Interpretation of Financial Statements

Size: px
Start display at page:

Download "Interpretation of Financial Statements"

Transcription

1 Interpretation of Financial Statements Author Noel O Brien, Formation 2 Accounting Framework Examiner. An important component of most introductory financial accounting programmes is the analysis and interpretation of financial statements. This is usually dealt with towards the end of the programme and may be seen and used as a test of the students comprehension of much of the material covered. It requires a knowledge of the users of financial statements and the particular requirements of each category of user. It requires the skill to select and measure various indicators of performance and offer possible explanations for trends over a period or variances from norms. A review of all recent Accounting Framework papers shows that the topic is popular. At an introductory level questions usually take the form of analyzing income statements and balance sheets. In effect students are expected to appraise the performance of a reporting entity over different reporting periods, the performances of different entities over the same period or compare the performance of an entity with the industry norm (which will be given if required to answer a question). Students will normally calculate ratios and comment on them. The particular ratios may be specified or it may be left to the student to select. This article sets out to give students guidance as to what is expected from a good answer and how to approach such questions. The normal approach to the interpretation of financial statements is to select suitable accounting ratios and to comment on them. These questions often guide the student on the ratios to be selected by specifying aspects of performance or financial position to be analysed. Sometimes the ratios themselves are specified; sometimes the student is asked to select the ratios without any indication as to which category is required. In this latter case there may be significant marks allocated for the correct selection. The following are some of the ratios most likely to be useful to the student at Formation 2 level. Profitability ratios. Return on capital employed (ROCE). ROCE measures the profit relative to the size of the business or the amount of capital it takes to run the business. It is often called the primary ratio because many consider it the most important. The ratio shows how efficiently a business is using its resources. ROCE is calculated as follows: Profit before interest and taxation X100 Shareholders equity + long term liabilities Some students calculate this ratio incorrectly by using a wrong figure either above the line or below the line. Sometimes they do not compare like with like. For instance they show profit after interest above the line but show long-term liabilities below the line. As interest is the return on the long-term liabilities it should be added back above the line. Page 1 of 6

2 Return on equity. (ROE) ROE shows the return equity shareholders receive on the book value of their investment and is calculated as follows: Profit after interest, preference dividends and tax X100 Total equity shareholders funds. This ratio may be important for examination candidates as the difference between ROCE and ROE has significant implications for how a business might raise additional capital. However, it may not be so significant for equity shareholders in large plcs as other measures such as price earnings (P/E) ratio give a better indication of return. One of the reasons for this is that the balance sheet numbers (especially for non current assets) may not reflect correct current values. Profitability of sales. The profitability of sales is clearly important for the financial health of any business. It is normally analysed under the following: Gross profit margin This ratio is calculated as follows: Gross profit X 100 Sales revenue Gross profit is the difference between sales revenue and the cost of sales. Changes in the margin are caused by changes in selling prices, changes in purchasing price or a combination of both. It is important for students to remember what does not affect the ratio. For a non-manufacturing business increases in wages, interest, depreciation or other such expenses have no effect on this ratio. Operating profit margin / net profit margin. These terms often present difficulties. Usually operating profit is taken to mean profit before deduction of interest and the term net profit is profit after deduction of interest. Often the term earnings before interest and tax (EBIT) is used for operating profit. It is important for the student to be clear which ratio is being used, especially if comparing two entities that are similar in all respects except that one is largely financed by equity and the other by borrowings. In a case such as this the EBIT number should be used. Solvency / liquidity ratios. Liquidity refers to the firm s ability to meet its short-term commitments. A business may be trading profitability but may be unable to pay its current liabilities such as wages or suppliers. This is a liquidity problem. Two common ratios are used to measure liquidity: Current ratio: Current assets : current liabilities. Acid test: Current assets less inventory : current liabilities Long-term solvency is measured by looking at the capital structure of the business and comparing long-term borrowings with owners capital (equity). This is measured in various ways the most common being: Page 2 of 6

