The scale insects (Hemiptera: Coccoidea) of Israel checklist, host plants, zoogeographical considerations and annotations on species

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1 ISRAEL JOURNAL OF ENTOMOLOGY, Vol , , pp The scale insects (Hemiptera: Coccoidea) of Israel checklist, host plants, zoogeographical considerations and annotations on species Yair Ben-Dov Department of Entomology, Agricultural Research Organization, The Volcani Center, P.O. Box 6, Bet Dagan 50250, Israel. ABSTRACT One hundred sixty-six species of scale insects in 13 families are listed from Israel, as follows: Aclerdidae 2, Asterolecaniidae 5, Coccidae 35, Diaspididae 62, Eriococcidae 4, Kermesidae 8, Lecanodiaspididae 2, Matsucoccidae 1, Micrococcidae 1, Monophlebidae 4, Phoenicococcidae 1, Pseudococcidae 40 and Putoidae 1 species. The family Aclerdidae is recorded for the first time from Israel in this study with two species, namely Aclerda berlesii Buffa, and Aclerda panica Hall. The Diaspidid Aspidiotus hedericola Lindinger, the Eriococcid Ovaticoccus agavium (Douglas), the Monophlebid Icerya aegyptiaca (Douglas) and the Pseudococcid Phenacoccus emansor Williams and Kozarzhevskaya are newly recorded from Israel. The species comprise elements of five groups, namely, Indigenous Middle-Eastern, Afrotropical, Mediterranean, Palearctic, Cosmopolitan. Twenty species are deleted from the list. Keywords: Hemiptera, Coccoidea, scale insects, Israel INTRODUCTION Scale insects (Hemiptera: Sternorrhyncha: Coccoidea) are a relatively small superfamily with nearly 8000 species classified in 46 families (Ben-Dov et al., 2010). About a third of the families include only fossil coccoids, whereas 31 families comprise extant species. They are all plant feeders, using their stylet-like mouthparts to suck plant sap. The adult females are wingless and considered to be paedomorphic, whereas the adult males in most species are alate and capable of flying. The size of adult females varies between the Coccoidea families, e.g., 1 mm diameter in some Diaspididae, as compared to 35 mm in several species of the Monophlebidae. Some species develop at cryptic sites of their host plants, therefore might be hard to detect. Many species of scale insects are important pests of agriculture, horticulture and forestry. Only 12 families of scale insects occur in Israel, but several species are pests of great economic importance. Fossil scale insects were not recorded in Israel; however Koteja and Azar (2008) extensively reported and described scale insects from impressions in Lebanese amber.

2 22 y. ben-dov Isr. J. Entomol. Fritz Shimon Bodenheimer ( ) (see Harpaz, 1984) initiated modern studies on the fauna, taxonomy, and economic importance of the scale insects of Israel in the early 1920s. In the following years, Bodenheimer extensively studied this group in Israel and his findings were reported by numerous publications (Bodenheimer, 1924, 1926, 1927, 1927a,b, 1930, 1931, 1935, 1937, 1938, 1951a,b). During and after Bodenheimer s period, more contributions to the knowledge of the Coccoidea in Israel were added by several researchers, including Balachowsky (1948, 1950, 1951, 1953, 1953a, 1954), Ben-Dov (1968, 1969, 1970, 1971, 1975, 1977, 1978, 1980, 1981, 1985, 1986, 1987, 1988, 1991, 2001, 2001a,b, 2005, 2005a, 2008, 2009), Ben-Dov et al. (2005), Ben-Dov and Guerrieri (2009), Ben-Dov and Kaydan (2008), Ben-Dov and Skutelsky (2003), Ben-Dov and Venezian, (1983), Ben-Dov et al. (2000), Bytinski-Salz (1961, 1966), Bytinski-Salz and Sternlicht (1967), Furth et al. (1984), Gerson (1964), Gerson et al. (1975), Gerson and Zor (1973), Sternlicht (1969), and Williams (1958). This paper presents an up-to-date (December, 2010) list of 166 species belonging to the 12 known families of scale insects of Israel. Taxa, which are newly recorded here for Israel, are indicated with an asterisk. KEY TO COCCOIDEA FAMILIES IN ISRAEL The taxonomy of scale insects is based mainly on the morphology of cuticular structures and body appendages of the insect. Most structures, which are of taxonomic significance, are comparatively minute in size (ranging from 5 μm to 100 μm) and can be observed by microscopic study of carefully processed, slide-mounted specimens. The methodology for slide-mounting of scale insects was outlined by Ben-Dov and Hodgson (1997). In the following, key I have adopted the terms for morphological characters which are currently widely used in the taxonomy of scale insect studies (e.g., Hodgson, 1994; Williams, 1985, 2004). The identification of taxa at the family, genus and species level is based mainly on study of slide-mounted adult females, which is also true for the following key. 1. Abdominal spiracles present Abdominal spiracles absent Mouth parts present...monophlebidae -. Mouth parts absent...matsucoccidae 3. Anal opening covered with one or two plates Anal opening not covered with plates Anal opening covered with one plate...aclerdidae -. Anal opening covered with two plates Anal opening covered with two triangular plates; without an arched plate in front of the anal plates...coccidae -. Anal opening covered with two triangular plates; with an arched plate in front of the anal plates... Lecanodiaspididae 6. Posterior abdominal segments forming a pygidium with a fringe of ducts, plates and lobes......diaspididae

3 Vol , COCCOIDEA of israel Posterior abdominal segments not forming a pygidium Vulva placed ventrally on abdominal segment VI... Micrococcidae -. Vulva placed ventrally on or between abdominal segments VII and VIII Antenna 1-segmented Antenna with more than 1 segment Legs present, segments reduced...kermesidae -. Legs entirely absent Anal ring with 2 setae... Phoenicococcidae -. Anal ring with 6 setae...asterolecaniidae 11. With one or more of the following characters present: ventral circulus or circuli, dorsal ostioles, 1 18 cerarii and trilocular pores Without ventral circulus or circuli, dorsal ostioles, cerarii or trilocular pores. All of these might be lacking from a single scale... Eriococcidae 12. Each coxa with 2 sensory pores on each of ventral and dorsal surfaces of the segment......pseudococcidae -. Each coxa with 3 sensory pores on each of ventral and dorsal surfaces of the segment Putoidae LIST OF FAMILIES, SPECIES, AND HOST PLANTS This list (up-to-date 2010) of 166 species belonging to 13 families of scale insects of Israel is based on material from the collection of F.S. Bodenheimer (deposited in The Coccoidea collection, Department of Entomology, Agricultural Research Organization, Bet Dagan, Israel), and on about 5000 accessions which I have collected and studied in Israel since the early 1960s. This checklist presents the currently accepted valid name of each species listed under its respective family, followed by a list of the host plants on which the scale insects were recorded in Israel. The list is concluded with notes on several scale insect species that have been recorded from Israel in publications, but do not occur in Israel. Several taxa are newly recorded here from Israel and these are indicated with an asterisk. Supplementary data on the taxa included in the following list are available in ScaleNet, A Systematic Database of the Scale Insects of the World scalenet/scalenet.htm (Ben-Dov and Miller, 2010). Any host plant newly-recorded for a certain scale insect in this paper, is indicated by the character + preceding the name of the plant. Slide-mounted specimens of most of the species listed here are deposited in The Coccoidea collection, Department of Entomology, Agricultural Research Organization, Bet Dagan, Israel (ICVI). Materials of a few species are also deposited at one or all of the following collections: The Natural History Museum, London, UK (BMNH); Muséum National d Histoire Naturelle, Paris, France (MNHN); United States National Entomological Collection, U.S. National Museum of Natural History, Washington, D.C., USA (USNM).

