Chapter 5 deals with the repair of the main structural elements such as columns, beams, concrete walls, floors and masonry walls.

Transcription

1 The related provisions, codes, recommendations, guidelines, and other documents used for structural rehabilitation in PROHITECH countries are listed below: Country Algeria Document Name Catalogue des Methodes de Reparation et de Renforcement des Ouvrages (in French) Belgium Guide Technique Parasismique Belge Pour Maisons Individuelles (2003, in French) Eurocode 8 (in English) Egypt Greece Israel Italy There are no official documents that address structural rehabilitation in Egypt. There are a couple of books based on individual experience that are available in Arabic. Code for Interventions in Reinforced Concrete Buildings (2004 draft, KANEPE, in Greek) Recommendations for Pre-seismic and Post-seismic Interventions in Buildings (2001, in Greek) Guidelines for Seismic Resistance Assessment and for Strengthening of Existing Structures (SI 2413, 2003, in Hebrew) Technical Code for Constructions Ministry of Transport and Infrastructures (in Italian) OPCM OPCM 3431: Preliminary Elements of Technical Code for Construction in Seismic Zones (in Italian) Recommendations for Structural Restoration of Civil Works and Architectural heritage UNI, Structural Engineering Commission, SC 10 (in Italian) Umbria and Marche Earthquake Calculation Criteria for the Design of Interventions (one of the most significant regional code for post earthquake reconstruction, 1997, in Italian) Macedonia Regulation for Technical Provisions for Rehabilitation, Strengthening and Construction of Buildings Damaged by Earthquake and for Reconstruction and Revitalization of Buildings (1985, in Macedonian) Morocco Not available Portugal Eurocode 8, Design of Structures for Earthquake Resistance, Part 3: Strengthening and Repair of Buildings (pren: , CEN 2003, draft, in English) Romania Code for Antiseismic Design of Residential, Agrozootechnical and Industrial Buildings (P100, 1992, in Romanian) Provisions for Evaluating and Strengthening of Seismic Vulnerable Buildings (P100-3, 2006, in Romanian) Slovenia Technical Regulations for Repair, Strengthening and Reconstruction of Building Damages in Earthquakes (1985, in Slovenian) Slovenian National Building and Civil Engineering Institute recommendations to improve the seismic resistance of heritage buildings (1982, in Slovenian) Eurocode 8, Design of Structures for Earthquake Resistance, Part 3: Strengthening and Repair of Buildings (pren: , CEN 2003, draft, in English)

2 Turkey Revised version of Specification for Structures to be Built in Disaster Areas 2006(ABYYHY, in Turkish) Requirements for Design and Construction of Reinforced Concrete Structures 2000 (Turkish Standard, TS 500, in Turkish) Design Provisions for Earthquake Resistance of Structures 2000 (Eurocode 8, in English) Federal Emergency Management Agency, Prestandard and Commentary for the Seismic Rehabilitation of Buildings 2000 (FEMA 356, in English) Applied Technology Council, Seismic Evaluation and Retrofit of Concrete Buildings 1996 (ATC 40) Repair and Strengthening of Reinforced Concrete, Stone and Brick- Masonry Buildings, Building Construction under Seismic Conditions in Balkan Region 1983 (UNDP/UNIDO Project Rer/79/015). Algeria In Algeria the repair and upgrading of damaged and undamaged structures are carried out in accordance with an official technical manual written in French and entitled Catalogue des Methodes de Reparation et de Renforcement des Ouvrages. This technical document for repair and upgrading of structures is directly inspired from the Algerian paraseismic design guidelines, RPA 99 revised Its content can be summarized as below: Chapter 1, introduction/general considerations, is mainly stresses on the need for repair and upgrading, and defines what is repair and what is upgrading. It then, presents the different steps to be followed in any operation of repair or upgrading. Chapter 2 deals with the different materials to be used in repair and/or upgrading such as cements, aggregates, water, admixtures, reinforcing steel, epoxy resin, concrete and mortar mix design, mortar and resin grout, resin layers for bonding. Chapter 3 reviews the causes and types of disorders that may occur in a building particularly in the main structural elements such as beams, columns, concrete walls, floors, masonry structural elements such as beams, columns, concrete walls, floors, masonry walls. Chapter 4 presents the repair techniques for the structural elements, in particular the jacketing procedure, the injection procedure, the projected concrete technique and the external prestressing technique. Chapter 5 deals with the repair of the main structural elements such as columns, beams, concrete walls, floors and masonry walls. Chapter 6 covers the upgrading of structures to take up loading not considered at the initial design stage such as higher seismic loading than previously counted for. An example is the change from a medium seismic risk zone to a higher seismic risk zone such the region of Algiers which is now classified as higher seismic risk zone (after the 2003 earthquake). Before then, it was classified as a medium risk zone. The chapter considers upgrading with shear walls, with shear wall elements on both sides of a column (wing-walls), with masonry walls, with triangular elements in steel or cast in place concrete for open bays.

