Organic matter, sulfur and Thiobacillus sp. affected yield and yield components of canola (Brassica napus L.var. Hyola- 401)

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1 International Journal of Biosciences IJB ISSN: (Print) -534 (Online) Vol. 5, No. 11, p , 014 RESEARCH PAPER OPEN ACCESS Organic matter, sulfur and Thiobacillus sp. affected yield and yield components of canola (Brassica napus L.var. Hyola- 401) Jafar Gohargani 1, Abdolamir Moezzi 1 Agricultural and Natural Resources Research and Education Center of Kohgyloyeh va Boyreahmad Province, Yasouj, Iran Ahvaz Chamran university, Soil science Department, Iran Key words: Sulfur element, Thiobacillus, organic matter, yield components, canola. Article published on December 08, 014 Abstract The effect of individual as well as combination of sulfur, Thiobacillus bacteria and organic matter on yield, oil and protein content of canola (Brassica napus L.) were estimated by split- split plot experiment based on randomized complete block design layout with three replications per treatments. Treatments were classified as O1(control, no organic matter), O (0 tha-1 of organic matter), Thiobacillus sp. (Thi) with 3 levels of T1=0, T= and T3=4 kg ha-1, sulfur with three levels of S1= 0, S= 400 and S3= 800 kg ha-1 as well as their combination. The results of analysis of variance showed that applied treatments and their interactions have significant effects on seed, oil yield and seed oil content (%) of Canola (p 0.01). Different effects was recorded by using all treatment on the protein content, weight of thousand seeds, pods per plants and seeds per pod. The combination of 400 kg ha-1 sulfur, 4 kg ha-1 Thi and 0 t ha-1 O, increased seed yield and oil content as 176% and 11%, respectively in comparison with the control. * Corresponding Author: Jafar Gohargani j.gohargani@yahoo.com 154 Gohargani and Moezzi

2 Introduction Increasing demands for using oil crops specially canola showing the importance of its production. Among different oil seeds canola (Brassica napus L.) with nearly 40% edible oil has special position. According to FAO statistics in 1998, Asia was a principal producer of peanuts (67 %), canola (49%), and soybeans (15%), Europe was the major producer of sunflower (49%) and canola (30%). In order to have greater yield and produce better quality oil providing adequate amount and proportion of different essential nutrients for canola is vital (anonymous, 1998). in calcareous soil (Khan and Jan, 00). Inoculating of canola seeds and application of sulfur element caused improvement in growth parameters and increase yield canola yield in Thiobacillus and sulfur application treatments as well as their interaction (Gohargani et al., 010). Canola has healthy oil and highly nutritious elements and is better than any other oilseed crops. This plant has an excellent fatty acid profile with high levels of Omega-3. The current study was done to investigate the effect of Sulfur, Thiobacillus sp. and organic matter on yield and yield components of Canola. Sulfur is an essential nutrient for plant growth and about % of plant dray matter is sulfur. It has a key role in different metabolic activities of plans such as corporation in the structure of proteins, vitamins, enzymes, chlorophyll and fatty acids (ali et al., 008; Lin, 1998). One of the known reasons and the most important them for increasing oil content in canola seeds due to application of sulfur is its important role in production of fatty acids and necessity for other metabolites formation such as coenzymes, vitamin B, biotin, Lipoic acid and sulfa lipid. It is also mentioned that sulfur is essential nutrient for synthesis of S containing amino acids in the necessary amino acids such as Cystine, Cystein and Methionine (asghar et al., 004). According to field experimental results productivity of Peanuts, soybeans and canola increased 13.3, 8.9 and 4.9 Kg for increment only 1 kg of sulfur element respectively. This response clearly showed that effects of S fertilizers application on increasing oil seeds yield are comparable or even greater than increasing amounts gained by adding N, P, K (approximately 4-6.5kg increase in seed production for each kg of applied nutrients) (lin, 1998). The results of was performed research on the effects of N and S fertilizers on canola yield showed that great correlation between increase in canola seed production and application amount of these fertilizers Materials and methods The location of project The present research was conducted in the Research Field of the Agricultural station of Gachsaran, Iran. Pedology Studies At first we prepared composite soil samples from the field in the 0-30 cm depth and after drying the samples were analyzed for soil physical and chemical properties (Table 1). Soil texture was determined using the hydrometric method, ph and electrical conductivity of the saturated paste, soil organic matters, total carbon and available P, K and neutralizing material were measured using standard methods. Studied Traits The experiment was performed was done with splitsplit plot design based on randomized complete block layout with three replications. Treatments in this research were different combinations of three factors namely: 1- organic matter with two levels of O1=0, O=0 t ha -1 ) as main factor, - Thiobacillus inoculants three levels of T1=0, T=, T3=4 kg ha -1 as sub factor and finally 3- three levels of sulfur element with the three levels of S1=0, S=400, S3= 800 kg ha -1 as sub-sub factor. Field studies Canola seeds were planted in 1 m plots, in the Gohargani and Moezzi

