Capture and storage of carbon dioxide Anders Lyngfelt

Transcription

1 Energisystem 10/11-06 Capture and storage of carbon dioxide Anders Lyngfelt Contents Storage Transportation Capture Is it expensive?

2 Energy system 15/11-06 CO 2 STORAGE gas and oil fields aquifers coal beds deap ocean mineral carbonation

3 CO2 SEQUESTRATION BY MAGNESIUM SILICATE MINERAL CARBONATION xmgo.ysio2.zh2o (s) => x MgO (s) + y SiO2 (s) + z H2O (R1) MgO (s) + CO2 => MgCO3 (s) (R2)

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5 73 Solid Liquid 31 C Critical point p/atm 5.1 Triple point Gas Cold (ocean): liquid > 50 bar ρ > ρ(saltwater) for > 300 bar Temp. (Kelvin) Warm (geological): Supercritical, ρ > ρ(saltwater)

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9 Statistics Area km 2 Depth to 1500 m Height m Porosity 30-40% Storage started million ton CO 2 /year (3% Norway s total emission)

10 Seismic Survey of Utsira

11 Migration Pathways in Utsira Courtesy of NITG-TNO

12 Underway Mton/year W Texas EOR US Sleipner Norway 1 Weyburn Canada 1 In Salah Algeria 1 Proposed Snøhvit Norway 0.7 Gorgon Australia 5 APEL Australia 10

13 IPCC report on CO 2 capture and storage: Geologic storage potential estimated to 1,700 10,000 Gton CO 2 corresponds to today s global emissions for years

14 CO 2 Pipelines 3100 km of pipelines Transport 114 Mt/y CO 2 High purity CO 2 mostly CO 2 transported in dense phase Rated as Low Hazard USDOT statistics Incidents as likely as with gas pipelines Impacts of failure much less significant

15 COMBUSTION Flue gas: 4-14% carbon dioxide (CO 2 ), water (H 2 O), nitrogen, some oxygen For storage we need: Undiluted CO 2 Compressed CO 2 (supercritical, liquid, ice)

16 Methods of separation Physical solvents Selexol methanol sea water membrane separation cryogenic processes Chemical absorption monoethanolamine (MEA)

17 Post-combustion separation of CO 2 from flue gas. Oxyfuel separation of O 2 from air, combustion in O2 and recycled CO 2 =>> flue gas of CO 2 and H 2 O (removed by condensation). Pre-combustion H 2 production by partial oxidation/reforming, shiftreaction, and subsequent CO 2 removal. Chemical-looping combustion metal oxide particles transfer oxygen from combustion air to fuel =>> flue gas of CO 2 /H 2 O gas

18 5) Modified fuel cells. The SOFC process is modified to prevent mixture of fuel and combustion air, and also in this case an exit gas of CO 2 /H 2 O is obtained. 6) AZEP, advanced zero emission project, involves the transfer of oxygen in air to the fuel through an oxygen selective-membrane, and also here a CO 2 /H 2 O gas is obtained. 7) LCCC, lime carbonation/calcination cycles, involving the capture of CO 2 by lime. 8) ZECA, production of H 2 to be used in fuel cells using the CO 2 acceptor process (lime carbonation/calcination). The CO 2 is mineralized using magnesium oxide rich minerals.

19 9) Direct mineralization, i.e. capture of CO 2 in flue gas by magnesium oxide minerals. 10) Hydrogen membranes, i.e. improving method 2) by introducing a hydrogen selective membrane in the shiftreactor.

20 Reduction in efficiency: 10%-units Relative reduction in efficiency: Coal: 20% Natural gas: 15% Cost increase for electricity production: % Specific cost (including transport and storage): 500 SEK/ton CO 2

21 POSTCOMBUSTION Electricity Energy CO2 Air Fuel Power process Flue gas CO2 separation Flue gas

22 Absorption of CO 2 with monoethanolamine. Flue gas CO2 regenerated pressure backsteam Flue gas Absorber Regenerator CO2-rich solvent

23 CO2-compression CO2-removal Conventional gas power plant

24 OXYFUEL Electricity CO2 Air Fuel Air Oxygen Power process Flue gas Condenser separation CO2 Water

25 PRECOMBUSTION Air/O2/H2O Fuel CO2 Air Gasification/ CO shift: H2O + CO => CO2 H2 Combustion flue gas reforming H2 + CO2 separation (gas turbine)