3 Chapter 7 deals with the repair and upgrading of foundations. Chapter 8 presents some urgent measures to avoid collapses and hence save lives. This consists essentially of underpinning and propping up for vertical as well as horizontal loading. Belgium For structural rehabilitation in Belgium, reference is made to the Belgian standards or to the Eurocodes. Concerning the seismic protection, reference is made to Eurocode 8. The seismic activity is rather law compared to the Mediterranean countries one; however, destructive earthquakes can occur in Belgium. The difference according to the Mediterranean countries is that they are more space in time. To help designers to perform designs with account of the seismic aspect, a document with practical antiseismic details for non engineered masonry structures located in low seismicity regions like Belgium ( Guide Technique Parasismique Belge Pour Maisons Individuelles (in French) ) has been published as a result of a Belgian project conducted by André Plumier (Liège University), Denis Jongmans (Liège University) and Thierry Camelbeeck (Royal Observatory of Belgium). The aim of this document is to propose practical antiseismic details for non engineered masonry structures located in low seismicity regions like Belgium. Technical solutions are proposed and described in order to reduce the vulnerability of masonry houses for low or moderate earthquakes, and that for a minimum cost. Also, the main good practice principles for the antiseismic conceptions of buildings are given so as to obtain a good response of the buildings under seismic action. The development of the proposed technical solutions are based on several numerical investigations performed on masonry houses with different types of floors (wood, reinforced concrete, ), roofs and constitutive elements for the masonry walls (bricks, blocs, ). Egypt There are no official documents that address structural rehabilitation in Egypt. There are a couple of books based on individual experience that are available in Arabic. Greece There is no complete legal and regulating framework in Greece covering current practice in retrofit methods. As though it is of a paramount importance the establishment of a commonly agreed background and terminology concerning studies on structural typologies, condition references and retrofit requirements, Greek experience is expressed through publications, guidelines and recommendations from National Authorities and current practice, combined with imported knowledge from sources all over the world. On April 2001, the currently used edition of the Greek Seismic Code (EAK2000, in Greek) was released, as a revision of NEAK (the former edition) after 4 years of implementation. It comprises revisions and completions which were considered necessary based on experience acquired through NEAK and recent seismic events, as well as adaptive paragraphs in respect to EC8 and EC7. Aiming at the exploitation of the scientific knowledge acquired during the last decade and its incorporation into the Seismic Code, as well as at the codification of scientific evolution in the study of seismic phenomena in Greece, the Earthquake Planning and Protection

