Java Servlets. St. Louis Java Special Interest Group March, 1999
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1 Java Servlets St. Louis Java Special Interest Group March, 1999 Eric M. Burke Sr. Software Engineer Object Computing, Inc.
2 What are Applets? Web browser extensions Applets share a single Java Virtual Machine, embedded in the web browser Advantages of Applets complex GUIs are possible HTML and JavaScript are very limited sophisticated processing can occur on the client Disadvantages of Applets long initial download time browser incompatibilities AWT 1.1 event model was only introduced in 4.x browsers bugs in various Java implementations firewall restrictions Java Servlets 2
3 What are Servlets? A Servlet is a generic server extension we will focus on web server extensions, although Servlets could be used to extend any sort of server a Servlet-enabled server has a single Java Virtual Machine each instance of a Servlet runs within this JVM each client request is handled by a different thread a thread requires far fewer resources than a process, as in CGI Web Server Request Request thread thread JVM Servlet1 Servlet2 Java Servlets 3
4 What are Servlets? (Cont d) The Servlet API is a standard extension to Java, produced by Sun javax.servlet.* javax.servlet.http.* Client browser does not have to support Java Servlets are implemented entirely on the web server all the client browser sees is HTML Disadvantages Java Servlet API is relatively new, and changing rapidly see upcoming slide on web server support Java Servlets 4
5 Servlet Advantages Performance Servlets are faster than CGI because Servlets use threads rather than processes Portability Servlets are just as portable as any Java application Reliability Servlets generally will not crash the web server because they run inside of a Java Virtual Machine Simplicity Servlets are very easy to implement Power all standard Java APIs are available: JDBC, RMI, JavaMail, etc Java Servlets 5
6 Web Server Support for Servlets Servlets will run on every major web server either natively, or by using a 3rd party servlet engine 3rd party servlet engines are useful if your web server does not support Servlets natively your web server is out of date it may only support version 1.x of the Servlet API, instead of 2.x Popular servlet engines include: JServ, a free engine for Apache: JRun, free and commercial versions available for all major web servers: this engine seems to be the most widely used the free version is limited to non-commercial use Java Servlets 6
7 Java Servlet Development Kit (JSDK) Free from Sun Includes: source code for javax.servlet and javax.servlet.http servletrunner, a Servlet testing utility tutorial and API documentation jsdk.jar for running Servlets with JDK 1.1.x The javax.servlet and javax.servlet.http packages are included with JDK 1.2 Java Servlets 7
8 HelloWorldServlet Architecture javax.servlet.genericservlet Protocol and Server independent extends javax.servlet.http.httpservlet Adds methods for HTTP, such as doget, dopost, and several others HelloWorldServlet Java Servlets 8
9 HelloWorldServlet import java.io.*; import javax.servlet.*; import javax.servlet.http.*; public class HelloWorldServlet extends HttpServlet { public void doget(httpservletrequest req, HttpServletResponse resp) throws ServletException, IOException { String name = req.getparameter("name"); if (name == null) { name = "World"; resp.setcontenttype("text/html"); PrintWriter out = new PrintWriter(resp.getOutputStream()); out.println("<html>"); out.println("<head><title>helloworld Output</TITLE></HEAD>"); out.println("<body>"); out.println("<h1>hello, " + name + "!</H1>"); out.println("</body>"); out.println("</html>"); out.close(); Java Servlets 9
10 HelloWorldServlet (Cont d) To test HelloWorldServlet, run servletrunner servletrunner -d C:\test\helloworld -s C:\test\helloworld\helloworld.properties helloworld.properties is a property file with one line servlet.helloworld.code=helloworldservlet Connect to the servlet using a web browser helloworld is an alias to the HelloWorldServlet class 8080 is the port number that servletrunner defaults to passes Eric as the name Burke passes Eric Burke as the name (+ is used for spaces) the class name was used instead of the alias; either works Java Servlets 10
11 The Servlet Sandbox Servlets are either trusted or untrusted a trusted Servlet has unrestricted access to web server resources an untrusted Servlet is limited by a SecurityManager object java.lang.securitymanager limits access to many actions reading and writing files, establishing network connections, starting processes, etc. this is the same approach that Applets use different web servers will implement this differently, allowing different degrees of control locally installed Servlets typically have fewer restrictions a remote Servlet is one that is not installed on the web server machine a more restrictive SecurityManager is typically used digital certificates can be used to create signed Servlets, just like signed Applets Java Servlets 11