26 Chemical-looping combustion N 2, O 2 CO 2, H 2 O MeO (+ Me) Air reactor Fuel reactor Me (+ MeO) Air Fuel

27 flue gas H O 2 air fuel CO2

28 Chalmers 10 kw chemical-looping combustor, 2003 Chalmers 300 W chemical-looping combustor 2004 convective cooling of flue gas reaktor system filters

29 Chalmers 10 kw chemicallooping combustor for solid fuels, 2005

30 CLC-tests 10-kW unit with NiO and natural gas: No leakage between reactors 100% CO 2 capture + almost pure CO 2 possible Conversion of fuel 99.5% at 800 Operation stable and easy to control No loss in particle reactivity / strength after 105 h operation Loss of fines very low: lifetime >40,000 h (?) Low particle cost:<1 /ton CO 2 (lifetime 4,000 h)

31 Testing in chemical-looping combustors: Unit Particle operation h (hot time d ) fuel f a Chalmers 10 kw NiO/NiAl 2 O (300) n.gas a Chalmers 10 kw Fe 2 O 3 -based 17 n.gas a S Korea 50 kw Co 3 O 4 /CoAl 2 O 4 25 n.gas a S Korea 50 kw NiO/bentonite 3 i n.gas. b Chalmers 300 W NiO/NiAl 2 O 4 8 (18) g n.gas b Chalmers 300 W NiO/MgAl 2 O 4 30 (150) n.gas/syngas b Chalmers 300 W Mn 3 O 4 / ZrO 2, Mg-st. 70 (130) n.gas/syngas c Chalmers 300 W Fe 2 O 3 /Al 2 O 3 40 (60) n.gas/syngas b CSIC, 10 kw CuO impregnated 2x100 n.gas b Chalmers 300 W NiO/MgAl 2 O 4 41 (CLR g ) n.gas(clr g ) 11 Chalmers SF j confidential 18 bitum. coal 12 b S Korea 1 kw NiO+Fe 2 O 3 /bentonite CH 4 a published 2004, b published , c submitted d total time fluidized at high temperature, e same particle as used 100 h in 10 kw unit, f n.gas. = natural gas, s.g. = syntesgas, g chemical-looping reforming, i particles fragmentated, j 10 kw solid fuel CLC,

32 CO 2 CAPTURE AND STORAGE COSTS /ton CO 2 Storage >2-3 Transport, 100 km >2-3 Compression 7 Separation ~40 Total 50 Incr. prod. cost electr % 2-4 c/kwh

33 European Union: 3000 million ton CO 2 /year (1500 Mton from large point sources) Reduce to half at 50 /ton CO /year 200 /citizen,year 1% of GDP

34 Electricity cost, cents/kwh Solar photovoltaics, c/kwh Solar thermal Coal IGCC Coal IGCC, CO2 capture NGCC NGCC, CO2 capture Wind Biomass Marine (waves, tide...) Hydro Geothermal 0 Large Substantial Moderate Potential Costs from: United Nations Development Programme, UNs Department of Economic and Social Affairs, and World 10/11 Energy 2006 Council (2000) World Energy Assessment: Energy and the Challenge of Sustainability

35 CI = Carbon Intensity = 0.9 kg CO2/$ AC = avoidance cost 0.05 $/kg CO2 Cost as fraction of GDP = CI*AC = 4.5% AC, $/kg CO2 Biofuel 0.06 Wind =0.07 Solar thermal =0.15 Solar photovoltaics =1.5 CO2 storage CO2 capture & storage CLC CO2 capture solid fuels ? Swedish CO2 tax 0.1

36 This lecture: click on Föreläsningar/presentations click on Energy systems 10 nov 2006: CO 2 capture and storage CO 2 homepage: Lyngfelt, A., "Koldioxid kan slutlagras i jorden ", Forskning & Framsteg, nr. 7 (2001) Lyngfelt, A., "An Introduction to CO2 Capture and Storage" Second Nordic Minisymposium on Carbon Dioxide Capture and Storage, Göteborg, October 26, 2001, pp. iv-xii.