Assessment of chemical impacts in LCA
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1 Assessment of chemical impacts in Outline Boundary conditions of Standardised impact assessment Characterisation and the impact pathway Similarities and differences with ERA Michael Hauschild Quantitative Sustainability Assessment DU Management Engineering 1 2 he life cycle - from cradle to grave DPSIR framework Power to the grid Materials Components Semi products Construction Power production aste treatment Decommissioning Life Cycle Impact Assessment (LCIA) translates pressures into impacts 3 4 addressing all relevant impacts emissions physical interventions applying existing science global climate, stratosphere terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems (acidification, nutrient enrichment, and photochemical ozone, ecotoxicity) land use human toxicity impacts. respecting the boundary conditions of the functional unit (marginal perspective) the life cycle perspective 5 6
2 respecting the boundary conditions of the functional unit the life cycle perspective the global geographical extension of the product system lack of spatial differentiation the extension of the product system in time mass flows rather than concentrations modelling impact potentials rather than actual effects supporting aggregation over life cycle aiming at comparisons rather than absolute statements 7 g g 2-hydroxy-ethanacrylate ,0348 Lead ( Pb ) ,5E-06 Hydro carbons (electricity, stationary combustio - 1,7E+00 Monoethyl amine ,9E-06 Nickel ( Ni ) ,1E-05 Nitrogen oxide ( NOx ) ,1E+00 NMVOC, diesel engine (exhaust) - 3,9E-02 NMVOC, pow er plants (stationary combustion) - 3,9E-03 Ozone ( O3 ) ,8E-03 PAH ikke specifik 2,4E-08 Phenol ,3E-05 Phosgene ,4E-01 Polyeter polyol ikke specifik 1,6E-01 1,2-propylenoxide ,2E-02 Nitric acid (c 8,5E-02 Hydrochloric acid (c 1,9E-02 Selenium ( Se ) ,6E-05 Sulphur dioxide( SO2 ) ,3E+00 oluene ,8E-02 oluene-2,4-diamine ,9E-02 oluene diisocyanat ( DI ) ,6E-01 otal-n - 2,6E-05 riethylamine ,6E-01 Unspecified aldehydes - 7,5E-04 Uspecified organic compounds - 1,5E-03 Vanadium ,8E-04 VOC, diesel engine (exhaust) - 6,4E-05 VOC, stationary combustion (coal fired) - 4,0E-05 VOC, stationary combustion (natural gas fired) - 2,2E-03 VOC, stationary combustion (oil fired) - 1,4E-04 Xylene ,4E-01 Zinc ( Zn ) ,9E-05 Acidification Photochemical ozone formation Product A Product B Units ton-co2eq Stratospheric ozone Photochemical ozone formation 0,12 0,08 kg-cfc-11eq kg-c 2H 4eq Acidification kg-so2eq Nutrient enrichment kg-no - 3 eq 5 5 Freshwater ecotoxicity 2,6 10 1,8 10 CUe Human toxicity 1,7 10 7,7 10 CUh -3-4 Nutrient enrichment B Human toxicity A Ecotoxicity Land use Volume waste Hazardous waste PEweu94 8 Impact assessment LCIA Environmental exchanges Midpoints Endpoints Areas of protection Modelling impacts of inventory results on the Areas of Protection Natural environment Natural resources Man-made environment through a number of impact pathways CO 2 HCFC22 N 2 O Cadmium Acrylonitril Particles SO 2 NO x oluene CO NH 3 radiative forcing chlorine content of stratosphere human Conversion releasing protons Photochemical ozone formation Eutrophication of aquatic systems change A Stratospheric ozone Interaction with primary receptor e.g. human gene impact A impact B Exposure of leaves Deposition on soil or water Smog episodes Increasing tropospheric ozone conc. algal growth change B UV-B radiation cellular level of humans impact C Decreasing ph Sedimentation of dead algae Reduced light input change C Non-human effects of UV-radiation higher level, e.g. human organ Mobilisation of metals Oxygen near bottom Altered species composition habitats humans (YLL, YLD) wildlife and plants biodiversity crops and wood materials fish catch Ecosyste m health (ores, land, cultural values Modelled today Proposed modelled Not modelled, expressed as relevance PO 4 3- Nutrient enrichment of terr. systems 9 10 he steps of LCIA according to ISO standards Classification: hat does this emission contribute to? Assignment of emissions to impact categories according to their potential effects Characterisation: How much may it contribute? Quantification of contributions to the different impact categories Normalisation: Is that much? Expression of the impact potentials relative to a reference situation ISO: Mandatory Optional Valuation: Is it important? Ranking, grouping or assignment of weights to the different impact potentials Interpretation: hich alternative is better and what determines it? Comparison of the different alternatives, sensitivity analysis 11 Classification - what does the emission contribute to? g g 2-hydroxy-ethanacrylate 0, Lead ( Pb ,5E-06 ) Hydro carbons (electricity, combustio - 1,7E+00 stationary Acidification Photochemical ozone Ecotoxicity 12