12 javax.servlet.servlet Interface Represents a Java class that runs within a network service, usually a web server implementing classes are javax.servlet.genericservlet and javax.servlet.http.httpservlet Clients request services from the Servlet Important methods init(), destroy() perform initialization and cleanup getservletinfo() returns a one line description of this Servlet getservletconfig() returns a ServletConfig object service() handles incoming requests from clients Java Servlets 12
13 javax.servlet.genericservlet Class Implements Servlet and ServletConfig Servlets will typically extend this class or HttpServlet if a Servlet already extends some other class, it can implement the Servlet interface instead Important methods init(), destroy() perform resource allocation and deallocation you may want to override these to establish a database connection, for example getservletinfo return a single line String description of this Servlet service(servletrequest, Servlet Response) the only abstract method - see next slide... Java Servlets 13
14 GenericServlet.service() Carries out a single request from a client public abstract void service(servletrequest req, SerletResponse res) throws ServletException, IOException; ServletRequest contains parameters from the client Output is sent to the ServletResponse Servers will not call this method until init() finishes Subclasses must be thread-safe access to shared resources must be synchronized one brute force solution is to synchronize this entire method another solution is to implement the javax.servlet.singlethreadmodel interface this guarantees that no two threads will concurrently invoke service() -- different servers will implement this differently Java Servlets 14
15 javax.servlet.servletrequest Interface Provides information from the client to the server passed as an argument to the Servlet.service() method Important methods getreader() returns a reference to a BufferedReader, for transferring text data getinputstream() allows the client to transfer binary data to the Servlet lots of other methods getattribute, getcharacterencoding, getcontentlength, getparameter, getparameternames, getparametervalues, getprotocol, getrealpath, getremoteaddr, getremotehost, getscheme, getservername, getserverport HttpServletRequest extends this interface adds several additional HTTP-specific methods Java Servlets 15
16 javax.servlet.servletresponse Interface Allows the Servlet to return data to the client MIME data types are used see RFC 2045 Important methods getoutputstream() - for binary data getwriter() - for text data setcontenttype(string type) usually, type will be text/plain or text/html this method MUST be called BEFORE calling getwriter() or before using the output stream returned by getoutputstream() setcontentlength() this can improve efficiency if you know how many bytes you will be sending to the client Java Servlets 16
17 javax.servlet.http.httpservlet Class An abstract class that supports HTTP Servlets Important methods HTTP GET, POST, PUT, DELETE doget dopost doput dodelete getservletinfo subclasses should return a one line String description init, destroy subclasses may optionally override useful to initialize and destroy database connections or other expensive resources Java Servlets 17
18 The HttpServlet.service() Method An abstract method in GenericServlet, implemented by HttpServlet void service(servletrequest req, ServletResponse res) throws ServletException, IOException web server directs incoming requests to the service() method the service() method figures out the type of request and forwards to a specific method for example, HTTP GET requests are forwarded to the doget() method this method is rarely overridden instead, you will override, doget(), dopost(), etc... Java Servlets 18
19 javax.servlet.http.httpservletrequest Extends javax.servlet.servletrequest getinputstream, getreader, getparameternames, etc... Important methods getcookies returns an array of Cookie objects getmethod same as CGI REQUEST_METHOD, may return GET, POST, PUT getsession return an HttpSession object, or create a new one several other methods see JavaDocs several methods for determining the Servlet name, the URL path, and the query string Java Servlets 19
20 javax.servlet.http.httpservletresponse Extends javax.servlet.servletresponse getoutputstream, getwriter, setcontenttype Several useful HTTP constants are defined in this interface see JavaDocs example: SC_FORBIDDEN (403) Important methods senderror(int statuscode) see following page sendredirect send an alternate URL to the client addcookie several other methods see JavaDocs Java Servlets 20