3 Debt to Equity ratio Total long-term debt Equity and Gearing ratio: Total long-term debt Equity + long term debt In the past the treatment of preferred share capital presented problems as it was considered neither debt nor equity. Sometimes the term prior charge capital was used and preference shares were included with loans. Now, however, all capital must be classified as either debt or equity. At this level if preferred capital is stated to be redeemable it may be classified as debt. The ideal capital structure (ratio between debt and equity) is a matter that will be dealt with later in your programme of studies. At this level we consider the risks inherent in having too much debt on the one hand and the advantages of the probable lower cost of debt on the other. Also the composition of the assets of the business may indicate the preferred capital structure. Perhaps non current assets need to be financed mainly by equity whereas other assets could be financed by debt. Interest cover should also be considered. Efficiency ratios. Efficiency ratios are concerned with the control of inventories, payables and receivables. Inventory control is usually measured in terms of times turned over. This is measured as follows: Inventory turnover: Cost of sales Average inventory It may also be measured in terms of time, such as days. Payables and receivable are usually measured in terms of time outstanding and are measured as follows (Days): Receivables: Trade Receivables X 365 Sales Payables: Trade Payables X 365 Purchases Page 3 of 6

4 Shareholders investment ratios. These ratios help equity shareholders assess their investment or potential investment. Earnings per share (EPS) is possibly the most important number to appear in the accounts of a quoted plc. In the past it was particularly open to manipulation so its computation is now strictly regulated (IAS 33). It is the amount of net profit for the period that is attributable to each ordinary (equity) share which is a) outstanding during all or part of the period and b) that ranks for dividend. Directly related to the EPS is the P/E ratio in that the E in the formula is the earnings as calculated in the EPS. The P is the actual price (cost) of the share as quoted on the stock exchange. It is likely that potential and current investors are likely to be more influenced by this number than the ROE for reasons already outlined. Dividend cover is a measure of how secure the dividend payment is and is calculated as follows: Dividend cover: EPS Dividend per share Dividend yield is the return a shareholder receives on investment measured at current price. If the selection of ratios is left to the student then it is important to select wisely. A common complaint of markers is that when candidates are left to decide which ratios to calculate, they calculate far too many, thus spending very little time on their interpretation. On the other hand ratios should be selected from the various categories such as return on investment, profitability of sales, solvency (preferably both short term and long term), use of assets and shareholder investment ratios where these are relevant. However, no more than two from each category should be necessary. In recent examinations some candidates failed to calculate profit. This meant that it was very difficult for them to achieve a pass mark. Candidates should ensure that they are capable of using the information given to reconcile opening and closing balances in retained earnings so deriving the profit. Interpretation Having calculated the appropriate ratios most questions will request the student to comment on them. A review of the examiner s reports will show that the most common shortcoming has been the lack of analysis. In particular candidates do not offer possible reasons for movement or differences in the ratios. A typical comment may be that the stock turnover has improved from 3.4 times to 5.8 times. This adds little value to the user s understanding of the entity s performance earns no marks. Candidates are expected to show some commercial understanding. The possible reasons as to why the ratio has changed must be offered. While the student cannot be sure of the reasons plausible explanations are expected. Even if they are not the actual cause, marks will be awarded. Page 4 of 6