3 rows with 6 meters length and 30 cm space from next plot. To preventing of mixing and other problems two meter spacing was consider between replications. Before seed planting, the field was leveled carefully with tillage machinery in the all of plots. Nutrient elements based on the results of soil analysis were performed by triple super phosphate and urea, 50/50 kg ha-1 and mixed with the soil using disk harrow respectively. The sulfur treatment (sulfur element with the purity of 98%) and the organic matter as source of organic matter were used for each plot based on their treatments and mixed completely with soil. Canola seeds were inoculated with Thiobacillus bacteria based on related treatment (0.5% applied sulfur) before planting. During the different stages of plant growth, agronomic operations such as diseases, weeds and pests control were performed for all plots. During growing season, agronomic traits such as pods per plants, seed per pods, thousand seed weight and economic yield, oil, protein content and etc. were recorded. Statistical Analysis The results obtained were analyzed using the statistical software with SAS and MSTAT-C software's. Results Canola Yield According to the results of analysis of variance, the effects of each experimental factor on economical yield, oil percentage and oil were significant at the probability levels (p 0.01). The interaction effects of different factors increased economic yield from kg ha -1 for control plots (O1T1S1) to 635 kg ha -1 for treatments with 0 t ha -1 organic matter, 4 kg ha -1 Thiobacillus and 400 kg ha -1 sulfur element (OT3S) (about 176%) which showed no significant difference with treatment of 800 kg ha -1 sulfur element and 4 kg h -1 Thiobacillus and 0 t ha -1 organic matter (OT3S3) which produced 581 kg ha -1 seed. Maximum oil content belongs to treatments with maximum amount of organic matter, Thiobacillus and sulfur element OT3S3 with 45.5 %, this showed that the highest increment comparison to control plots. Table 1. Soil physical and chemical properties. Available(mg/Kg) Texture TNV O.C EC PH So4 k P % % ds/m S-L Canola yield component Calculating oil yield measuring showed that in control plots oil yield from which has been increased to 1190 in treatment with 0 t ha -1 organic matter, 4 kg ha -1 Thiobacillus and 400 kg ha -1 sulfur element (OT3S) which had no significant difference with treatments received maximum amount of experimental factors (OT3S3) at p 0.01 probability level. Three-way and two-way interactions had been no significant effects on number of pods per plant and number of seeds per pods. The number of seeds per pod and pods per plants significantly (p 0.01) affected by main factors. Various treatments and their interactions showed no significant effect on 1000-seeds weight (p 0.05). It was determined that soil was calcareous and more likely adding phosphorous fertilizers become unavailable to canola plant therefore providing suitable condition for increasing availability of phosphorus fertilizers result in better condition for canola growth and consequently increase yield parameters. According to analysis of variance the effects of experimental treatments alone or in combination on canola economic yield, oil percent and oil yield were significant at 1 % level of probability (Table ). Economic yield was influenced significantly by 156 Gohargani and Moezzi