21 Session Tracking Web servers need a way of tracking users as they navigate from screen-to-screen in a web-based app this is known as Session Tracking this would allow screen 2 to remember the username and password that was entered on screen 1 The concept of Session Tracking can be implemented in many different ways Browser request response Web Server Session (Logical Model) Java Servlets 21
22 javax.servlet.http.httpsession Interface Simplifies session management works with either Cookies or URL rewriting Allows arbitrary Java objects to be associated with client sessions Important methods putvalue, removevalue, getvalue, getvaluenames allow objects to be associated with Strings, similar to Hashtable getcreationtime, getlastaccessedtime returns the age of a session invalidate allows you to destroy a session Java Servlets 22
23 Session Example protected void doget(httpservletrequest req, HttpServletResponse res) throws ServletException, IOException { // true causes a new session to be created if needed HttpSession session = req.getsession(true); // require the user to logon before they can access this Servlet. // In this example, the String authentication is put into the // Session by a Logon page if (session.getvalue( authentication ) == null) { res.sendredirect(logonurl); else { // normal processing here Java Servlets 23
24 Applet-to-Servlet Communication HTTP is the best approach for public Internet use Advantages works behind firewalls relatively easy to implement can work with pre-jdk 1.1 browsers the examples in this presentation require JDK 1.1 because of Serialization Disadvantages as in other approaches, only the Applet can initiate a conversation with the Servlet you can also use Sockets or RMI performance is not as fast as with raw Sockets multiple requests require multiple subsequent connections to the server Java Servlets 24
25 A Framework for HTTP Communication com.ociweb.applet2servlet package ObjectServerI an interface which describes the server side of the connection allows one Serializable object to be sent and another returned ObjectServer a class that implements ObjectServerI Servlets instantiate an ObjectServer and use it to communicate with an Applet ObjectClientI an interface which describes the client side of the connection ObjectClient a class that implements ObjectClientI Applets instantiate an ObjectClient instance and use it to communicate with a Servlet Java Servlets 25
26 ObjectServerI Interface package com.ociweb.applet2servlet; import java.io.*; /** * A Servlet may use this interface to communicate with an Applet. * This protocol allows one object to be sent and one object to * be returned per connection. Eric M. Burke, Object Computing, Inc. */ public interface ObjectServerI { /** * Read a request from the Applet. an object passed from the Applet. */ Serializable read() throws IOException, ClassNotFoundException; /** * Write a response to the Applet. obj the data to send back to the Applet. */ void write(serializable obj) throws IOException; Java Servlets 26
27 ObjectServer Class package com.ociweb.applet2servlet; import java.io.*; /** * A concrete implementation of the ObjectServerI interface. Eric M. Burke, Object Computing, Inc. */ public class ObjectServer implements ObjectServerI { private InputStream in; private OutputStream out; /** in the stream that will provide one object from the client. out the stream that will allow this class to return an * object to the client. */ public ObjectServer(InputStream in, OutputStream out) { this.in = in; this.out = out; Java Servlets 27
28 ObjectServer Class (Cont d) // Read a request from the Applet. public Serializable read() throws IOException, ClassNotFoundException { ObjectInputStream ois = new ObjectInputStream(in); try { // readobject() may throw ClassNotFoundException return (Serializable) ois.readobject(); finally { ois.close(); // Write a response to the Applet. public void write(serializable obj) throws IOException { ObjectOutputStream oos = new ObjectOutputStream(out); try { oos.writeobject(obj); finally { oos.close(); Java Servlets 28
29 ObjectClientI Interface package com.ociweb.applet2servlet; import java.io.ioexception; import java.io.serializable; /** * An Applet may use this interface to communicate with a Servlet. * This protocol allows one object to be sent and one object to * be returned per connection. Eric M. Burke, Object Computing, Inc. */ public interface ObjectClientI { /** obj the object to send to the Servlet. the result object from the Servlet. IOException if anything went wrong with the connection. */ Serializable write(serializable obj) throws IOException, ClassNotFoundException; Java Servlets 29
30 ObjectClient Class package com.ociweb.applet2servlet; import java.io.*; import java.net.*; /** * This is a concrete implementation of the ObjectClientI interface. Eric M. Burke, Object Computing, Inc. */ public class ObjectClient implements ObjectClientI { private URL serverurl; public ObjectClient(String serverurl) throws MalformedURLException { this(new URL(serverURL)); public ObjectClient(URL serverurl) { this.serverurl = serverurl; Java Servlets 30