5 Examples of comments expected might be as follows. ROCE has improved from 15% to 17%. The gross margin improved slightly from 12% to 12.5% but this was more than offset by a significant increase in expenses which left the net profit down from 6% to 5%. Despite this, greater utilization of assets resulted in the overall increase to 17%. This greater utilization arose from tighter control of working capital with stock turnover increasing from 3 times to 5.5 times, days debtors being reduced from 46 to 28 and creditors being slightly extended from 26 to 30. The increase in gross margin is probably due to new purchasing controls introduced early in the year. The increase in expenses is due to a significant increase in rent payable and wages. Examination approach. As always read the question carefully. If you are asked for a report, give it, perhaps appending the ratios. Allocate your time between calculation of ratios and the report appropriately i.e. roughly in proportion to the marks available. Limit ratios to important areas bearing in mind the scenario. Avoid duplication in your ratios. If you are analyzing a single entity over time establish if there are changes to the capital structure. The introduction of fresh capital may impact many of the ratios and so explain changes. Structure. It may be useful to have a standard structure to your answer even though questions may vary slightly. In the case of a single entity question one may start with the change in the level of activity (sales). Compare this change with the change in profitability (absolute) and in percentage profitability of sales, distinguishing between gross, operating and net profit if relevant. If there is a significant change in the gross profit percentage try and offer plausible explanations. Were selling prices reduced to stimulate increased sales? Was the sales mix altered? If the change was at operating profit level what gave rise to it. If change was between operating and net profit then this may be explained by changes in the capital structure of the entity. Having dealt with profitability of sales examine use of assets. Were new assets purchased? If the sales to non current assets ratio has deteriorated might this be due to acquiring new assets late in the period? Comment on the ROCE and its composition. Was use of assets a factor in the change or was it entirely due to changes in the profitability of sales. Changes in working capital should then be commented on. If considering making comparisons between two entities establish that it is fair to compare them. For example are they are in the same or similar business? Are accounting policies similar? One might then address profitability, asset utilization, capital structure and liquidity using the same approach as mentioned for the single entity question above. Candidates should be aware that there may be justifiable reasons for what appears to be a deterioration in a ratio. An offer of longer credit terms in order to increase sales will result in an increase in trade receivables. Increase in stock levels may be to avoid stock outs or earn quantity discounts from suppliers. Overtrading arising from fast expansion may cause liquidity problems. Page 5 of 6

6 Finally students may be asked a general question such as Discuss the limitations of ratio analysis? or What additional information would you like?. For the former the following should be listed: The comparison of the ratios a large capital intensive business such as CRH with a supermarket in rented premises would not be useful. Entities may adopt different accounting policies such as valuation of non current assets. The position at the balance sheet date may not be typical. For example a milling company s stock holding just before harvest will be low whereas one month later it may hold inventory for a full years activity. Many entities choose their end of financial when stock levels are low. Some entities may engage in window dressing. Examination questions will never give candidates all the information they need. However the question must be answered with the available information. Additional information that would be useful might include: The future plans of the entity. Is its plant and equipment obsolete or likely to be? Has the business got good suppliers, customers and staff? Page 6 of 6

Ratio Analysis. A) Liquidity Ratio : - 1) Current ratio = Current asset Current Liability

Ratio Analysis. A) Liquidity Ratio : - 1) Current ratio = Current asset Current Liability A) Liquidity Ratio : - Ratio Analysis 1) Current ratio = Current asset Current Liability 2) Quick ratio or Acid Test ratio = Quick Asset Quick liability Quick Asset = Current Asset Stock Quick Liability

More information

ICAP GROUP S.A. FINANCIAL RATIOS EXPLANATION

ICAP GROUP S.A. FINANCIAL RATIOS EXPLANATION ICAP GROUP S.A. FINANCIAL RATIOS EXPLANATION OCTOBER 2006 Table of Contents 1. INTRODUCTION... 3 2. FINANCIAL RATIOS FOR COMPANIES (INDUSTRY - COMMERCE - SERVICES) 4 2.1 Profitability Ratios...4 2.2 Viability

More information

The Interpretation of Financial Statements. Why use ratio analysis. Limitations. Chapter 16

The Interpretation of Financial Statements. Why use ratio analysis. Limitations. Chapter 16 The Interpretation of Financial Statements Chapter 16 1 Luby & O Donoghue (2005) Why use ratio analysis Provides framework Comparison to previous years Trends identified Identify areas of concern Targets

More information

performance of a company?

performance of a company? How to deal with questions on assessing the performance of a company? (Relevant to ATE Paper 7 Advanced Accounting) Dr. M H Ho This article provides guidance for candidates in dealing with examination

More information

Teacher Resource Bank

Teacher Resource Bank Teacher Resource Bank GCE Accounting Other Guidance: ACCN2 Update on IAS ACCN3 Updates on IAS (July 2012). The Assessment and Qualifications Alliance (AQA) is a company limited by guarantee registered

More information

Using Accounts to Interpret Performance

Using Accounts to Interpret Performance Using s to Interpret Performance ing information is used by stakeholders to judge the performance and efficiency of a business Different stakeholders will look for different things: STAKEHOLDER Shareholders

More information

Ratio Analysis CBDC, NB. Presented by ACSBE. February, 2008. Copyright 2007 ACSBE. All Rights Reserved.