4 24 y. ben-dov Isr. J. Entomol. *Aclerdidae *Aclerda berlesii Buffa Poaceae: Phragmites australis, Saccharum officinarum. *Aclerda panica Hall Poaceae: Arundo donax, Phragmites australis. Asterolecaniidae Asterodiaspis variolosa (Ratzeburg) Fagaceae: Quercus calliprinos, Q. ithaburensis. Bambusaspis bambusae (Boisduval) Poaceae: Bambusa sp. Palmaspis phoenicis (Ramachandra Rao) Arecaceae: Phoenix dactylifera. Pollinia pollini (A. Costa) Moraceae: Ficus carica. Oleaceae: Olea europaea. Russellaspis pustulans (Cockerell) Anacardiaceae: Mangifera indica. Apocynaceae: Nerium oleander. Asclepiadaceae: Moraceae. Ficus carica, F. sycomorus. Oleaceae: Jasminum sambac. Passifloraceae: Passiflora edulis. Acantholecanium haloxyloni (Hall) Chenopodiaceae: Hammada salicornia. Acanthopulvinaria orientalis (Nasonov) Chenopodiaceae: Haloxylon. Coccidae Anapulvinaria pistaciae (Bodenheimer) Anacardiaceae: Pistacia palestina, P. terebinthus, P. vera. Bodenheimera rachelae (Bodenheimer) Verbenaceae: Vitex agnus-castus. Ceroplastes floridensis Comstock Anacardiaceae: Mangifera indica, Pistacia lentiscus. Schinus molle, S. terebinthifolius. Apocynaceae: Nerium oleander, Plumeria rubra, Thevetia peruviana. Araliaceae: Hedera helix. Araceae: Philodendron sp. Asclepiadaceae: Periploca graeca. Asteraceae: Erigeron crispus. Bignoniaceae: Kigelia pinnata, Stenolobium stans. Boraginaceae: Cordia myxa. Cactaceae: Epiphyllum sp. Celastraceae: Euonymus japonicus, Combretaceae: Terminalia arjuna. Cycadaceae: Cycas revoluta. Ebenaceae: Diospyros kaki. Elaeagnaceae: Elaeagnus angustifolia. Ericaceae: Arbutus

5 Vol , COCCOIDEA of israel 25 unedo. Fabaceae: Retama raetam. Lauraceae: Laurus nobilis, Persea americana. Moraceae: Ficus benghalensis, F. retusa, F. rubiginosa. Myoporaceae: Myoporum laetum. Myrtaceae: Callistemon phoeniceus, Feijoa sellowiana, Melaleuca armillaris, Psidium guajava. Pinaceae: Pinus halepensis. Pittosporaceae: Pittosporum undulatum. Polypodiaceae: Nephrolepis exaltata. Rosaceae: Crataegus azarolus, Eriobotrya japonica, Rhaphiolepis umbellata. Rutaceae: Citrus aurantium, C. grandis, C. limon, C. paradisi, C. reticulata. Sapindaceae: Dodonaea viscosa. Verbenaceae: Duranta repens. Ceroplastes rusci (Linnaeus) Anacardiaceae: Mangifera indica, Pistacia lentiscus, P. palestina, Rhus coriaria. Apocynaceae: Nerium oleander. Apocynaceae: Thevetia peruviana. Boraginaceae: Cordia myxa. Cannaceae: Canna sp.. Cyperaceae: Cyperus flabelliformis. Lauraceae: Persea americana. Loranthaceae: Loranthus acaciae. Moraceae: Ficus benghalensis, F. carica, F. rubiginosa, F. sycomorus, Morus alba. Myrtaceae: Myrtus communis. Platanaceae: Platanus orientalis. Proteaceae: Grevillea robusta. Ranunculaceae: Clematis cirrhosa. Rosaceae: Crataegus azarolus, Cydonia oblonga. Rutaceae: Citrus aurantium, C. grandis, C. limon, C. paradisi, C. reticulata. Salicaceae: Populus deltoides, Salix. Sapindaceae: Litchi chinensis. Strelitziaceae: Strelitzia sp., S. reginae Vitaceae: Vitis vinifera. Coccus capparidis (Green) Myoporaceae: Myoporum acuminatum. Rutaceae: Citrus aurantium, C. paradisi. Coccus elatensis Ben-Dov Anacardiaceae: Mangifera indica. Coccus hesperidum Linnaeus Anacardiaceae: Mangifera indica, Pistacia palestina. Apocynaceae: Nerium oleander, Thevetia peruviana, Vinca major. Araceae: Acorus sp., Philodendron sp., Pothos sp. Araliaceae: Hedera helix, Schefflera arboricola. Asclepiadaceae: Araujia sp., Asclepias sp. Aspleniaceae: Asplenium viviparum. Asteraceae: Erigeron crispus, Gerbera sp. Balasaminaceae: Impatiens sp. Bignoniaceae: Tecoma capensis. Cucurbitaceae: Cucurbita sp. Ebenaceae: Diospyros kaki. Fabaceae: Bauhinia sp., Cercis siliquastrum, Erythrina zeyheri. Frankeniaceae: Frankenia sp. Lauraceae: Laurus indica, L. nobilis, Persea americana. Liliaceae: Haworthia sp., Ruscus aculeatus. Meliaceae: Melia azedarach. Moraceae: Eugenia uniflora, Ficus benghalensis, F. carica, F. nitida, F. sycomorus, Morus alba. Musaceae: Strelitzia reginae. Myrtaceae: Feijoa sellowiana, Myrtus communis, Psidium guajava. Pinaceae: Cedrus sp., Pinus halepensis. Piperaceae: Piper chaba. Platanaceae: Platanus orientalis. Punicaceae: Punica granatum. Rosaceae: Cotoneaster pannosus, Crataegus azarolus, Prunus sp., Rosa sp., Rubus sp. Rutaceae: Citrus aurantium, C. grandis, C. limon, C. paradisi, C. reticulata. Sapindaceae: Litchi chinensis. Verbenaceae: Avicennia marina, Vitex agnus-castus. Viscaceae: Viscum sp. Vitaceae: Vitis vinifera.

6 26 y. ben-dov Isr. J. Entomol. Coccus longulus (Douglas) Annonaceae: Annona squamosa. Fabaceae: Ceratonia siliqua, Prosopis farcta. Lauraceae: Laurus nobilis, Persea americana. Marantaceae: Maranta sp. Moraceae: Ficus benghalensis, F. carica, F. lyrata, F. nitida, F. retusa, F. rubiginosa, Morus alba. Oxalidaceae: Averrhoa carambola. Plumbaginaceae: Plumbago capense. Polygonaceae: Hamalocladium platycladum. Rutaceae: Citrus reticulata. Sapindaceae: Litchi chinensis Coccus pseudomagnoliarum (Kuwana) Rutaceae: Citrus aurantium, C. limon. Eriopeltis festucae (Boyer de Fonscolombe) Poaceae: Phalaris sp. Eriopeltis lichtensteini Signoret Poaceae. Exaeretopus harpazi Ben-Dov Poaceae: Aegilops sp., Avena sterilis, Hordeum spontaneum, Lolium rigidum, Triticum sp. Filippia follicularis (Targioni Tozzetti) Oleaceae: Olea europaea. Kenima galilit Ben-Dov Fagaceae: Quercus calliprinos, Q. ithaburensis. Lichtensia viburni Signoret Oleaceae: Olea europaea, Phyllirea latifolia. Milviscutulus mangiferae (Green) Anacardiaceae: Mangifera indica, Schinus terebinthifolius. Apocynaceae: Thevetia peruviana. Araliaceae: Hedera helix. Lauraceae: Laurus nobilis, Persea americana. Meliaceae: Melia azedarach. Myrtaceae: Eugenia jambolana, Myrtus communis, Psidium guajava. Oleaceae: Ligustrum sp. Rutaceae: Citrus aurantium. Palaeolecanium bituberculatum (Signoret) Rosaceae: Crataegus azarolus. Parasaissetia nigra (Nietner) Anacardiaceae: Mangifera indica. Cucurbitaceae: Cucurbita moschata. Loranthaceae: Loranthus acaciae. Magnoliaceae: Magnolia sp. Moraceae: Ficus nitida, F. sycomorus. Passifloraceae: Passiflora edulis. Sapindaceae. Litchi chinensis. Parthenolecanium corni (Bouché) Rosaceae: Prunus domestica. Parthenolecanium persicae (Fabricius) Ebenaceae: Diospyros kaki. Rosaceae: Prunus sp.

