase, need of rehabilitation Decreasing amount of money for rehabilitation in low volume roads Increasing total weights of trucks Measuring devices can define repairing requirement of road and situation of frost thawing in springtime

15 Measuring devices DCP (Dynamic Cone Penetrometer) - Developed by U.S. Army - 8-kg hammer drops over a height of 575 mm to an anvil and penetrate cone to ground Easy to use for - Monitoring thawing process in spring - Measuring thickness and quality of constructed layers - Simple structure and quikly to move - Workload is great when is several measuring points Stiffness values are calculated for subsoil and layers of road Peneration mm/blow CBR-value (California Bearing Ratio), % Bearing capacity, Elastic modulus, MPa

16 Loadman Measuring devices Finnish, portable and light Falling Weight Deflectometer (AL-Engineering Oy) first tilted so that the free-moving weight slides down to and contacts the magnet Quikly to use, results are immediately on display Lightness is benefit under measuring work Loadman calculate direct results Deflection (mm) by integrating acceleration Bearing capacity, Elastic modulus (MPa) Compaction rate between first drop and following drops

17 Measuring devices FWD(Falling Weight Deflectometer) -Made by Kuab Ab, Sweden -Commonly use at public roads -Create deflection bowl with falling weight -Measurement work are made by specialized companies -measuring whole road structure and subsoil The biggest load respond real life situation. E-modulus (MPa), SCI (surface layer), BCI (subsoil) and middle layers values

18 Comparison between devices -coefficient of determination Peat subgrade (n=44): FWD Loadman R 2 =32.7 FWD Loadman + thickness of surface layer R 2 =59.6 FWD DCP R 2 =18.7 FWD DCP + thickness of surface layer R 2 =48.7 Loadman DCP R 2 =44.4 Mineral subgrade (n=35): FWD Loadman R 2 =50.8 FWD DCP R 2 =59.6 Loadman DCP R 2 =57.5

19 Conclusions Loadman and DCP can many circumstances be used as fairly reliable tools in asessing the stiffness of the road structure insteadof the FWD Loadman and DCP have certain strengths and weaknesses thatneedto betakeninto accountin assessingthe applicability Loadman is reasonable reliable tool in road surface layer Loadman can estimate trafficability during the thawing process DCP is more suitable for defining thawing depths and need of rehabilitation Both devices are flexible, faster and cheaper to use than FWD FWD gives more information than portable tools FWD measurementserviceincludesalsocalculationof materialdemandfor rehabilitation

20 Estimation of risk for rutting on forest roads during thawing period of seasonal frost2012 ja 11 test road sections, measurements by Loadman, DCP and FWD. 20

21 32 tn truck over ran test sections and laser scanning executed before and after loading runs in springs 2012 and 2013.

22 RUTTING - FWD Yhden verrataan 4 metrin matkalla syntyneeseen uraan Wheel path moved to another position Rutting, mm/overrun FWD 2013 left 2013 right 2012 left 2012 right 52P, partly frozen 12M 1 0, E FWD, MPa THRESHOLD VALUE IS ABOUT 45 MPa WITH FWD 22

23 RUTTING - LOADMAN Yhden PPL-mittauksen E-arvoa verrataan 4 metrin matkalla syntyneeseen uraan Rutting, mm/overrun LFWD , E LFWD, MPa THRESHOLD VALUE IS ABOUT 55 MPa WITH LOADMAN left 2012 right 52P, partly frozen 12M 51P 23

24 RUTTING DCP Yhden PPL-mittauksen E-arvoa verrataan 4 metrin matkalla syntyneeseen uraan Rutting, mm/overrun DCP left 2012 right 12M 51P Measured left Measured right 1 0, E DCP, MPa THRESHOLD VALUE IS ABOUT 115 MPa WITH DCP 24

25 Conclusions -Bearing capacity recommendations to avoid rutting Probability of rutting E FWD, MPa E LFWD, MPa E DCP, MPa Very high < 30 < 35 < 70 High Medium small very small >70 >70 >150 Tentative suggestion for using FWD, Loadman and DCP to estimate risk for rapid rutting from a few passes by truck on forest road. Threshold values help to evaluate whether timberloadscanbefetchedvia the forestroad during frost thawing

26 Fly ash Use of ash for repairing forest roads By-product from UPM s power plants (Kaipola and Jämsänkoski) Environmentally friendly? Good references from public road construction Create chemical bonds with the help of water 10 test section included references

27 Ash test roads in Jämsä Application/license from the local Environmental agency Permission to use ash, but not without additional surface level Construction of roads in september 2011 Follow-up studies on bearing capacity

28 Structure of forest road Classic forest road Surface layer Aggregate layer Sand/gravel (insulation layer) Embankment fill Base material (mineral/peat) Modern forest road Crushed stone (Ø 0-32mm) Crushed stone (Ø 0-55 mm) Geotextile optional Embankment fill Base material (mineral/peat) Ash forest road Crushed stone (Ø 0-32mm) Ash+ (Crushed stone ) Old road/subgrade

29 Test road area cm (33/66 ash mixed with crushed stone) + surface layer (crushed stone) 32 20cm (50/50 ash mixed with crushed stone + surface layer (crushed stone) 33 crushed stone (reference) 34 25cm ash + surface layer (crushed stone) 35 50cm ash + surface layer (crushed stone) Ash total 1082 tn

30 Test road area cm ash + surface layer (crushed stone) 37 25cm ash + surface layer (crushed stone) 38 20cm (50/50 ash mixed with crushed stone + surface layer (crushed stone) cm (33/66 ash mixed with crushed stone + surface layer (crushed stone) 40 crushed stone (reference) Ash total 854 tn

31 Mixed layer Sidewalls to restrain ash flow out from road area Crushed stone and ash were mixed together on construction site

32 Ash layer with consistent texture Shape and compaction made by excavator

33 DCP -Bearing capacity increased in both mixed method types until last measuring round Loadman and FWD doesn t show any improvement

34 DCP improvement lower level than mixed methods road sections Loadman and FWD same as mixed methods, no improvements

35 Conclusions Loadman and FWD results doesn t show improvements! DCP results shows clear improvement. Maybe road stiffness is better? Results were lower level 2014 spring -variation between thawing periods Ash is not same kind of material as mineral materials such as crushed rock material properties can change in the long run!

36 Thank you