Ratio Analysis CBDC, NB. Presented by ACSBE. February, 2008. Copyright 2007 ACSBE. All Rights Reserved. Ratio Analysis CBDC, NB February, 2008 Presented by ACSBE Financial Analysis What is Financial Analysis? What Can Financial Ratios Tell? 7 Categories of Financial Ratios Significance of Using Ratios Industry

More information

Guidance on Accounting Elements

Guidance on Accounting Elements Guidance on Accounting Elements OCR GCE in Business Studies August 2012 The following guidance has been prepared in order to assist centres in the preparation of their candidates for the accounting elements

More information

COMPANIES INTERPRETATION OF FINANCIAL STATEMENTS 13 MARCH 2014

COMPANIES INTERPRETATION OF FINANCIAL STATEMENTS 13 MARCH 2014 COMPANIES INTERPRETATION OF FINANCIAL STATEMENTS 13 MARCH 2014 In this lesson we: Introduction Lesson Description Look at analysing financial statements and its purpose Consider users of financial statements

More information

FINANCIAL ACCOUNTING TOPIC: FINANCIAL ANALYSIS

FINANCIAL ACCOUNTING TOPIC: FINANCIAL ANALYSIS SYLLABUS Compulsory part Basic ratio analysis 1. State the general functions of accounting ratios. 2. Calculate and interpret the following ratios: a. working capital/current ratio, quick/liquid/acid test

More information

Return on Equity has three ratio components. The three ratios that make up Return on Equity are:

Return on Equity has three ratio components. The three ratios that make up Return on Equity are: Evaluating Financial Performance Chapter 1 Return on Equity Why Use Ratios? It has been said that you must measure what you expect to manage and accomplish. Without measurement, you have no reference to

More information

TYPES OF FINANCIAL RATIOS

TYPES OF FINANCIAL RATIOS TYPES OF FINANCIAL RATIOS In the previous articles we discussed how to invest in the stock market and unit trusts. When investing in the stock market an investor should have a clear understanding about

More information

Total shares at the end of ten years is 100*(1+5%) 10 =162.9.

Total shares at the end of ten years is 100*(1+5%) 10 =162.9. FCS5510 Sample Homework Problems Unit04 CHAPTER 8 STOCK PROBLEMS 1. An investor buys 100 shares if a $40 stock that pays a annual cash dividend of $2 a share (a 5% dividend yield) and signs up for the

More information

For our curriculum in Grade 12 we are going to use ratios to analyse the information available in the Income statement and the Balance sheet.

For our curriculum in Grade 12 we are going to use ratios to analyse the information available in the Income statement and the Balance sheet. SUBJECT: ACCOUNTING GRADE 12 CHAPTER: COMPANIES LESSON: ANALYSIS AND INTERPRETATION-RATIOS LESSON OVERVIEW (KNOWLEDGE AREAS) LESSON 1. Introduction 2. Analysing of financial statements and its purpose

More information

Financial Statement and Cash Flow Analysis

Financial Statement and Cash Flow Analysis Chapter 2 Financial Statement and Cash Flow Analysis Answers to Concept Review Questions 1. What role do the FASB and SEC play with regard to GAAP? The FASB is a nongovernmental, professional standards

More information

Income Measurement and Profitability Analysis

Income Measurement and Profitability Analysis PROFITABILITY ANALYSIS The following financial statements for Spencer Company will be used to demonstrate the calculation of the various ratios in profitability analysis. Spencer Company Comparative Balance

More information

Ratio Analysis 0.75. Fixed Assets Fixed Assets + Net Working Capital =0.75 Fixed Assets

Ratio Analysis 0.75. Fixed Assets Fixed Assets + Net Working Capital =0.75 Fixed Assets Ratio Analysis CA Past Years Exam Answer Answer to Q.1: (Nov, 009) Fixed assets ` 18,00,000 Proprietor s funds ` 4,00,000 Note: 1 Ratio of fixed assets to proprietor s funds 0.75 Properietors Fund 0.75

More information

Section 3 Financial and stock market ratios

Section 3 Financial and stock market ratios Section 3 Financial and stock market ratios Introduction 41 Ratio calculation 42 Financial status ratios 43 Stock market ratios 45 Debt: short-term or long-term? 47 Summary 48 Problems 49 INTRODUCTION