7 Vol , COCCOIDEA of israel 27 Protopulvinaria pyriformis (Cockerell) Anacardiaceae: Mangifera indica. Apocynaceae: Trachelospermum jasminoides. Araliaceae: Fatsia japonica, Scheflera papaya. Asclepiadaceae: Araujia sericifera. Caprifoliaceae: Hedera helix, Lonicera caprifolium. Caricaceae: Carica papaya. Lauraceae: Laurus nobilis, Persea americana. Moraceae: Ficus. Myrtaceae: Eugenia jambolana, Psidium guajava. Rutaceae: Citrus aurantium. Pulvinaria psidii Maskell Anacardiaceae: Schinus molle. Apocynaceae: Plumeria sp.. Araliaceae: Hedera helix. Bignoniaceae: Tecoma stans. Meliaceae: Melia azedarach. Moraceae: Ficus sp., F. lyrata. Myrtaceae: Psidium guajava. Oleaceae: Undetermined species. Pittosporaceae: Pittosporum tobira. Sapindaceae: Litchi chinensis. Pulvinaria urbicola Cockerell Pteridophyta. Verbenaceae: Citharexylum spinosum. Pulvinaria vitis (Linnaeus) Salicaceae: Populus sp. Vitaceae: Vitis vinifera. Pulvinariella mesembryanthemi (Vallot) Aizoaceae: Mesembryanthemum sp. Rhizopulvinaria artemisiae (Signoret) Asteraceae: Artemisia monosperma. Saissetia coffeae (Walker) Anacardiaceae: Mangifera indica. Apocynaceae: Beaumontia grandiflora, Carissa grandiflora. Araliaceae: Aralia elegantissima. Asclepiadaceae: Hoya carnosa. Asteraceae: Gerbera sp. Begoniaceae: Begonia capensis. Bignoniaceae: Cactaceae: Epiphyllum sp. Cycadaceae: Cycas sp., Cycas migueli. Dryopteridaceae: Cyrtomium falcatum. Liliaceae: Asparagus sp., Chlorophytum sp. Musaceae: Musa sp. Myoporaceae: Myoporum acuminatum. Myrtaceae: Myrtus communis, Polypodiaceae: Platycerium bifurcatum. Oleaceae: Olea europaea, Phillyrea media. Orchidaceae: Phaelenopsis sp. Polemoniaceae: Phlox sp. Polypodiaceae: Adiantum capillus-veneris, Nephrolepis sp., Platycerium bifurcatum. Rubiaceae: Coffea arabica. Rutaceae: Citrus paradise. Sapotaceae: Achras sapota. Verbenaceae: Duranta repens. Saissetia oleae (Olivier) Anacardiaceae: Mangifera indica, Pistacia atlantica, P. palestina. Apocynaceae: Nerium oleander. Asteraceae: Chrysanthemum sp., Erigeron sp. Cucurbitaceae: Cucurbita sp. Cycadaceae: Cycas sp. Liliaceae: Asparagus aphyllus. Malvaceae: Hibiscus rosa-sinensis. Moraceae: Ficus carica. Myoporaceae: Myoporum laetum. Oleaceae: Olea europaea. Punicaceae: Punica granatum. Rubiaceae: Coffea sp. Rutaceae: Citrus aurantium, C. limon. Solanaceae: Solanum tuberosum. Saissetia privigna De Lotto Anacardiaceae: Mangifera indica. Malvaceae: Gossypium hirsutum.

8 28 y. ben-dov Isr. J. Entomol. Sphaerolecanium prunastri (Boyer de Fonscolombe) Rosaceae: Prunus domestica, P. pissardii, P. salicina, P. ursina. Stotzia ephedrae (Newstead) Ephedraceae: Ephedra sp. Liliaceae: Asparagus sp. Waxiella mimosae (Signoret) Fabaceae: Acacia radianna, A. tortilis. Loranthaceae: Loranthus acaciae. Waxiella tamaricis Ben-Dov Tamaricaceae: Tamarix articulata. Diaspididae Abgrallaspis cyanophylli (Signoret) Aizoaceae: Mesembryanthemum sp. Amaryllidaceae: Amaryllis sp. Annonaceae: Annona sp. Asteraceae: Gazania sp. Cactaceae: Cereus peruvianus, Lobivia sp. Cactaceae: Opuntia sp. Crassulaceae: Crassula sp. Ebenaceae: Diospyros kaki. Euphorbiaceae: Jatropha sp. Fabaceae: Ceratonia siliqua. Lauraceae: Persea americana. Liliaceae: Asparagus sp. Oleaceae: Jasminum mesnyi. Pittosporaceae: Pittosporum tobira. Proteaceae: Protea sp. Proteaceae: Leucadendron sp., Leucospermum sp. Acanthomytilus intermittens (Hall) Poaceae: Imperata cylindrical. Aonidia lauri (Bouché) Lauraceae: Laurus nobilis. Aonidiella aurantii (Maskell) Anacardiaceae: Mangifera indica, Pistacia lentiscus. Caprifoliaceae: Viburnum tinus. Celastraceae: Euonymus sp. Cucurbitaceae: Cucurbita sp. Cycadaceae: Cycas sp., C. revolute. Oleaceae: Olea europaea. Rosaceae: Amygdalus communis, Malus sp., Rosa sp. Rutaceae: Citrus aurantium, C. grandis, C. limon, C. paradisi, C. reticulata. Salicaceae: Populus sp. Aonidiella orientalis (Newstead) Anacardiaceae: Mangifera indica, Pistacia lentiscus. Apocynaceae: Nerium oleander. Celastraceae: Catha edulis. Fabaceae: Ceratonia siliqua. Moraceae: Ficus benghalensis. Punicaceae: Punica granatum. Rutaceae: Citrus grandis, C. paradisi. Sapotaceae: Achras sapota. *Aspidiotus hedericola Lindinger Araliaceae: Hedera helix. Aspidiotus nerii Bouché Actinidiaceae: Actinidia chinensis. Agavaceae: Yucca sp. Amaranthaceae: Amaranthus sp. Apocynaceae: Nerium oleander. Araliaceae: Hedera helix. Asteraceae: Chrysanthemum sp, Gazania sp. Buxaceae: Simmondsia chinensis. Capparidaceae:

9 Vol , COCCOIDEA of israel 29 Capparis sp. Caryophyllaceae: Dianthus sp. Cycadaceae: Cycas sp, C. revoluta. Cyperaceae: Cyperus flabelliformis. Elaeagnaceae: Elaeagnus angustifolia. Euphorbiaceae: Mercurialis annua, Ricinus communis. Fabaceae: Acacia cyanophylla, A. longifolia, Ceratonia siliqua, Spartium junceum. Haemodoraceae: Anigozanthos sp. Hemerocallidaceae: Phormium tenax. Liliaceae: Asparagus sp, A. variegates. Liliaceae: Aspidistra sp. Meliaceae: Melia azedarach. Moraceae: Ficus carica. Oleaceae: Olea europaea. Anacardiaceae: Pistacia atlantica, P. lentiscus. Pittosporaceae: Pittosporum undulatum. Proteaceae: Grevillea banksii, Leucodendron sp., Macadamia sp., Protea sp. Oleaceae: Olea europaea. Santalaceae: Osyris alba. Smilacaceae: Smilax sp. Solanaceae: Lycopersicon esculentum. Thymelaeaceae: Thymelaea hirsuta. Chionaspis etrusca Leonardi Tamaricaceae: Tamarix sp. Chionaspis lepineyi Balachowsky Fagaceae: Quercus calliprinos, Q. ithaburensis. Chortinaspis iridis Balachowsky Iridaceae: Iris sp., + I. nazarina. Chrysomphalus aonidum (Linnaeus) Anacardiaceae: Mangifera indica. Arecaceae: Phoenix dactylifera. Cycadaceae: Cycas sp. Lauraceae: Persea americana. Liliaceae: Dracaena sp. Musaceae: Musa sp. Myrtaceae: Eucalyptus sp. Rutaceae: Citrus aurantium, C. grandis, C. limon, C. paradisi. Chrysomphalus dictyospermi (Morgan) Lauraceae: Laurus nobilis. Contigaspis bilobis (Newstead) Umbelliferae: Foeniculum vulgare. Contigaspis zillae (Hall) Asclepiadaceae: Calotropis procera. Cactaceae: undetermined species. Resedaceae: Ochradenus baccatus. Diaspidiotus cecconii (Leonardi) Liliaceae: Asparagus aphyllus. Diaspidiotus distinctus (Leonardi) Fagaceae: Quercus sp. Diaspidiotus nitrariae (Marchal) Zygophyllaceae: + Nitraria tridentate. Diaspidiotus ostreaeformis (Curtis) Juglandaceae: Juglans sp. Rosaceae: Malus sp.

10 30 y. ben-dov Isr. J. Entomol. Diaspidiotus pyri (Lichtenstein) Fabaceae: Ceratonia siliqua. Diaspidiotus roseni Danzig Zygophyllaceae: Nitraria retusa. Diaspidiotus zonatus (Frauenfeld) Fabaceae: Ceratonia siliqua. Fagaceae: Quercus calliprinos. Diaspis echinocacti (Bouché) Cactaceae: Opuntia. Diaspis syriaca Lindinger Anacardiaceae: Pistacia atlantica, P. palestina. Duplachionaspis berlesii (Leonardi) Liliaceae: Asparagus aphyllus. Duplachionaspis natalensis (Maskell) Poaceae: Arundo donax, Chloris gayana, Cymbopogon citratus, Erianthus sp., Phragmites australis, Saccharum ravennae. Dynaspidiotus britannicus (Newstead) Fabaceae: Ceratonia siliqua. Epidiaspis gennadii (Leonardi) Anacardiaceae: Pistacia atlantica, P. lentiscus, P. palestina. Fiorinia fioriniae (Targioni Tozzetti) Lauraceae: Persea americana. Liliaceae: Ruscus aculeata. Fulaspis bytinskii Balachowsky Fabaceae: Acacia tortilis. Gonaspidiotus minimus (Leonardi) Fagaceae: Quercus calliprinos, Q. ithaburensis. Hemiberlesia lataniae (Signoret) Actinidiaceae: Actinidia chinensis. Anacardiaceae: Mangifera indica. Apocynaceae: Plumeria sp. Araliaceae: Hedera helix, Schefflera sp. Arecaceae. Asteraceae: + Arctotis reviscapa, Inula viscosa. Bignoniaceae: Bignonia sp., Stenolobium alatum, Tecoma capensis. Cucurbitaceae: Cucurbita moschata. Elaeagnaceae: Elaeagnus angustifolia. Fabaceae: Acacia cyanophylla. Iridaceae: Ixia sp. Juglandaceae: Carya pecan. Lamiaceae: Salvia sp. Lauraceae: Persea americana. Malvaceae: Hibiscus sp. Meliaceae: Melia azedarach. Moraceae: Ficus carica, F. sycomorus. Musaceae: Musa sp. Myrtaceae: Eucalyptus sp., Psidium guajava. Oxalidaceae: Averrhoa carambola. Paeoniaceae: Paeonia sp. Pinaceae: Pinus eldarica. Primulaceae: Cyclamen persicum. Proteaceae: Grevillea sp, Macadamia sp., Protea sp. Rosaceae: Amygdalus communis, Cotoneaster pannosus, Pyrus communis, Rubus

11 Vol , COCCOIDEA of israel 31 sp. Rutaceae: Citrus sp. Sterculiaceae: Brachychiton sp. Strelitziaceae: Strelitzia sp., S. reginae. Thymelaeaceae: Thymelaea hirsuta. Vitaceae: Vitis vinifera. Hemiberlesia rapax (Comstock) Actinidiaceae: Actinidia chinensis. Lepidosaphes beckii (Newman) Apocynaceae: Nerium oleander. Rutaceae: Citrus aurantium, C. grandis, C. paradisi, C. reticulata, Murraya sp. Lepidosaphes conchiformis (Gmelin) Elaeagnaceae: Elaeagnus orientalis. Moraceae: Ficus carica. Rhamnaceae: Ziziphus spina-christi. Salicaceae: Salix sp. Lepidosaphes flava (Signoret) Oleaceae: Olea europaea. Lepidosaphes ulmi (Linnaeus) Fabaceae: Spartium junceum. Salicaceae: Populus alba, P. chilensis, Salix sp., Salix babylonica. Styracaceae: Styrax officinalis. Vitaceae: Vitis vinifera. Leucaspis knemion Hoke Pinaceae: Pinus brutia, P. canariensis, P. halepensis, P. pinea. Leucaspis lowi Colvée Pinus halepensis, P. maritima, P. pinea, P. radiata. Leucaspis pusilla Loew Pinaceae: Pinus halepensis, P. brutia, P. canariensis, P. maritima, P. radiata. Leucaspis riccae Targioni Tozzetti Oleaceae: Olea europaea. Lineaspis striata (Newstead) Cupressaceae: Cupressus sempervirens. Melanaspis inopinata (Leonardi) Anacardiaceae: Pistacia palestina, P. terebinthus, P. vera, Rhus tripartita. Fagaceae: Quercus calliprinos, Q. ithaburensis. Rosaceae: Amygdalus communis. Mercetaspis bicuspis (Hall) Tamaricaceae: Tamarix sp. Mercetaspis halli (Green) Rosaceae: Amygdalus communis, Prunus armeniaca, P. domestica, P. persica. Mercetaspis isis (Hall) Tamaricaceae: Tamarix sp. Oceanaspidiotus spinosus (Comstock) Actinidiaceae: Actinidia chinensis. Celastraceae: Euonymus sp. Ebenaceae: Diospyros kaki. Salicaceae: Populus chilensis.

12 32 y. ben-dov Isr. J. Entomol. Odonaspis panici Hall Poaceae: Panicum turgidum. Odonaspis ruthae Kotinsky Poaceae: Chloris gayana, Cynodon dactylon. Pallulaspis retamae (Hall) Fabaceae: Retama raetam. Parlatoria blanchardi (Targioni Tozzetti) Arecaceae: Hyphaene thebaica, Phoenix dactylifera. Parlatoria cinerea Hadden Rutaceae: Citrus aurantium, C. grandis, C. paradisi, C. reticulata. Parlatoria oleae (Colvée) Anacardiaceae: Pistacia vera. Apocynaceae: Nerium oleander. Ebenaceae: Diospyros kaki. Oleaceae: Olea europaea. Rosaceae: Amygdalus communis, Malus domestica, Prunus armeniaca, P. domestica, Pyrus malus, Rosa sp. Parlatoria pergandii Comstock Rutaceae: Citrus aurantium, C. limon, C. paradisi. Prodiaspis tamaricicola (Malenotti) Tamaricaceae: Tamarix sp. Pseudotargionia glandulosa (Newstead) Fabaceae: Acacia radianna. Rhizaspidiotus canariensis (Lindinger) Asteraceae: Achillea sp., Artemisia judaica. Rungaspis capparidis (Bodenheimer) Capparidaceae: Capparis cartilaginea. Fabaceae: Colutea istria. Malvaceae: Abutilon sp. Zygophyllaceae: Zygophyllum dumosum. Rungaspis macrolobis Kaussari Chenopodiaceae: Arthrocnemum macrostachyum, Suaeda sp. Salicicola kermanensis (Lindinger) Salicaceae: Populus alba. Salicicola pistaciae (Lindinger) Anacardiaceae: Pistacia lentiscus. Targionia nigra Signoret Asteraceae: Artemisia judaica. Thymelaeaceae: Thymelaea hirsuta. Targionia vitis (Signoret) Fagaceae: Quercus calliprinos, Quercus sp.