4 Organization (E.P.P.O) charged the five seismological authorities of the country with the project Collection and elaboration of the seismological data for the composition of a new seismic risk zonal map of the country. Its results were deposited to E.P.P.O in March During the period , the seismic risk map accompanying the Seismic Code was revised by scientific committees formed by E.P.P.O, presenting significant alterations and improvements referring to the previous one (abolition of the lowest seismic risk zone, division of the Greek territory in 3 zones instead of 4, common value of seismic acceleration g in every city. The new map was laid into effect since As noted before, the State has set this regulative framework of obligatory implementation for the design and construction of every infrastructural work. Indeed, historical buildings that are mainly in our interest have mostly been constructed without any regulative provisions. For all that, existing seismic risk maps can be used as an indication of the seismic risk related to the historical building heritage. As far as ancient and historical buildings before Codes existence are concerned, there have been some relevant legal provisions such as in law 5351-art.52 /1932 on antiquities, law 1469/1950 on preservation of exceptional structures and artistic achievements after 1830 and law 1337/1983 on urban planning and evolution. Nowadays, there is an effort in process aiming at covering the existing gaps on current practice in retrofit methods by issuing following documents (EPPO): a) Code for interventions in reinforced concrete buildings (KANEPE, draft, 2004) b) Recommendations for pre-seismic and post-seismic interventions in buildings (2001) The chapters and main points of the two documents are as following: KANEPE (283 pages, in Greek): 1. Scope field of application responsibilities 2. Basic principles, criteria and procedures 3. Documentation of existing structure 4. Basic data for evaluation 5. Analysis before the intervention 6. Structural models 7. Behaviour of structural elements 8. Design of interventions 9. Verifications for the performance levels 10. Requirements for the contents of a design 11. Construction quality assurance maintenance Chapter 2 introduces performance levels for the evaluation and the intervention. Three levels are introduces for structural elements and four for non-structural elements. The type of intervention is selected in dependence on the costs, the available quality of works, the use, the aesthetics etc. Chapter 3 deals with the documentation of the existing building in relation to its geometry, its history, potential damage and in-situ measurements of the material and other properties. On this basis, the level of data reliability is defined on which the analysis and design methods and the safety factors, given in chapter 4, are selected.

5 Chapter 5 provides the various methods of analysis (static dynamic linear non-linear), which may be applied in dependence of the level of data reliability. Chapter 6 provides information on the behaviour and design of interfaces between materials in reference to the transfer of forces (concrete to concrete, concrete to anchors, concrete to steel through resins, anchorage of additional welded reinforcement etc.) and the confinement of concrete through stirrups, steel sections, FRPs etc. Recommendations for pre-seismic and post-seismic interventions in buildings, (221 pages, in Greek): 1. Introduction 2. Field of application definitions 3. Criteria for conceptual planning 4. Mechanisms of load transfer 5. Concrete structures 6. Masonry structures 7. Non-structural elements in concrete structures 8. Annex (Materials and technologies of interventions) The recommendations cover very detailed the most common traditional intervention methods, as briefly outlined below. Materials and technologies of interventions Conventional Cast-in-Situ Concrete Cast-in-situ Concrete with constant volume Polymer modified Concrete Shotcrete (Gunite) Resins Grouts Glued Metal or Fiber Reinforced Polymer straps Shear connectors anchors Anchorage and welding of new reinforcement bars. Interventions in Reinforced Concrete buildings Strengthening of reinforced concrete structural elements is one method to increase the earthquake resistance of damaged or undamaged buildings. Thus, the strength of the structures can be moderately or significantly increased and the ductility can be improved. Perfect confinement by close, adequate and appropriately shaped stirrups and ties Jacketing with steel profiles (angles and straps) Jacketing by steel encasement by gluing of steel plates on the external surfaces of the original members Jacketing by welded wire fabric and new concrete cover, connecting bent bars or ties Resin (epoxy or cement grout) injections Introduction of new structural elements Interventions in Masonry buildings In restoration and strengthening, the physical fabric of the structure must remain essentially the same as before the earthquake. Strengthening elements that are added should be

