Reptiles as patients

Transcription

1 Reptilian Medicine univ. prof. Zdenek Knotek, DVM, PhD. Avian and Exotic Animal Clinic Faculty of Veterinary Medicine Brno Czech Republic

2 Reptiles as patients Stressor Sympatic nervous system Hypothalamus Corticotropin - releasing hormon (CRH) Hypophysis Adrenocorticotropic hormon (ACTH) negative feedback Adrenal gland Corticosterone Catecholamins (adrenalin, noradrenalin) Glucose colour changehearth beat Respiration

3 HEALTH PROBLEMS THAT HAVE EMERGED DURING KEEPING CHELONIANS IN CAPTIVITY Testudo spp., Agrionemys spp., Trachemys scripta elegans insufficient nutrition poor husbandry chronic metabolic problems PHA syndrome hibernation POFS POES pre-ovulatory follicle stasis post-ovulatory egg stasis Symptoms Laboratory limited movement, general weakness, lethargy, anorexia colon constipation, runny nose syndrome, hind legs paresis Ca, P, uric acid, ALT, AST

4 Beak overgrowth tortoises Abnormal development of mouthparts usually maxilla - overgrowtn rostrally mandible deformation also documented extensive overgrowth may change architecture of the oral cavity

5 Infectious stomatitis - rhinitis common in tortoises PHA syndrome WBC counts lowest after hibernation Stomatitis is often associated with rhinitis and URTD

6 Infectious stomatitis predisposing factors stomatitis-glossitis-tracheitis in aquatic terrapins hypovitaminosis A suboptimal water temperature

7 Infectious stomatitis predisposing factors in imported land tortoises Herpesvirus, herpesvirus-like agents

8 Infectious stomatitis - rhinitis Symptoms nasal discharge and dyspnoae whitish plaques on the dorsum of the tongue white diphteritic plaques involve the palate, glottis and pharynx when removed - necrotic material may reveal ulcerated and bleeding lesions

9 Infectious stomatitis Symptoms (herpesvirus necrotic stomatitis) lower gums very swollen and inflamed in some cases - infection spreads rapidly causing massive oedematous swelling of the neck high mortality in imported tortoises

10 Treatment Fluid therapy is essential subcutaneously or intraperitoneally very long period of treatment ATB treatment - not necessary in many cases advisable to give systemic antibiotic in ulcerative stomatitis

11 HEALTH PROBLEMS THAT HAVE EMERGED DURING KEEPING CROCODILES IN CAPTIVITY Caiman spp., Crocodylus spp., Tomistoma schlegelii, insufficient nutrition overfeeding chronic metabolic problems renal disease traumatic lesions poor husbandry Symptoms Laboratory limited movement, general weakness, lethargy, anorexia hind legs paresis Ca, P, uric acid, BUN, ALT, AST

12 Stomatitis crocodiles Predisposing factors unsanitary conditions, malnutrition, overcrowding, poor water quality loose teeth that easily fall out may nutritional problem in young crocodilians, petechiae, ulceration, discoloration, exudate

13 Stomatitis crocodiles Predisposing factors pox-like virus reported the grey-white circular lesions

14 Crocodiles Rubber jaw osteodystrophia fibrosa Cleft lip cheiloschisis Cleft palate - uranoschisis Cleft chin cheilognathoschisis

15 HEALTH PROBLEMS THAT HAVE EMERGED DURING KEEPING LIZARDS IN CAPTIVITY Iguana iguana insufficient nutrition poor husbandry chronic metabolic problems secondary hyperparathyroidism renal disease POFS POES pre-ovulatory follicle stasis post-ovulatory egg stasis Symptoms Laboratory limited movement, general weakness, lethargy, anorexia large swelling of the hind legs, colon constipation tremor and hind legs paresis Ca, P, uric acid, ALT, AST

16 Traumatic lesions lizards gingivitis traumatic defect aggressive behaviour chemical/thermal burns fractures of teeth and jaws in agamid lizards nutritional or renal secondary hyperparathryroidism

17 gingivitis Traumatic lesions lizards deformed mandibles and maxillae exposure of gingival tissue subcutaneous abscesses over the lateral maxilla or mandible - green iguanas

18 Oral cavity colour lizards jaundiced mucous membrane prehepatic or hepatic icterus cyanosis cardiac disease and respiratory compromise pharyngeal oedema chronic renal disease in green iguanas oral fibrosarcoma and squamous-cell carcinoma

19 Treatment tube feeding to avoid the painful feeding per os Subcutaneous abscesses - lizards it is important to control the tract between the lip and gum this tract must be explored and flushed with disinfection solution

20 Anorexia pain - distension urinary blader caecum, colon paralysis + anorexia

21 HEALTH PROBLEMS THAT HAVE EMERGED DURING KEEPING SNAKES IN CAPTIVITY Python spp., Boa spp., Epicrates spp., Sanzinia spp., Morelia spp. infections overfeeding chronic metabolic problems renal disease traumatic lesions poor husbandry Symptoms Laboratory anorexia dysecdysis Ca, P, uric acid, ALT, AST

22 Stomatitis Common snakes, chelonians Often secondary stress, trauma, weakness, malnourishment Animals anorectic If untreated - glossitis, tracheitis, pneumonia, oesophagitis, systemic diseases

23 Predisposing factors Stomatitis poor hygiene suboptimal husbandry malnutrition overcrowding parasites trauma suboptimal temperature extremely high humidity

24 Stomatitis In snakes and chelonians different viral diseases can cause immunosuppression with secondary bacterial infection in the oral cavity

25 Ulcerative stomatitis (mouth rot, canker-mouth) in snakes excess salivation, ulceration, caseous exudate traumatic lesions snakes persistently strike at the terrarium wall, force-feeding vitamin C deficit? important causative Gram-negative bacteria Pseudomonas, Aeromonas, Klebsiella, Proteus

26 Ulcerative stomatitis stomatitis cases more than 80 % isolates Gram-negative healthy snakes more than 60 % isolates Gram-positive Your experience???

27 Infectious stomatitis normal oral bacterial flora in captive snakes? Stenotrophomonas (Pseudomonas) maltophilia 115 healthy captive snakes (12 genera, 22 species) 29.6 % positive - S. maltophilia in 1/3 snakes ATBs cotrimoxazole, floroquinolones, aminoglycosides Hejnar et al., Vet. microbiology, 2007, 121,

28 Treatment debridement - necrotic tissue, broken teeth flushing wounds with saline and/or with diluted povidon iodine (daily) local treatment with systemic treatment vitamin A to support the healing process oral cavity diseases very painful analgetic drugs and parenteral form of feeding