13 Vol , COCCOIDEA of israel 33 Acanthococcus araucariae (Maskell) Araucariaceae: Araucaria sp. Eriococcidae Acanthococcus coccineus (Cockerell) Cactaceae: Cereus sp., C. silvestris, Echinocactus texensis. Eriococcus thymelaeae Newstead Thymelaeaceae: Thymelaea hirsuta. *Ovaticoccus agavium (Douglas) Agavaceae: Agave sp. Kermes biblicus (Bodenheimer) Fagaceae: Quercus coccifera. Kermes bytinskii Sternlicht Fagaceae: Quercus ithaburensis. Kermes echinatus Balachowsky Fagaceae: Quercus coccifera. Kermes greeni Bodenheimer Fagaceae: Quercus coccifera. Kermes nahalali Bodenheimer Fagaceae: Quercus coccifera. Kermes palestiniensis Balachowsky Fagaceae: Quercus coccifera. Kermes spatulatus Balachowsky Fagaceae: Quercus ithaburensis. Nidularia balachowskii Bodenheimer Fagaceae: Quercus ithaburensis. Kermesidae Lecanodiaspididae Lecanodiaspis africana (Newstead) Fabaceae: Acacia sp., A. radianna, A. tortilis. Moraceae: Ficus carica, F. rubiginosa. Rhamnaceae: Ziziphus spina-christi. Lecanodiaspis sardoa Targioni Tozzetti Cistaceae: Cistus sp., Helianthemum ellipticum.

14 34 y. ben-dov Isr. J. Entomol. Matsucoccidae Matsucoccus josephi Bodenheimer & Harpaz Pinaceae: Pinus brutia, P. canariensis, P. eldarica, P. halepensis. Micrococcidae Micrococcus bodenheimeri Bytinskii-Salz Poaceae: Avena sp., A. sterilis, Cynodon dactylon, Lolium sp., Stipa sp., Triticum vulgare. Monophlebidae Gueriniella serratulae (Fabricius) Asteraceae: Artemisia monosperma, Carduus argentatus, Carlina sp., Centaurea sp., C. eringioides, Varthemia iphionoides. Fabaceae: Spartium junceum. Fagaceae: Quercus ithaburensis. Lamiaceae: Salvia sp., S. judaica. Umbelliferae: Artedia sp. Foeniculum vulgare. Pinaceae: Pinus canariensis, P. halepensis. Rosaceae: Sarcopoterium spinosum. *Icerya aegyptiaca (Douglas) Lamiaceae: Coleus sp. Magnoliaceae: Magnolia grandiflora. Moraceae: Ficus nitida, F. sycomorus. Icerya purchasi Maskell Asteraceae: Artemisia monosperma, Erigeron sp. Fabaceae: Prosopis farcta. Lamiaceae: Rosmarinus officinalis, Salvia sp. Myrtaceae: Psidium guajava. Rosaceae: Rosa sp. Rutaceae: Citrus aurantium, C. limon, C. grandis, C. reticulata. Palaeococcus fuscipennis (Burmeister) Pinaceae: Pinus brutia, P. canariensis, P. halepensis, P. pinea. Phoenicococcus marlatti Cockerell Arecaceae: Phoenix dactylifera. Phoenicococcidae Pseudococcidae Antonina graminis (Maskell) Poaceae: Chloris gayana, Cynodon dactylon, C. transvaalensis. Antonina panica Hall Poaceae: Panicum turgidum. Asphodelococcus asphodeli (Bodenheimer) Liliaceae: Asphodelus macrocarpus, A. microcarpus. Brevennia rehi (Lindinger) Poaceae: Cynodon dactylon, Dactyloctenium australe.

15 Vol , COCCOIDEA of israel 35 Ceroputo pilosellae Šulc Rosaceae: Poterium spinosum. Chaetococcus phragmitis (Marchal) Poaceae: Phragmites australis. Dysmicoccus brevipes (Cockerell) Arecaceae: Cocos nucifera, C. plumosa, Phoenix dactylifera. Asclepiadaceae: Araujia sericofera. Bromeliaceae: Ananas comosus. Lauraceae: Persea americana. Cyperaceae: Cyperus rotundus. Poaceae: Saccharum officinarum. Rutaceae: Murraya sp. Rosaceae: Prunus armeniaca. Zingiberaceae: Curcuma sp. Dysmicoccus trispinosus (Hall) Poaceae: Eragrostis minor. Eurycoccus sternlichti Williams Fagaceae: Quercus ithaburensis. Ferrisia malvastra (McDaniel) Apocynaceae: Nerium oleander. Asclepiadaceae: Calotropis procera. Asteraceae: Artemisia dracunculus, Erigeron sp., Solidago sp., Tagetes sp. Boraginaceae: Echium angustifolium. Brassicaceae: Brassica rapa. Cactaceae: Epiphyllum sp., Hylocereus polyrhizus, Lobivia sp., Rebutia sp. Chenopodiaceae: Beta vulgaris, Chenopodium mariana, Kochia sp., Suaeda monoica. Convolvulaceae: Cressa cretica. Fabaceae: Acacia negevensis, Albizia julibrissin, Phaseolus vulgaris. Lamiaceae: Mentha sp. Liliaceae: Ruscus sp. Lauraceae: Persea americana. Malvaceae: Gossypium hirsutum, Malva sp. Myrtaceae: Chamelaucium uncinatum. Onagraceae: Oenothera drummondii. Proteaceae: Macadamia sp. Scrophulariaceae: Leucophyllum sp. Solanaceae: Solanum luteum, S. tuberosum. Verbenaceae: Avicennia marina. Formicococcus lindingeri (Bodenheimer) Anacardiaceae: Mangifera indica. Arecaceae: Phoenix canariensis, Washingtonia sp. Lauraceae: Persea americana. Kiritshenkella sacchari (Green) Poaceae: Arundo, Desmostachia bipinnata. Lacombia dactyloni (Bodenheimer) Asteraceae: Artemisia herba-alba. Poaceae: Cynodon dactylon. Mirococcus inermis (Hall) Rosaceae: Neurada procumbens. Misericoccus imperatae (Hall) Poaceae: Cynodon dactylon. Nipaecoccus viridis (Newstead) Araliaceae: Schefflera sp. Liliaceae: Asparagus sp. Rutaceae: Citrus grandis, C. aurantium, C. limon, C. paradisi.