4 application of experimental factors separately and with each other at 1% probability level (Table ). Double interaction of sulfur and organic matter and Thiobacillus and sulfur on economic yield were significant at 1% and 5% probability level respectively while the effect of double interaction of Thiobacillus and organic matter was not significant. Changes in seed production in different treatments were varied from 951 and 635 kg ha-1. Maximum economic yield was recorded from treatment which received 0 t ha-1 organic matter, 4 kg h-1 Thiobacillus and 400 kg ha-1 elemental sulfur (OT3S) with 635 kg ha-1 seed production, which showed an increase about 176% in comparison with control plot. There was no significant difference in economic yield between this treatment and application of similar amount of Thiobacillus and organic matter but 800kg ha-1 elemental sulfur (OT3S3) with 851 kgha-1 grin production(p 0.01) (Table 3). Table. The results of analysis of variance for the important agronomic traits. S.O.V df Pods/Plant Seed/Pods TSW Economic Yield %Protein %Oil Oil Yield (ms) mean square Replication ns ns ns ns 0.66 ns 0.54 ns ns a * 37.5 ** ns ** 5.6 ** 3.94 ** ** Error a b *.16 ** ns ** ns 7.07 ** ** a b 16.7 ns 8.38 ns 0.05 ns ns 0.56 ns 1.79 ** * Error b c ** 8.7 ** ns ** 1.71 ** 7.95 ** ** a c 58.7 ns.7 ns ns ** 0.5 ns 1.97 ** ** b c ns ns ns * 0.1 ns.6 ** ns a b c ns ns ns ** ns 1.64 ** ** Error c CV% ns, * and **: non significant and significant at the 5 and 1percent level of probability respectively a, b and c: symbols represent for organic matter, Thiobacillus and elemental sulfur respectively S.O.V. :represent for source of variation and TSW showing thousand seed weight Oil content in canola Seed for treatment with the highest amount of organic matter, Thiobacillus and sulfur was the greatest with 45.5 %, which followed by 45.1% for plot with similar amount of Thiobacillus and organic matter but 400kg ha-1 sulfur. There was no significant difference between these two treatments, but they were significantly differing from control plot (p 0.01). Considering each factor alone or with each other also were significant at the probability level (p 0.01). Data analysis Among different experimental factors, the effects of organic matter and sulfur element on the protein content was significant at 1 % probability level and other factors were not significant. Changes in protein content in canola seed by increasing organic matter showed that an increase about 4.4% for treatments without organic matter. Increase sulfur element to soil caused increment about.7% in protein content. Interactions of experimental factors on protein content were not significant at 1 % probability level. According to table 3 minimum protein content is belong treatment with without organic matter, no Thiobacillus and 400 kg ha-1 sulfur (.1 %) which had been no significant difference with control treatment. Maximum protein 157 Gohargani and Moezzi

5 content was recorded for treatment OTS about 3.3% in comparing with treatment which had been shown 3% protein content for treatment with highest rates of organic matter, Thiobacillus and sulfur (OT3S3). Experimental factors alone or their interaction had been shown not significant influence on seed thousand seed weights at level of 1% probability. Table 3. The effects of different treatments on yield components of canola. O.M. Thio E.S. Pods/Plant Seed/Pods TSW Economic %Protein %Oil Oil Yield Kg ha -1 Yield No Organic g 1c 3.5ab 951.7m.3cdefg 40.6e 386.3l matter efg bc 3.73a 195kl.1fg 41.8d 541jk def 4ab 3.57ab 1330k.6bcdef 43bc 57j 0 63efg 0.6c 3.6ab 16l 1.8g 41.9d 513.7k cdef 1.6c 3.57ab 1446j.3efg 4.9bc 61i cde bc 3.48ab 1683h.7abcdef 43.1bc 75.3h fg 4ab 3.50ab 169kl.4cdefg 4.3cd 536.7jk cde 4.6a 3.49ab 1567i.fg 4.4cd 664.3i bcd 6a 3.49ab 1813fg.8abcdef 43.1bc 781.3fg 0 t ha -1 organic bcd 4ab 3.7a 1774gh.4cdefg 4.9bc 76gh matter abc 5a 3.35b 090e.4cdefg 4.7c 894.6e ab 4.6a 3.60ab 34d 3.ab 43bc 96.3d 0 76bcd 4ab 3.5ab 1900f.5bcdef 4.8c 813.7f ab 4ab 3.57ab 395c 3.3a 43.7b 1048c ab 4.3a 3.8a 535b 3.1abc 43.8b 1111b ab 4.3a 3.56ab 106e.3defg 43.bc 961d a 5.3a 3.65ab 635a.9abcde 45.1a 1190a ab 5.3a 3.74a 581ab 3abcd 45.5a 1176a Values with the same letters non significant at the 1 % probability level using of Duncan's multi rang test. The brief terms of O.M., Thio and E.S represents for organic matter, Thiobacillus and sulfur element and TSW represent of thousand seed weight. Discussion The optimum ph for P uptake from soil is around the neutral or down under arid or humid conditions and its availability decreases due to the production of insoluble compounds. Researcher must note that to methods, which may increment P availability under such conditions. Although Super phosphate is the mainly available source for P fertilization, however because of decrease P solubility in calcareous soils (the conditions in the present experiment), especially, its application in the field may result in decline P availability and consequently decrease crop yield in which low economic yield and oil percent in control treatment is an evidence for this condition. Present study showed that due to good treatment selection, canola yield enhanced significantly. The reason these results application of organic matter and Thiobacillus bacteria and sulfur element which providing suitable condition for sulfur oxidation and consequently reduce ph and increase phosphorus availability for plant growth (Khan and Jan, 00; Arefi and Bakhshande, 006; Motalebi an Besharati, 007). Organic matter application to soil provide different nutrients and releasing organic acids, chleating compounds and siderophores by soil 158 Gohargani and Moezzi

