Application of DNA fingerprints to control

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1 Application of DNA fingerprints to control tree species and geographic origin of timber Bernd Degen Thünen Institute of Forest Genetics, Germany 2013

2 Content 1. Introduction 2. Control species identity 3. Control geographic origin 4. Conclusions / outlook 2

3 1. Introduction question Legal initiatives to reduce illegal logging EU timber regulation in place since March 2013 Voluntary partnership agreements (VPAs) between the EU and timber producing countries US Lacey Act Protection of some tree species by the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species (CITES) Import bans for specific countries 3

EU and timber producing countries US Lacey Act Protection of some tree species by the

4 1. Introduction question Control with genetics on different scales: A) Is the timber from the declared dspecies? => control of species identity B) Is the timber from the declared country? => large scale control of geographic origin C) Is the timber from the declared region / forest concession? => small scale control of geographic origin D) Is the timber from the declared individual trees? => tree by tree approach to check the chain of custody 4

=> large scale control of geographic origin C) Is the timber from the declared region / forest concession?

5 Method 2. Control species identity Search hfor genetic differences among tree species => DNA sequencing of the same genes Development of robust tools to amplify these genetic species differences => Gene maker / DNA barcodes bp Swietenia sp. Carapa, Khaya, Entandrophragma, Cedrela sp. 5 Size standard

species => DNA sequencing of the same genes Development of robust tools to

6 2. Control species identity Example of application: Is the confiscated timber mahogany? Yes, the timber is Cuba mahogany (Swietenia mahagoni)! ) Swietenia macrophylla S. mahagoni 6 Photo: Customs Rotterdam bp

7 Example of application Glued oak timber is declared das Siberian oak 2. Control species identity Thepiece of timberiscomposedis by a mixture of European and Mongolian oak 7

8 3. Control geographic origin Genetic differences in the distribution area of European oaks Petit et al. (2002) Forest Ecology and Management 176:

9 3. Control geographic origin Method: 1. Development of gene markers Iroko (Milicia excelsa + M. regia) Daïnou et al. (2010), Mol Ecol 19: Creation of a genetic reference map Sampling in the distribution area of the species Genetic inventories 3. Sampling and genotyping timber 4. Statistical comparison with the genetic reference data 9

10 3. Control geographic origin Genetic reference map for mahogany (Swietenia macrophylla) in Latinamerica 10 International co operation Germany: Thünen Institute UK: CEH, Costa Rica: CATIE USA: University Puerto Rico, Brazil : INPA Sao Paulo Forest Institute, Botanical garden Rio de Janeiro

Germany: Thünen Institute UK: CEH, Costa Rica: CATIE USA: University

11 3. Control geographic origin Genetic reference map for merbau (Intsia sp.) in South East Asia 2707 samples, 51 populations, 9 countries International ti co operation Germany: Thünen Institute Australia: University of Adelaide Singapore: DoubleHelix Tracking Technology 11

12 3. Control geographic origin Genetic reference map for Siberian larch (Larix sp.) in Russia 12 International co operation Thünen Institute, Germany Russian Academy of Science US Forest Service WWF Russia

13 3. Control geographic origin Genetic reference map Sapeli (Entandrophragma cylindricum) in a forest concession in Cameroon 13

14 3. Control geographic origin Genetic reference map Sapeli (Entandrophragma cylindricum) in a forest concession in Cameroon Results blind test Samples Genetic test True origin 2 (16) CFC CFC 45 km 3 (17) outside CFC 4 (10) outside E. Utile (Sipo), Congo 5 (11) outside Congo 6 (11) outside Congo 7a (17) CFC CFC 10 (9) outside Congo 14

test True origin 2 (16) CFC CFC 45 km 3 (17) outside CFC 4 (10) outside E.

15 3. Control geographic origin Genetic tracking of individual trees 1 1) Sampling of cambium of trees before felling => retain sample 2) Paper documentation on the chain of custody 3) Sampling of wood from declared trees at different steps of the chain of custody 2 3 4) Comparison of genetic fingerprints of pairs (retain sample + second sample) Tree 12 Retain sample 1 Tree 12 Lumber place OK! 2 Tree 12 Saw mill OK! 3 15

declared trees at different steps of the chain of custody 2 3 4) Comparison of genetic fingerprints of

16 5. Conclusions / outlook Application of genetic control methods for timber has been broadly published in international journals! 16

17 5. Conclusions / outlook Genetic fingerprints of trees have been used as evidence in capital crimes! 17

18 5. Conclusions / outlook Technology transfer of genetic approaches to timber producer countries! Kumasi, Ghana Forestry Research Institute of Ghana (FORIG) Libreville, Gabon, Institut de Recherche en Ecologie Tropicale (IRET) Nairobi, Kenya, Kenya Forestry Research Institute (KEFRI) 18

Kumasi, Ghana Forestry Research Institute of Ghana (FORIG) Libreville,

19 5. Conclusions / outlook 19

20 5. Conclusions / outlook International co operation DNA barcodes for additional tree species per year ITTO project PD 620/11 Rev.1 (M) Genetic reference maps for 2 5 additional tree species per year Source: Center for Geographic Analysis Research Alliance Russia Far East Project 20

1 (M) Genetic reference maps for 2 5 additional tree species per year Source:

21 5. Conclusions / outlook Example: Merbau Application of genetic tests for highly processed timber (chipboards, plywood, cardboard, paper) Increasing the spatial resolution of genetic reference maps Genetic tests as tamperproof audits of CoCcertification More gene markers = higher spatial resolution 21

22 5. Conclusions / outlook Thünen Centre of Competence on the Origin of Timber Species identificationifi i Control of geographic origin Analysis of timber trade Support on certification 22

23 5. Conclusions / outlook Thank you!!! 23

CONVENTION ON INTERNATIONAL TRADE IN ENDANGERED SPECIES OF WILD FAUNA AND FLORA

PC18 Doc. 13.2 CONVENTION ON INTERNATIONAL TRADE IN ENDANGERED SPECIES OF WILD FAUNA AND FLORA Eighteenth meeting of the Plants Committee Buenos Aires (Argentina), 17-21 March 2009 Timber issues PROGRESS