16 36 y. ben-dov Isr. J. Entomol. Peliococcopsis priesneri (Laing) Poaceae: Cynodon dactylon. Peliococcus daganiae (Bodenheimer) Poaceae: Cynodon dactylon. Peliococcus deserticola Ben-Dov & Gerson Anacardiaceae: Rhus tripartita. Boraginaceae: Onosma sp. Phenacoccus alonim Ben-Dov Fagaceae: Quercus ithaburensis. Phenacoccus avenae Borchsenius Amaryllidaceae: Pancratium sp. Liliaceae: Urginea maritima. Poaceae: Cynodon dactylon. *Phenacoccus emansor Williams & Kozarzhevskaya Iridaceae: Gladiolus sp., Iris sp. Phenacoccus parvus Morrison Asteraceae: Wedelia trilobata. Solanaceae: Cestrum nocturnum. Verbenaceae: Lantana camara. Phenacoccus solani Ferris Acanthaceae: Dicliptera sp. Amaryllidaceae: Hippeastrum sp. Asteraceae: Artemisia dracunculus, Conyza sp. Cyperaceae: Cyperus rotundus. Liliaceae: Ornithogalum dubium. Malvaceae: Malva sp. Solanaceae: Capsicum annuum, Cestrum nocturnum, Nicotiana benthamiana, Physalis sp., Solanum tuberosum. Violaceae: Viola tricolour. Phenacoccus yerushalmi Ben-Dov Pinaceae: Pinus halepensis. Planococcus citri (Risso) Aizoaceae: Faucaria tigrina. Amaryllidaceae: Hippeastrum sp. Anacardiaceae: Mangifera indica. Annonaceae: Annona squamosa. Apocynaceae: Nerium oleander. Araceae: Anthurium sp., Dieffenbachia sp., Philodendron sp., Photos sp. Araliaceae: Aralia elegantissima, Schefflera sp. Arecaceae: Phoenix dactylifera. Asclepiadaceae: Asclepias sp. Asteraceae: Aster sp., Helianthus sp., Tagetes sp. Balsaminaceae: Impatiens sp. Cactaceae: Cereus sp., Opuntia sp. Celastraceae: Euonymus sp. Chenopodiaceae: Beta vulgaris. Crassulaceae: Kalanchoe sp., Sedum sp. Cucurbitaceae: Cucurbita moschata. Ecballium elaterium. Ebenaceae: Diospyros kaki. Euphorbiaceae: Croton sp., Jatropha curcas. Fabaceae: Arachis hypogaea, Ceratonia siliqua, Erythrina caffra, Glycyrrhiza glabra, Glycine max. Gesneriaceae: Saintpaulia sp. Iridaceae: Iris sp. Lamiaceae: Coleus sp., Mentha sp., Physostegia sp., Rosmarinus officinalis. Lauraceae: Persea americana. Malvaceae: Gossypium hirsutum. Moraceae: Ficus carica, F. nitida, Morus alba. Musaceae:

17 Vol , COCCOIDEA of israel 37 Musa sp. Myrtaceae: Myrtus communis, Psidium guajava, Syzygium sp. Oleaceae: Olea europaea. Polygonaceae: Polygonum acuminatum, P. equisetiforme. Punicaceae: Punica granatum. Rhamnaceae: Ziziphus spina-christi. Rosaceae: Amygdalus communis. Ruscaceae: Ruscus aculeatus. Rutaceae: Citrus grandis, C. medica, C. paradisi, Sapindaceae: Alectryon tomentosus. Saxifragaceae: Ribes sp. Solanaceae: Duranta stramonium, Lycopersicum esculentum, Solanum muricatum, S. nigrum, S. tuberosum, Strelitziaceae: Strelitzia nicolai. Thymelaeaceae: Thymelaea hirsuta. Umbelliferae: Apium graveolens. Urticaceae: Parietaria sp. Violaceae: Viola africana. Vitaceae: Cissus sp. Zygophyllaceae: Balanites aegyptiaca. Planococcus ficus (Signoret) Capparidaceae: Capparis cartilaginea. Cistaceae: Cistus sp. Fabaceae: Prosopis farcta. Moraceae: Ficus carica, F. nitida. Oleaceae: Olea europaea. Punicaceae: Punica granatum. Rhamnaceae: Ziziphus spina-christi. Solanaceae: Solanum tuberosum. Tamaricaceae: Tamarix. Vitaceae: Vitis vinifera. Planococcus vovae (Nasonov) Cupressaceae: Cupressus sp., Cupressus macrocarpa, C. sempervirens, Juniperus sp., Juniperus thurifera. Pseudococcus cryptus Hempel Apocynaceae: Nerium oleander. Ebenaceae: Diospyros kaki. Lauraceae: Persea americana. Rutaceae: Citrus aurantium, C. grandis, C. limon, C. paradisi, C. reticulata. Pseudococcus longispinus (Targioni Tozzetti) Apocynaceae: Carissa grandiflora. Cucurbitaceae: Cucurbita moschata. Cycadaceae: Cycas sp. Hemerocallidaceae: Phormium tenax. Lauraceae: Persea americana. Liliaceae: Dracaena sp., Ruscus aculeatus. Moraceae: Ficus benghalensis, F. carica, F. nitida. Myoporaceae: Myoporum acuminatum. Myrtaceae: Myrtus communis, Psidium guajava. Pinaceae: Pinus eldarica, Pinus halepensis. Pittosporaceae: Pittosporum undulatum. Rutaceae: Citrus limon, C. paradisi, C. sinensis. Pseudococcus viburni (Signoret) Anacardiaceae: Pistacia palestina. Asclepiadaceae: Hoya carnosa. Asteraceae: Gynura aurantiaca. Buxaceae: Simmondsia chinensis. Caprifoliaceae: Viburnum tinus. Cyperaceae: Cyperus rotundus. Euphorbiaceae: Sapium sp. Fabaceae: Glycyrrhiza glabra. Iridaceae: Gladiolus sp. Lauraceae: Persea americana. Liliaceae: Dracaena sp. Myrtaceae: Psidium guajava. Oleaceae: Phillyrea media. Onagraceae: Fuchsia sp. Passifloraceae: Passiflora edulis. Pinaceae: Cedrus libanotica. Pittosporaceae: Pittosporum sp. Plumbaginaceae: Limonium. Punicaceae: Punica granatum. Rosaceae: Pyrus malus Solanaceae: Solanum tuberosum. Ripersiella palestineae Hambleton Amaryllidaceae: Sternbergia clusiana. Iridaceae: Iris sp. Iris vartanii, Liliaceae: Arum dioscoridis, A. palaestinum. Primulaceae: Cyclamen.

18 38 y. ben-dov Isr. J. Entomol. Saccharicoccus sacchari (Cockerell) Poaceae: Saccharum officinarum. Trabutina mannipara (Hemprich & Ehrenberg) Tamaricaceae: Tamarix sp. Trabutina serpentina (Green) Tamaricaceae: Tamarix sp. Trionymus angustifrons Hall Asteraceae: Carthamus glaucus, C. tenuis, Echinops sp., E. viscosus. Boraginaceae: Echium sp. Lamiaceae: Salvia sp. Solanaceae: Solanum tuberosum. Trionymus internodii (Hall) Asteraceae: Lactuca sativa. Bromeliaceae: Ananas comosus. Poaceae: Cynodon dactylon, Saccharum officinarum, Sorghum halepense. Trionymus phragmitis (Hall) Poaceae: Phragmites australis. Vryburgia amaryllidis (Bouché) Amaryllidaceae: Hippeastrum sp. Vryburgia brevicruris (McKenzie) Asclepiadaceae: Stapelia hirsuta. Puto israelensis Ben-Dov Fagaceae: Quercus calliprinos. Putoidae Ceroplastes actiniformis Green ANNOTATIONS ON SPECIES Coccidae Bodenheimer (1927) found this wax scale on introduced Phoenix canariensis, Yucca whippleri and Pritchardia flifera at the acclimatization garden in Tel Aviv. I have not collected it until the present, and assume that it has not been established in Israel. Ceroplastes sinensis Del Guercio Bodenheimer (1951: 387) reported that this species was intercepted in Palestine on introduced fruit trees from Italy. I have not collected it until the present and assume that the species have not established in Israel.