6 microorganisms which enhance availability of soil nutrients and their absorption by plants and we have plants with growth promotion and increase yield components. Significant effect of above mentioned factors and their interaction on oil content and oil yield is an economical benefit which should be considered as one of the key feature using of sulfur element and Thiobacillus bacteria and organic matter for producing maximum oil production. Greater oil percentage and oil yield in treatments with higher rates of Thiobacillus and sulfur element and organic matter result from this point that sulfur is an essential nutrient for fatty acids production in oil seeds (Asghar et al., 004). Our results show that the interactions between soil, fertilizer and microbial populations can very much determine the optimal situations for Brassica napus yield and oil production. Hence, the right combinations of chemical and biological resources can greatly contribute to the enhanced canola yield and oil production, while being agriculturally sustainable. There are very little data regarding the effects of such resources on canola yield and oil production and this is the contribution of this study, to our knowledge in this field. It can also be interesting to evaluate how such interactions can affect Brassica napus performance under different conditions. The other interesting aspect related to this research work is that using such treatments in the field is economically very recommendable, as recycling such method of fertilization can also be very favorable to the environment (Naderi and Bakhshandeh, 006; Malhi et al., 007; Kaya et al., 009; Gohargani et al., 010). References Ali R, Khan MJ, Khattak RA Response of rice to different sources of sulfur (S) at various levels and its residual effect on wheat in rice-wheat cropping system. Soil and environmental 7(1), Anonymous Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. Production Yearbook. Asghar M, Aziz I, Khan HZ, Ashfaq Wahid M Growth, seed yield and oil content response of canola (Brassica napus L) to varying levels of sulphur. International Journal of Agricultural and Biology 6(6), Gohargani J, Galstyan M, Moezzi A Effect of Sulphur, Thiobacillus and Organic Material on the Canola grain Yield and Yield Components at the Lime Soils. Vestnik Iaelps International Academy of Ecology and Life Protection Science 15(5), Kaya K, Kucukyumuk K, Erdal I Effects of elemental sulfur and sulfur containing waste on nutrient concentrations and growth of bean and corn plants grown on a calcareous soil, African Journal of Biotechnology 8(18), Lin Bao The changes of fertilizer structure and effectiveness in China. In Li et al. Ed. Fertilizer Issues in Sustainable Development of Chinese Agriculture China, Jiangxi Scientific and Technology Publisher. Malhi SS, Gan Y, Raney JP Yield, seed quality, and sulfur uptake of Brassica oilseed crops in response to sulfur fertilization. Agronomy journal 99(), Motalebi Fard R, Besharati H The effect of using different amounts of sulfur, Thiobacillus and their residual effects on soil chemical characters and yield of canola. Tenth Congress of Soil Science of Iran. Tehran University, Tehran, Iran. Naderi Arefi AA, Bakhshandeh M Different sulphur and potassium rates effect on canola function in cool and temperate condition. Agricultural studies station and natural sources final report Garmsar Gohargani and Moezzi

7 Khan NA, Jan IIA, Khan, Khan IA, Khan N. 00. Response of canola to nitrogen and sulphur nutrition. Asian Journal of plant sciences 1(5), Gohargani and Moezzi