31 ObjectClient Class (Cont d) /** obj the object to send to the Servlet. the result object from the Servlet. */ public Serializable write(serializable obj) throws IOException, ClassNotFoundException { URLConnection conn = serverurl.openconnection(); conn.setdooutput(true); // allow writing to the connection conn.setusecaches(false); // disable cache conn.setrequestproperty("content-type", "java-internal/" + obj.getclass().getname()); ObjectOutputStream oos = new ObjectOutputStream( conn.getoutputstream()); try { oos.writeobject(obj); finally { if (oos!= null) { oos.close(); Java Servlets 31
32 ObjectClient Class (Cont d) // return the response to the client ObjectInputStream ois = new ObjectInputStream( conn.getinputstream()); try { // readobject() may throw a ClassNotFoundException return (Serializable) ois.readobject(); finally { if (ois!= null) { ois.close(); Java Servlets 32
33 Example Applet import java.awt.*; import java.awt.event.*; import java.io.*; import java.net.*; public class MyApplet extends java.applet.applet implements ActionListener { private Button submitbtn = new Button("Submit"); private TextField namefld = new TextField(20); private TextField agefld = new TextField(3); public void init() { setlayout(new GridBagLayout()); GridBagConstraints gbc = new GridBagConstraints(); // GUI Layout omitted submitbtn.addactionlistener(this); public void actionperformed(actionevent e) { if (e.getsource() == submitbtn) { submit(); Java Servlets 33
34 Example Applet (Cont d) private void submit() { Person person = new Person(nameFld.getText(), Integer.parseInt(ageFld.getText())); try { ObjectClient client = new ObjectClient( " person = (Person) client.write(person); namefld.settext(person.getname()); agefld.settext("" + person.getage()); catch (Exception ex) { ex.printstacktrace(); Java Servlets 34
35 Example Servlet import com.ociweb.applet2servlet.objectserver; import java.io.*; import java.util.*; import javax.servlet.*; import javax.servlet.http.*; /** * An example Servlet which shows one way to communicate with an Applet. Eric M. Burke, Object Computing, Inc. */ public class MyServlet extends HttpServlet { /** * GET and POST will work equally well in this example. */ public void dopost(httpservletrequest req, HttpServletResponse res) throws ServletException, IOException { doget(req, res); Java Servlets 35
36 Example Servlet (Cont d) /** * This method expects the req object to provide a Person object. * The object will be modified, then returned to the client. */ public void doget(httpservletrequest req, HttpServletResponse res) throws ServletException, IOException { // construct the object which allows the communication ObjectServer srv = new ObjectServer(req.getInputStream(), res.getoutputstream()); Serializable ser = null; try { ser = srv.read(); // get request catch (ClassNotFoundException cnfe) { getservletcontext().log(cnfe, Could not read client request."); if (ser instanceof Person) { Person person = (Person) ser; person.setname(person.getname().touppercase()); // modify some values person.setage(person.getage() + 1); srv.write(person); // send response Java Servlets 36
37 JDBC Java Database Connectivity (JDBC) allows Java programs to interact with relational databases a thin API that requires knowledge of SQL included with JDK 1.1 and above java.sql package an abstraction which makes database access portable the device drivers are the only vendor-specific portion Java Servlets 37
38 Using JDBC with Servlets Create a subclass of HttpServlet override the init() method load the JDBC device driver allows you to connect to a vendor s database if this fails, throw an UnavailableException» indicates to the web server that the Servlet cannot be started» the Servlet should also write an entry to the log file optionally create a Connection to the database this could be done in the init method, or later in doget or dopost override doget(), dopost(), or another method create a JDBC Statement() object, which allows you to pass SQL to the database format HTML results and return to the client always use try/catch/finally to clean up after errors a failed Servlet should not leave an open database connection Java Servlets 38
39 Further Topics Not Enough Time! Server-Side Includes JavaServer Pages Cookies Generating GIFs using Servlets Processing HTML Forms Security Sending from Servlets Java Servlets 39
40 Recommended Reading Java Servlet Programming, O Reilly Jason Hunter with William Crawford HTML - The Definitive Guide, O Reilly Chuck Musciano & Bill Kennedy Servlet Interest mailing list up to 100 messages on a busy day! send to: listserv@java.sun.com the message body should contain: SUBSCRIBE SERVLET-INTEREST [your real name] Java Servlets 40
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