3 Characterisation - how much does the emission contribute? Quantitatively determine the impact score per category IS CF x, i mx, i i x IS = impact score CF = characterisation m = life cycle intervention x = substance type i = compartment type A Characterisation Factor is a quantitative representation of the (relative) importance of a specific intervention e.g. the human damage (HDF) of benzene is 300 DALYs/kton Characterisation - how much does the emission contribute? g g 2-hydroxy-ethanacrylate 0, Lead ( Pb ,5E-06 ) Hydro carbons (electricity, combustio - 1,7E+00 stationary N 2 O: 296 g CO 2 -eq/g N 2 O IS(gw) N2 O = = 5.03 g CO 2 -eq Many methodologies address chemical impacts CML92 and 2001 (NL) assessment of impacts at midpoint, NL models EDIP97 and 2003 (DK) assessment at midpoint and near endpoint, DK and European models 15 Characterisation of midpoint impacts or damage? ISO 14044: he category indicator can be chosen anywhere along the mechanism between the LCI results and the category endpoint(s) he category indicators should be ly relevant - midpoint or endpoint? - two competing or complementary approaches in life cycle impact assessment Mid points End point Emission - distribution and degradation Exposure arget system Impact Damage 16 Environmental exchanges CO 2 radiative forcing HCFC22 chlorine content of stratosphere N 2 O human Cadmium Acrylonitril Particles SO 2 Conversion releasing NO protons x oluene Photochemical ozone formation CO Eutrophication of NH 3 aquatic systems Nutrient PO 3-4 enrichment of terr. systems change A Stratospheric ozone Interaction with primary receptor e.g. human gene impact A impact B Exposure of leaves Deposition on soil or water Smog episodes Increasing tropospheric ozone conc. algal growth Midpoints change B UV-B radiation cellular level of humans impact C Decreasing ph Sedimentation of dead algae Reduced light input change C Non-human effects of UV-radiation higher level, e.g. human organ Mobilisation of metals Oxygen near bottom Altered species composition habitats Endpoints humans (YLL, YLD) wildlife and plants biodiversity crops and wood materials fish catch Areas of protection Ecosyste m health (ores, land, cultural values Modelled today Proposed modelled Not modelled, expressed as relevance Many methodologies address chemical impacts CML92 and 2001 (NL) assessment of impacts at midpoint, NL models EDIP97 and 2003 (DK) assessment at midpoint and near endpoint, DK and European models RACI (US) assessment of impacts at midpoint, US models IMPAC assessment of impacts at midpoint and endpoint, European models RECIPE (NL) assessment of impacts at midpoint and endpoint, European models LIME (Japan) - assessment of impacts at endpoint, Japanese models and a number of others 17 18
4 Environmental impacts at endpoint - human health (e.g.years of Life Lost) - ecosystem quality (e.g. Disappeared fraction of species) - resources (e.g. Extra energy demand) - the man-made environment (e.g. Euros) Characterisation s Characterisation s are - -specific and expressed per unit emission - Expressing the relative hazardousness of the substance ( impact potential ) the ability to impact on the chosen indicator in the impact pathway Impact pathway for Human toxicity ground-, fresh- or marine water agricultural or natural soil Outdoor air Indoor air home or worplace fate Algae Vegetation crop Intake fraction crustacae fish oral animal meat inhalation gastrointestinal tract blood lung, nose other target organs dose - response cancer type i,j other non cancer type k,l respiratory disease m,n disease severity: overall cancer overall other non cancer overall respiratory inorganics Damage on human health overall ionic radiation Characterisation s Characterisation s are - -specific and expressed per unit emission - Expressing the relative hazardousness of the substance ( impact potential ) the ability to impact on the chosen indicator in the impact pathway - Calculated using models of the underlying impact pathway - assuming a standard environment ( unit world ) - disregarding information about local conditions - disregarding variation in temporal emission course - Supporting aggregation of impact scores across the life cycle FF Effect EF Characterisation of eco and human toxicity Concentration - response Severity Emissions into compartment m Fraction transferred to n ime integrated concentration in n Species - intake Potentially affected fraction of species ime and space integrated damage on ecosystems Ecotoxicity: CF=FF EF Dose taken in Risk of affected persons Damage on human health Chemical fate Human Potency (Dose - response) Severity Human toxicity: CF=iF EF Intake fraction if Effect EF and ERA of chemicals Similarities Multimedia, multi compartment fate and models Same type of physico-chemical and biological substance data (Kow, H, D50, EC50, ) Differences: ERA Scope of impacts Scope of substances Issue addressed Modelling assumptions and parameter choices Chemical of humans and ecosystems Focused on one or a few substances Absolute: Is there a risk of critical? Conservative assumptions ( realistic worst case) All known impacts Focused on life cycle inventory (hundreds of substances) Comparative: Largest potential impact - A or B? How much larger? Best estimate (avoid bias in comparison with other impacts) Spatial differentiation Often site-dependent Normally site-generic 23 24
5 Perspectives: vs. ERA ERA In summary Emission Multimedia Air Soil ater Multipathway Exposure Effects Aquatic ecosystem 1 25 aims to cover all relevant impacts represented by impact categories and indicators In order to avoid unwanted bias, best estimate is aimed for in the characterisation modelling LCIA assesses impacts at midpoint or endpoint in impact pathway Characterisation s are substance-specific expressions of relative hazardousness or impact potential Indicator scores are aggregated over the life cycle Characterisation of chemical impacts inspired by ERA but fundamental differences exist 26
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