6 unobtrusive and, where possible, reversible. Restoration and strengthening techniques used on historical monuments include: Dismantling damaged masonry and reassembling it with improved mortar and concealed reinforcement (e.g. metal cramps, reinforcing bars, mesh, etc.). Addition of concealed tension bars, as anchor bolts, ringbeams, corner ties, splay members, arch chords, and other structural connections. These may be drilled through masonry using extended bit drills, capped and grouted into place. Internal grout or chemical injection into wall cores where poor-quality rubble has to be stabilized and bonded without altering the external wall finish. Grouting can be gravity fed or pressure injected, but is irreversible and often unpopular among renovators. Buttressing of leaning walls. Strengthening walls by confinement (with steel sections, with reinforced concrete jackets). Strengthening or stiffening foundations. In the latest period, new products have been introduced into practice, aiming at repairing the existing damage in masonry and concrete, improving at the same time their mechanical properties in terms of both strength and ductility. Such new products fall within the wide family of epoxy resins as well as of fiber reinforced plastics. Ultimately, the application of more advanced and sophisticated solutions, including base isolation techniques and active vibration control, have been proposed for the reduction of seismic vulnerability of existing buildings. Nevertheless, such innovative systems are not enough experienced in the field of restoration in Greece. Israel For the seismic resistance evaluation and structural rehabilitation of existing structures in Israel, there is only the SI 2413 (2003) standard Guidelines for Seismic Resistance Assessment and for Strengthening of Existing Structures which is based on the Israeli antiseismic design requirements specified in the SI 413 (1998) standard Design Provisions for Earthquake Resistance of Structures. The purposes of this document Guidelines for Seismic Resistance Assessment and for Strengthening of Existing Structures, which is written in Hebrew, are to provide simple methods for the evaluation of the expected seismic resistance of existing structures and to propose strengthening methods, if needed, by means of traditional intervention techniques (such as concrete spattering on masonry wall faces, adding shear walls, jacketing with steel profiles or new reinforced concrete etc.). The evaluation methods given in SI 2413 (2003), which is suited for existing structures, is actually based on the SI 413 (1998) standard which is only suitable for the design of new structures and is available in Hebrew and in English. Italy The related documents used for structural rehabilitation in Italy are as follows: Technical code for constructions Ministry of transport and infrastructures (in Italian). OPCM OPCM 3431: Preliminary elements of technical code for construction in seismic zones (in Italian). Recommendations for structural restoration of civil works and architectural heritage UNI, Structural engineering commission, SC 10 (in Italian).

7 Umbria and Marche earthquake (1997) calculation criteria for the design of interventions (one of the most significant regional code for post earthquake reconstruction, in Italian). Technical code for constructions Ministry of transport and infrastructures (in Italian). 1) Existing constructions 2) Evaluation of safety criteria 3) Intervention on existing structures 4) Classification of interventions aimed to an increase of safety in constructions 5) Rehabilitation interventions 6) Repairing interventions 7) Classification of interventions following new needs or transformations 8) Retrofitting interventions 9) Improvement interventions 10) Design, general test and inspection OPCM OPCM 3431: Preliminary elements of technical code for construction in seismic zones (in Italian). 1) Evaluation of safety criteria in reinforced concrete and steel structure buildings (requirements, verification criteria and methods, materials characteristics, Limit States, inspection levels, safety factors, safety evaluation, seismic protection levels, seismic action, modelling of structure, analysis methods, intervention selection criteria, intervention typologies and design). 2) Reinforced concrete structure buildings (geometry and materials identification, structural elements models for capacity evaluation before and after interventions, intervention typologies using reinforced concrete, steel and FRP) 3) Steel structure buildings (geometry and materials identification, structural elements models for capacity evaluation, connections) 4) Evaluation of safety criteria in masonry buildings (requirements, verification criteria, inspection levels identification, geometry and materials characteristics, safety evaluation, seismic protection levels, seismic action, modelling of structure, analysis methods, safety verifications, intervention selection criteria, intervention typologies and design, structural elements models for capacity evaluation before and after interventions, masonry panels, floors). Recommendations for structural restoration of civil works and architectural heritage UNI, Structural engineering commission, SC 10 (in Italian). 1) Methodology, description of work, surveying and supervision; 2) Structural safety, schematization and calculation 3) Prevention and intervention typologies 4) Wooden structures

8 5) Masonry structures 6) Steel structures 7) Reinforced and pre-stressed concrete structures 8) General test and inspection Macedonia In Macedonia there is a regulation for technical provisions for rehabilitation, strengthening and construction of buildings damaged by earthquake and for reconstruction and revitalization of buildings, which is in force from October 1985 and is written in Macedonian. The main philosophy of this regulation is very briefly defined in Chapter 2 as follows: Rehabilitation and/or strengthening of buildings in seismic regions are performed in such a way that the earthquake with the strongest intensity could produce damage to structural elements but not collapse of the structure. Chapter 3 gives a list of elements which are treated in this code: Columns, beams and walls of reinforced concrete structures Bearing walls in masonry structures Infill walls Steel elements Soil Foundations Structural elements damaged because of insufficient with of dilatational... Structural elements damaged because of the existence of soft storey and torsion Roof structures Elements like chimneys, canals for ventilation, balconies etc. Non-structural elements Stairs Chapter 4 specifies the necessity of having precise information about the material properties and suggests to define them by taking specimens from the building elements if documentation on it is not available. The rest of this document is organized in three parts: 1. Rehabilitation of reinforced concrete structures The rehabilitation of reinforced concrete structures should be firstly performed by rehabilitation of existing structural system without changing the proportions of the elements, but if this does not bring to fulfillment of chapter 1 it is necessary to introduce new elements. In the following chapters, specific measures are given for strengthening of different elements; columns, beams, floors, infill walls as well as suggestion for appropriate connections of new elements with the existing ones. 2. Rehabilitation of masonry structures The rehabilitation of masonry structures should be performed by: Rehabilitation and strengthening of the existing bearing walls Strengthening with rebuilding parts of the existing bearing walls