19 Vol , COCCOIDEA of israel 39 Eucalymnatus tessellates (Signoret) Avidov and Ben-Haim (1950) listed a soft scale insect under this name, which was taken off mango and avocado at the Coastal Plain. The ICVI collection contains slides (collected in 1947 off mango at Nes-Ziyonah) which have been mis-identified by Bodenheimer as Eucalymnatus tessellates. I have identified these specimens as Milviscutulus mangiferae, Eucalymnatus tessellates was never found in Israel. Table 1 Cumulative number of families and species of scale insects recorded in Israel from 1924 to 2010 Bodenheimer 1924 Bodenheimer Aclerdidae 2 Asterolecaniidae Coccidae Diaspididae Eriococcidae Kermesidae Lecanodiaspididae 2 Matsucoccidae 1 Micrococcidae 1 Monophlebidae Phoenicococcidae Pseudococcidae Putoidae 1 Total Table 2 The diversity of scale insect species and families in 7 Mediterranean countries; based on ScaleNet (2010) Country Area in million km 2 # species # families Egypt France Greece Israel Italy Spain Turkey

20 40 y. ben-dov Isr. J. Entomol. Aulacaspis rosae (Bouché) Diaspididae Bodenheimer (1937) and Bytinski-Salz (1966) reported this species from Israel, but I did not record it. Aulacaspis tubercularis (Newstead) Borchsenius (1966) and Miller and Davidson (2005) listed Israel among the distribution record of this species. It was not found in Israel, and these records are questionable. Diaspis fraxinicola Bodenheimer, 1930: 378, Nomen Nudum The publication of this name by Bodenheimer (1930) included just the binomen, host plant, and locality; therefore, it is a Nomen Nudum. Lepidosaphes gloverii (Packard) Bodenheimer (1951b) recorded this species from Citrus in the early 1920s. It was not found again by him during a survey in I have not collected it until the present, and assume that it was not established in Israel. Lepidosaphes malicola Borchsenius Danzig and Pellizzari (1998) listed this species as occurring in Israel. Evelyna Danzig (personal communication, 2010) informed me that no material from Israel is available in the Coccoidea collection, Zoological Museum, St. Petersburg, Russia. I have not collected this armoured scale in Israel. Therefore, the above-mentioned record from Israel is doubtful. Leucaspis pini (Hartig) Gerson et al. (1976) did not find this species in Israel in the course of a survey of Leucaspis species on pine trees. The record under this name by Bodenheimer (1924: 56) was very likely a misidentification. Parlatoria camelliae Comstock Carmin (1950) studied, under this name, an armored scale insect on citrus in Israel. After examining the taxonomic illustration and considering the host plant in Carmin (1950), I regard Carmin s record from Israel a mis-identification of Parlatoria pergandii Comstock. Parlatoria crotonis Douglas Borchsenius (1966) and Danzig and Pellizzari (1998) listed this species as being distributed in Israel. Evelyna Danzig (personal communication, 2010) informed me that no material from Israel is available in the Coccoidea collection, Zoological Museum, St. Petersburg, Russia. I have not collected this armored scale in Israel. Therefore, the above-mentioned record from Israel is doubtful.

21 Vol , COCCOIDEA of israel 41 Parlatoria proteus (Curtis) Merkel (1938: 98) listed this species as intercepted in Germany on apples imported from Palestine. Since then this species was not found in Israel, and it is assumed that Merkel (1938) record was a misidentification of Parlatoria oleae. Parlatoria ziziphi (Lucas) The distribution record from Israel of this species by Blackburn and Miller (1984) was based on an erroneous quarantine report from the USA. A passenger on an Israeli airline carrying an infested orange was quarantined, but the orange most likely came from another Mediterranean country. I have not collected this species until now in Israel. Pinnaspis aspidistrae (Signoret) Bodenheimer (1924) recorded this species only once off a Liliaceae plant at Tel Aviv. I have not collected it until the present, and assume that it has not been established in Israel. Pseudaulacaspis pentagona (Targioni Tozzetti) Bytinski-Salz (1966) reported that this species has been inadvertently introduced into Israel with poplar saplings, but was successfully eradicated during I have not collected it until the present, and assume that it has not been established in Israel. Unaspis euonymi (Comstock) Bodenheimer (1927: 177) reported on heavy infestation of this species on Euonymus japonicas in Tel Aviv. Since 1927 to the present this armored scale insect was not found in Israel. It is very likely that it did not establish in the country. Eriococcus devoniensis (Green) Eriococcidae Köhler (1998) listed this species as distributed in Israel. This record is regarded as doubtful because no material or publication source is available. Eriococcus thymi (Schrank) Köhler (1998) listed this species as distributed in Israel. This record is regarded as doubtful because no material or publication source is available. ZOOGEOGRAPHICAL CONSIDERATIONS A total of 166 species of scale insects belonging to 12 families have been known since 2010 to occur in Israel, as summarized in Table 1. The most species-rich families are the Diaspididae, with 62 species; the Pseudococcidae, with 41 species; and the soft scale

22 42 y. ben-dov Isr. J. Entomol. family, Coccidae, with 35 species. This ratio of species diversity is similar to the rate among the total number of scale insect species in the world, as shown in ScaleNet (Ben- Dov and Miller, 2010). Table 2 presents a comparison in the diversity of Coccoidea taxa in Israel with six Mediterranean countries in which the scale insect fauna was intensively studied. It appears that whereas the area size of Israel is small, the richness of scale insect taxa is comparatively high. The scale insect species in the fauna of Israel are listed here among five groups, according to the current, recorded distribution of each species in the zoogeographical regions of the world: 1. Indigenous Middle-Eastern. These are species that are known so far only from Israel and contiguous territories. The group includes 24 species, 14.4%. Anapulvinaria pistaciae Bodenheimera rachelae Chortinaspis iridis Coccus elatensis Diaspidiotus roseni Dysmicoccus trispinosus Eurycoccus sternlichti Exaeretopus harpazi Formicococcus lindingeri Fulaspis bytinskii Kenima galilit Kermes biblicus Kermes bytinskii Kermes echinatus Kermes greeni Kermes nahalali Kermes palestiniensis Kermes spatulatus Matsucoccus josephi Micrococcus bodenheimeri Peliococcus deserticola Phenacoccus alonim Puto israelensis Ripersiella palestineae The seven species of Kermes, which were described, and so far are known only from Israel, are currently under study. Therefore, it is too early to comment on their zoogeographical relationships. 2. Afrotropical. These species are probably of Afrotropical origin, and Israel is likely at their most northern extension of distribution. Ten species belong to this group, constituting 6.1% of the total. Aclerda panica Antonina panica Contigaspis zillae Lecanodiaspis africana Odonaspis panici Palmaspis phoenicis Pseudotargionia glandulosa Saissetia privigna Waxiella mimosae Waxiella tamaricis 3. Mediterranean. The 22 species (13.3% of the total) in this group are widely distributed in the Mediterranean region. Acantholecanium haloxyloni Asphodelococcus asphodeli Lecanodiaspis sardoa Melanaspis inopinata

23 Vol , COCCOIDEA of israel 43 Aspidiotus hedericola Contigaspis bilobis Diaspidiotus nitrariae Diaspis syriaca Epidiaspis gennadii Eriococcus thymelaeae Filippia follicularis Gueriniella serratulae Lacombia dactyloni Misericoccus imperatae Pallulaspis retamae Phenacoccus yerushalmi Rhizaspidiotus canariensis Stotzia ephedrae Trionymus angustifrons Trionymus angustifrons Trionymus internodii Trionymus phragmitis 4. Palearctic. This group comprises 40 species (24.1%), that have been recorded from Palearctic territories north to Israel. Acanthomytilus intermittens Acanthopulvinaria orientalis Aonidia lauri Chionaspis lepineyi Diaspidiotus cecconii Diaspidiotus distinctus Diaspidiotus pyri Diaspidiotus zonatus Duplachionaspis berlesii Eriopeltis festucae Eriopeltis lichtensteini Gonaspidiotus minimus Lepidosaphes flava Leucaspis knemion Leucaspis lowi Leucaspis pusilla Leucaspis riccae Lichtensia viburni Lineaspis striata Trabutina serpentina Mercetaspis bicuspis Mercetaspis halli Mercetaspis isis Mirococcus inermis Palaeococcus fuscipennis Palaeolecanium bituberculatum Peliococcopsis priesneri Peliococcus daganiae Phenacoccus emansor Prodiaspis tamaricicola Puto pilosellae Rhizopulvinaria artemisiae Rungaspis macrolobis Salicicola kermanensis Salicicola pistaciae Sphaerolecanium prunastri Targionia nigra Targionia vitis Trabutina mannipara 5. Cosmopolitan. This group includes almost half of the total of scale insect species (70 species 42.1%) of Israel. Some of these species are destructive pests to agricultural crops. Abgrallaspis cyanophylli Acanthococcus araucariae Acanthococcus coccineus Aclerda phragmitis Antonina graminis Aonidiella aurantii Aonidiella orientalis Lepidosaphes conchiformis Lepidosaphes ulmi Milviscutulus mangiferae Nipaecoccus viridis Oceanaspidiotus spinosus Odonaspis ruthae Ovaticoccus agavium