More information

Course 1: Evaluating Financial Performance

Course 1: Evaluating Financial Performance Excellence in Financial Management Course 1: Evaluating Financial Performance Prepared by: Matt H. Evans, CPA, CMA, CFM This course provides a basic understanding of how to use ratio analysis for evaluating

More information

Calculating profitability indicators - profitability

Calculating profitability indicators - profitability Calculating profitability indicators - profitability Introduction When a business is deciding whether to grant credit to a potential customer, or whether to continue to grant credit terms to an existing

More information

Chapter. How Well Am I Doing? Financial Statement Analysis

Chapter. How Well Am I Doing? Financial Statement Analysis Chapter 17 How Well Am I Doing? Financial Statement Analysis 17-2 LEARNING OBJECTIVES After studying this chapter, you should be able to: 1. Explain the need for and limitations of financial statement

More information

Chapter 17: Financial Statement Analysis

Chapter 17: Financial Statement Analysis FIN 301 Class Notes Chapter 17: Financial Statement Analysis INTRODUCTION Financial ratio: is a relationship between different accounting items that tells something about the firm s activities. Purpose

More information

Chapter. Financial Analysis

Chapter. Financial Analysis Chapter 18 Financial Analysis Financial analysis The objective of financial statements is to provide information to all the users of these accounts to help them in their decision-making. Note that most

More information

Financial Ratio Cheatsheet MyAccountingCourse.com PDF

Financial Ratio Cheatsheet MyAccountingCourse.com PDF Financial Ratio Cheatsheet MyAccountingCourse.com PDF Table of contents Liquidity Ratios Solvency Ratios Efficiency Ratios Profitability Ratios Market Prospect Ratios Coverage Ratios CPA Exam Ratios to

More information

FSA Note: Summary of Financial Ratio Calculations

FSA Note: Summary of Financial Ratio Calculations FSA Note: Summary of Financial Ratio Calculations This note contains a summary of the more common financial statement ratios. A few points should be noted: Calculations vary in practice; consistency and

More information

Fundamentals Level Skills Module, Paper F7 (INT) 1 (a) Viagem: Consolidated goodwill on acquisition of Greca as at 1 January 2012

Fundamentals Level Skills Module, Paper F7 (INT) 1 (a) Viagem: Consolidated goodwill on acquisition of Greca as at 1 January 2012 Answers Fundamentals Level Skills Module, Paper F7 (INT) Financial Reporting (International) December 2012 Answers 1 (a) Viagem: Consolidated goodwill on acquisition of Greca as at 1 January 2012 Investment

More information

Financial Statements and Ratios: Notes

Financial Statements and Ratios: Notes Financial Statements and Ratios: Notes 1. Uses of the income statement for evaluation Investors use the income statement to help judge their return on investment and creditors (lenders) use it to help

More information

6. Show all your workings. icpar

6. Show all your workings. icpar CERTIFIED PUBLIC ACCOUNTANT FOUNDATION LEVEL 1 EXAMINATION F1.3: FINANCIAL ACCOUNTING MONDAY: 10 JUNE 2013 INSTRUCTIONS: 1. Time Allowed: 3 hours 15 minutes (15 minutes reading and 3 hours writing). 2.

More information

Ratios from the Statement of Financial Position

Ratios from the Statement of Financial Position For The Year Ended 31 March 2007 Ratios from the Statement of Financial Position Profitability Ratios Return on Sales Ratio (%) This is the difference between what a business takes in and what it spends

More information

Fundamental Analysis Ratios

Fundamental Analysis Ratios Fundamental Analysis Ratios Fundamental analysis ratios are used to both measure the performance of a company relative to other companies in the same market sector and to value a company. There are three

More information

E2-2: Identifying Financing, Investing and Operating Transactions?