9 Introduction of new bearing walls Connection of the walls with floor diaphragms 3. Rehabilitation of foundations The rehabilitation and/or strengthening of foundations are necessary in following situations: When the foundations sink When there is damage on the foundations caused by excessive strains When the structural system of the building is changed The rehabilitation and/or strengthening of foundations are performed by: Morocco Not available Enlarging and reinforcement of existing foundations Introducing new foundations under new structural elements Connecting the existing and new foundation Improving of the geotechnical characteristics of the soil Portugal In Portugal there are no any guidelines concerning structural rehabilitation. The only code in which these matters are discussed is Part 3 of Eurocode 8 (concrete, steel and masonry rehabilitation). Nevertheless, structures are designed according to the following general codes and topics: - Earthquake-resistant design EN 1998 Eurocode 8 Design of Structures for Earthquake Resistance CEN/TC 340 DOC. N. 60 Anti-seismic Devices CEN/TC 167 N. 185 Structural Bearings - Actions Regulamento de Segurança e Acções (RSA) EN 1991 Eurocode 1 Actions on Structures - Concrete Regulamento de Betão Armado e Pré-Esforçado (REBAP) EN 1992 Eurocode 2 Design of Concrete Structures - Steel EN 1993 Eurocode 3 Design of Steel Structures - Composite steel and concrete EN 1994 Eurocode 4 - Design of Composite Steel and Concrete Structures - wood EN 1995 Eurocode 5 Design of Timber Structures - masonry EN 1996 Eurocode 6 Design of Masonry Structures RSA and REBAP, written in Portuguese, will soon be replaced by Eurocodes. Eurocodes are being translated into Portuguese and a NAD is being prepared by CT Eurocode 8 (in English)

10 EN 1998 applies to the design and construction of buildings and civil engineering works in seismic regions. Its purpose is to ensure, that in the event of earthquakes human lives are protected, damage is limited, structures important for civil protection remain operational. In particular, EN considers provisions for the seismic assessment, strengthening and repair of existing buildings. - CEN/TC 340 DOC. N. 60 Anti-seismic Devices (in English) This European standard covers the design of devices that are provided in structures with the aim of modifying their response to the seismic action. It specifies functional requirements and general design rules in the seismic situation, material characteristics, manufacturing and testing requirements, as well as acceptance, installation and maintenance criteria. - CEN/TC 167 N. 185 Structural Bearings (in English) European Standard EN 1337 applies to structural bearings. It has been prepared for the Civil Engineering and Building profession, in particular for the design, manufacture and installation of structural bearings and it applies to bearings for structures that are designed in compliance with Eurocodes ENV 1991 to 1999 and Part 1 General Design Rules of this European Standard. EN 1337 is formed by the subsequent parts: Part 1 - General Design Rules Part 2 - Sliding Elements Part 3 - Elastomeric Bearings Part 4 - Roller Bearings Part 5 - Pot Bearings Part 6 - Rocker Bearings Part 7 - Spherical and Cylindrical PTFE Bearings Part 8 - Guide Bearings and Restraint Bearings Part 9 - Corrosion protection Part 10 - Inspection and maintenance Part 11 - Transport, Storage and Installation - Eurocode 1 (in English) EN 1991 gives design guidance and actions for the structural design of structures and civil engineering works. - Regulamento de Segurança e Acções (RSA, in Portuguese) RSA is the Portuguese code that defines the relevant actions for the design of civil engineering structures. - Eurocode 2 (in English) EN 1992 applies to the design of buildings and civil engineering works in plain, reinforced and prestressed concrete. It is only concerned with the requirements for resistance, serviceability, durability and fire resistance of concrete structures. - Regulamento de Betão Armado e Pré-Esforçado (REBAP, in Portuguese)