24 44 y. ben-dov Isr. J. Entomol. Aspidiotus nerii Asterodiaspis variolosa Bambusaspis bambusae Brevennia rehi Carulaspis minima Ceroplastes floridensis Ceroplastes rusci Chaetococcus phragmitis Chionaspis etrusca Chrysomphalus aonidum Chrysomphalus dictyospermi Coccus capparidis Coccus hesperidum Coccus longulus Coccus pseudomagnoliarum Diaspidiotus ostreaeformis Diaspis echinocacti Duplachionaspis natalensis Dynaspidiotus britannicus Dysmicoccus brevipes Ferrisia malvastra Fiorinia fioriniae Hemiberlesia lataniae Hemiberlesia rapax Icerya aegyptiaca Icerya purchasi Kiritshenkella sacchari Lepidosaphes beckii Parasaissetia nigra Parlatoria blanchardi Parlatoria cinerea Parlatoria oleae Parlatoria pergandii Parthenolecanium corni Parthenolecanium persicae Phenacoccus parvus Phenacoccus solani Phoenicococcus marlatti Planococcus citri Planococcus ficus Planococcus vovae Pollinia pollini Protopulvinaria pyriformis Pseudococcus cryptus Pseudococcus longispinus Pseudococcus viburni Pulvinaria psidii Pulvinaria urbicola Pulvinaria vitis Pulvinariella mesembryanthemi Russellaspis pustulans Saccharicoccus sacchari Saissetia coffeae Saissetia oleae Vryburgia amaryllidis Vryburgia brevicruris REFERENCES Avidov, Z. and Ben-Haim, N [Observations on pests of subtropical fruit trees in Israel]. Ktavim, Rehovot, Israel 1: (in Hebrew, with English summary). Balachowsky, A.S Les cochenilles de France, d'europe, du nord de l'afrique et du bassin Méditerranéen. IV. Monographie des Coccoidea, classification - Diaspidinae (Premiere partie). Entomologie Appliquée Actualités Scientifiques et Industrielles 1054: Balachowsky, A.S Les cochenilles de France, d'europe, du Nord de l'afrique et du Bassin Méditerranéen. V. Monographie des Coccoidea; Diaspidinae (deuxième partie) Aspidiotini. Entomologie Appliquée Actualités Scientifiques et Industrielles 1087: Balachowsky, A.S Les cochenilles de France, d'europe, du Nord de l'afrique et du bassin Méditerranéen. VI. Monographie des Coccoidea; Diaspidinae (Troisième partie) Aspidiotini (fin). Entomologie Appliquée Actualités Scientifiques et Industrielles 1127: Balachowsky, A.S Les cochenilles de France d'europe, du Nord de l'afrique, et du bassin Méditerranéen. VII. Monographie des Coccoidea; Diaspidinae-IV, Odonaspidini Parlatorini. Entomologie Appliquée Actualités Scientifiques et Industrielles 1202:

25 Vol , COCCOIDEA of israel 45 Balachowsky, A.S. 1953a. Sur les Kermes Boitard (Hom. Coccoidea) des chênes du bassin oriental de la Méditerranée. Revue de Pathologie Végétale et d'entomologie Agricole de France 32: Balachowsky, A.S Les cochenilles Paléarctiques de la tribu des Diaspidini. Paris: Memoires Scientifiques de l'institut Pasteur. 450 pp. Ben-Dov, Y Occurrence of Sphaerolecanium prunastri (Fonscolombe) in Israel and description of its hitherto unknown third larval instar. Annales des Épiphyties 19: Ben-Dov, Y A generic diagnosis of Bodenheimera Bodenheimer (Homoptera: Coccidae) with a redescription of B. rachelae (Bodenheimer). Proceedings of the Royal Entomological Society of London (B) 38: Ben-Dov, Y A redescription of the Florida wax scale Ceroplastes floridensis Comstock (Homoptera: Coccidae). Journal of the Entomological Society of southern Africa 33: Ben-Dov, Y An annotated list of the soft scale insects (Homoptera: Coccidae) of Israel. Israel Journal of Entomology 6: Ben-Dov, Y On the identity of Filippia Targioni Tozzetti, 1868 and Lichtensia Signoret, 1873 (Homoptera: Coccidae). Journal of the Entomological Society of southern Africa 38: Ben-Dov, Y Taxonomy of the long brown scale Coccus longulus (Douglas), stat. n. (Homoptera: Coccidae). Bulletin of Entomological Research 67: Ben-Dov, Y Taxonomy of the nigra scale Parasaissetia nigra (Nietner) (Homoptera: Coccoidea: Coccidae), with observations on mass rearing and parasites of an Israeli strain. Phytoparasitica 6: Ben-Dov, Y Observations on scale insects (Homoptera: Coccoidea) of the Middle East. Bulletin of Entomological Research 70: Ben-Dov, Y A new species of Coccus (Hemiptera: Coccidae) from mango in Israel, and a redescription of C. gymnospori (Green). Bulletin of Entomological Research 71: Ben-Dov, Y Further observations on scale insects (Homoptera: Coccoidea) of the Middle East. Phytoparasitica 13: Ben-Dov, Y Taxonomy of two described and one new species of Waxiella De Lotto (Homoptera: Coccoidea: Coccidae). Systematic Entomology 11: Ben-Dov, Y Observations on scale insects (Homoptera: Coccoidea) of the Middle East III. Israel Journal of Entomology 21: Ben-Dov, Y Manna scale, Trabutina mannipara (Hemprich & Ehrenberg) (Homoptera: Coccoidea: Pseudococcidae). Systematic Entomology 13: Ben-Dov, Y On some described and a new species of Middle-Eastern mealybugs (Homoptera: Coccoidea: Pseudococcidae). Israel Journal of Entomology 24: Ben-Dov, Y A new species of Puto from oaks in the eastern Mediterranean (Hemiptera, Coccoidea, Pseudococcidae). Revue Française d'entomologie 23(1): Ben-Dov, Y. 2001a. [Pulvinaria psidii Maskell a new soft scale in Israel.].Alon Hanotea 55: (in Hebrew, with English summary). Ben-Dov, Y. 2001b. A new genus and species of soft scales (Hemiptera: Coccoidea: Coccidae) from oaks in Israel. Phytoparasitica 29 (5): Ben-Dov, Y The Solanum mealybug, Phenacoccus solani Ferris (Hemiptera: Coccoidea: Pseudococcidae), extends its distribution range in the Mediterranean Basin. Phytoparasitica 33(1): Ben-Dov, Y. 2005a. The malvastrum mealybug Ferrisia malvastra (Hemiptera: Coccoidea: Pseudococcidae): Distribution, host plants and pest status in Israel. Phytoparasitica 33(2): Ben-Dov, Y The rice mealybug, Brevennia rehi (Lindinger, 1943): new synonyms, and