11 REBAP is the Portuguese code that defines the design rules for reinforced and prestressed concrete structures. - Eurocode 3 (in English) EN 1993 applies to the design of buildings and civil engineering works in steel. It is only concerned with the requirements for resistance, serviceability, durability and fire resistance of steel structures. - Eurocode 4 (in English) EN 1994 applies to the design of composite structures and members for buildings and civil engineering works. It is only concerned with the requirements for resistance, serviceability, durability and fire resistance of composite structures. - Eurocode 5 (in English) EN 1995 applies to the design of buildings and civil engineering works in timber (solid timber, sawn, planed or in pole form, glued laminated timber or wood-based structural products, e.g. LVL) or wood-based panels jointed together with adhesives or mechanical fasteners. It is only concerned with requirements for mechanical resistance, serviceability, durability and fire resistance of timber structures. - Eurocode 6 (in English) EN 1996 applies to the design of buildings and civil engineering works, or parts thereof, in unreinforced, reinforced, prestressed and confined masonry. It deals only with the requirements for resistance, serviceability and durability of structures. Romania Romania is now in a process of codes changing due to the 1997 integration in European Union. Therefore, now we can discuss about the existing codes and the new ones for the next future. The available code is the P100/92 Code for Antiseismic Design of Residential, Agrozootechnical and Industrial Buildings elaborated in 1992, on the bases of the 1978 (after the 1977 Vrancea earthquake) and 1991 editions, which is available until end of The new code is the P Code for Seismic Protection of Constructions mainly based on the Eurocode 8 and FEMA 273 as contains, but with some adaptations to the Romanian earthquake types and structural seismic experience, with the validity from the end of This code has some subdivisions, corresponding to the type of structure and application. For the structural rehabilitation, the corresponding code will be P100-3/2006 Provisions for Evaluating and Strengthening of Seismic Vulnerable Buildings. All the codes are written in Romanian and. P100/92 contains two special Chapters for the rehabilitation of buildings: Chapter 11 Specifications regarding the evaluation of protection level of existing buildings refers to the content of an expertise about an existing building, considering the level of antiseismic protection. The buildings are classified in function of importance class, seismic zone, structural system, number of levels and year of construction. There are proposed five methodologies to evaluate the protection level: qualitative evaluation, nondestructive tests, using the simplified design methods, complex method (for instance push-over method) or

12 time-history analysis. The level of protection is established as a ratio between the available and demanded capacities. Chapter 12 Specifications regarding the intervention measures on existing buildings refers to the reinforcing of existing buildings, damaged by an earthquake, or in order to increase the level of protection. The decision of building reinforcing level is established by an expert, which must have a qualification given by Ministry of Constructions. Generally, the expert must propose two solutions: one minimal, which assures a minimal protection for limited life duration and low seismic actions (under the ones from code), and a maximal one, which assure a good structural behaviour for the seismic forces resulting from code for new buildings. The option of the selected solution belongs to the owners and authorities, in function of costs and financial possibilities. In code there are given minimum values of protection levels, in function of building importance class. P100-3/2006 is devoted to seismic evaluation of existing buildings. This code does not refer to the monumental or historical buildings, for which there are not, until now, special codes. Its content is organized with general provisions concerning the structural evaluation and the annexes refer to the reinforced concrete (which is ready now), steel and masonry (in preparation). In the frame of general aspects there are presented some methodologies to determine the structural evaluation, in function of level of investigation, due to the in-situ obtained information: limited, normal or complete. The evaluation can be only qualitative, in which the general configuration and the solved details play the principal role, or obtained using design methodologies. One must mention that the values for q factor are reduced for existing buildings in comparison with the new ones. In function of building complexity, there are proposed three analysis levels. Finally, the expert must frame the building in one of the four seismic risk classes, in function of the ratio between existing and required capacity. The annex for reinforced concrete buildings gives a system to evaluate the building seismic performance using a sketch system, in function of the respecting the code provisions. Slovenia Documents used for structural rehabilitation in Slovenia are as follows: Technical Regulations for Repair, Strengthening and Reconstruction of Building Damages in Earthquakes (1985) The regulations prescribed the technical procedures for repair, strengthening, reconstruction and revitalisation of buildings which are build in seismic regions and are not earthquake safe designed. The document gives instructions for reinforced buildings, masonry buildings and for foundations. The document is only three pages long and the instructions are written very generally. By introducing the Eurocodes in Slovenia as the obligatory design rules, the technical regulations can be used for the design only until the end of The document is available only in the Slovenian language. Slovenian National Building and Civil Engineering Institute Recommendations to Improve the Seismic Resistance of Heritage Buildings (1982) On the basis of the analysis of destructive earthquakes which affected parts of Slovenia in 1974 and 1976, improved technologies for strengthening have been proposed (Tomazevic, 2006). Their efficiency was verified by laboratory and in-situ testing. The correlation between the amount of damage and the characteristic limit states, which define the seismic

13 behaviour, has been studied. Design ductility and material safety factors, as well as seismic resistance verification of building structures followed by Eurocode 8 is given. The document is written in the Slovenian language. Eurocode 8 Part 3: Assessment and retrofitting of buildings On the 1 st of January 2006 Eurocodes were introduced as obligatory design rules with a two year transition period (in parallel with the existing technical documents). Turkey The related documents used for structural rehabilitation in Turkey are listed below: a. Revised version of Specification for Structures to be Built in Disaster Areas (ABYYHY, 2006) b. Specification for Structures to be Built in Disaster Areas (ABYYHY, 1998) c. Requirements for Design and Construction of Reinforced Concrete Structures (Turkish Standard, TS 500, 2000) d. Design Provisions for Earthquake Resistance of Structures (Eurocode 8, 2000) e. Federal Emergency Management Agency, Prestandard and Commentary for the Seismic Rehabilitation of Buildings (FEMA 356, 2000) f. Applied Technology Council, Seismic Evaluation and Retrofit of Concrete Buildings (ATC 40, 1996) g. Repair and Strengthening of Reinforced Concrete, Stone and Brick-Masonry Buildings, Building Construction under Seismic Conditions in Balkan Region (UNDP/UNIDO Project Rer/79/015, 1983) The following table consists of the information on their contents and the language in which they are written:

14 Document Language Content a and b Turkish Describes the minimum requirements for the earthquake resistant design and construction of buildings and building-like of structures or their parts subjected to earthquake ground motion, and also explains the design procedures in more details. Furthermore, its general principle is to prevent structural and non-structural elements of buildings from any damage in low intensity earthquakes; to limit the damage in structural and non-structural elements to repairable levels in medium-intensity earthquakes, and to prevent the overall or partial collapse of buildings in highintensity earthquakes in order to avoid the loss of life. In addition to these, in the revised version, performance based design of structures and also minimum design requirements for retrofitting of existing structures are also included. c Turkish This specification includes requirements for design and construction of reinforced concrete structures, considering material properties to be used, loading conditions, minimum provisions for column, beam, slabs, and foundation, design guidelines and rules to be applied to the structure, checking of displacements, and controlling the crack width in a structure, etc. d English Contains the basic requirements and compliance criteria applicable to buildings and civil engineering works in seismic regions. Gives the general design rules for the representation of seismic actions and for their combination with other actions. Also describes provisions for various structural materials and elements, relevant specifically to buildings, the seismic strengthening and repair of existing buildings. e English Serves as an applicable tool for design professionals, code officials, and building owners undertaking the seismic rehabilitation of existing buildings. It consists of two parts: provisions, which contain the technical requirements, and commentary, intended to explain the provisions. Moreover, it includes rehabilitation requirements, analysis procedures for reinforced concrete, steel, wood, and masonry buildings, foundations and geologic site hazards, seismic isolation and energy dissipation, etc. f English This report covers the performance objectives, determination of deficiencies, retrofit strategies, and nonlinear static analysis procedures for especially reinforced concrete structures. g English This report, based on experience gained within the Balkan Region, is intended to provide guidance to designers for repair and strengthening of structures for seismic resistance. Includes emergency measures for temporary protection, repair and strengthening design process, materials and construction techniques, reinforced prefabricated structural systems, etc.

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