E2-2: Identifying Financing, Investing and Operating Transactions? E2-2: Identifying Financing, Investing and Operating Transactions? Listed below are eight transactions. In each case, identify whether the transaction is an example of financing, investing or operating

More information

Fundamentals Level Skills Module, Paper F7. Section B

Fundamentals Level Skills Module, Paper F7. Section B Answers Fundamentals Level Skills Module, Paper F7 Financial Reporting September/December 2015 Answers Section B 1 (a) Moston Statement of profit or loss and other comprehensive income for the year ended

More information

Coimisiún na Scrúduithe Stáit State Examinations Commission. Leaving Certificate 2014. Marking Scheme. Accounting. Higher Level

Coimisiún na Scrúduithe Stáit State Examinations Commission. Leaving Certificate 2014. Marking Scheme. Accounting. Higher Level Coimisiún na Scrúduithe Stáit State Examinations Commission Leaving Certificate 2014 Marking Scheme Accounting Higher Level Note to teachers and students on the use of published marking schemes Marking

More information

Ratio Analysis CHAPTER LEARNING OVERVIEW. Ratio basics

Ratio Analysis CHAPTER LEARNING OVERVIEW. Ratio basics Analysis basics Analysis compares one figure in one financial statement (say P&L account or Balance Sheet) with another figure in the same financial statement or in another financial statement of the company.

More information

CHAPTER 9. Ratio Analysis

CHAPTER 9. Ratio Analysis CHAPTER 9 Ratio Analysis Introduction The analysis of the financial statements and interpretations of financial results of a particular period of operations with the help of 'ratio' is termed as "ratio

More information

CPA MOCK Evaluation End of Core 2 (combined Core 1 and Core 2) Page 1

CPA MOCK Evaluation End of Core 2 (combined Core 1 and Core 2) Page 1 CPA MOCK Evaluation End of Core 2 (combined Core 1 and Core 2) Page 1 Overview The Core 1 and 2 examinations are a mix of objective format and case questions. The maximum length for an individual case

More information

FINANCIAL STATEMENTS ANALYSIS - AN INTRODUCTION

FINANCIAL STATEMENTS ANALYSIS - AN INTRODUCTION 27 FINANCIAL STATEMENTS ANALYSIS - AN INTRODUCTION You have already learnt about the preparation of financial statements i.e. Balance Sheet and Trading and Profit and Loss Account in the module titled

More information

FI3300 Corporation Finance

FI3300 Corporation Finance Learning Objectives FI3300 Corporation Finance Spring Semester 2010 Dr. Isabel Tkatch Assistant Professor of Finance Explain the objectives of financial statement analysis and its benefits for creditors,

More information

Examiner s report F7 Performance Management June 2016

Examiner s report F7 Performance Management June 2016 Examiner s report F7 Performance Management June 2016 General Comments The June 2016 paper represented the final paper in the current format. There were two sections; Section A consisted of 20, 2-mark

More information

Selecting sources of finance for business

Selecting sources of finance for business Selecting sources of finance for business by Steve Jay 08 Sep 2003 This article considers the practical issues facing a business when selecting appropriate sources of finance. It does not consider the

More information

Financing Your Dream: A Presentation at the Youth Business Linkage Forum (#EAWY2014) Akin Oyebode Head SME Banking, Stanbic IBTC Bank, Nigeria.

Financing Your Dream: A Presentation at the Youth Business Linkage Forum (#EAWY2014) Akin Oyebode Head SME Banking, Stanbic IBTC Bank, Nigeria. Financing Your Dream: A Presentation at the Youth Business Linkage Forum (#EAWY2014) Akin Oyebode Head SME Banking, Stanbic IBTC Bank, Nigeria. Content 1 Introduction 2 Profit and loss Account or Income

More information

Associated Files: Ratios worksheet

Associated Files: Ratios worksheet Unit 4 Business accounting Ratios Instructions and answers for Teachers These instructions should accompany the OCR resource Ratios which supports the OCR Level 3 Cambridge Technicals in Business Unit

More information

Current Assets. Current Liabilities. Quick Assets or Liquid Assets. Current Liabilities. 1. Liquidity Ratios 1 Current Ratio Formula.

Current Assets. Current Liabilities. Quick Assets or Liquid Assets. Current Liabilities. 1. Liquidity Ratios 1 Current Ratio Formula. 1. Liquidity Ratios 1 Current Ratio Current Assets Current Liabilities This ratio shows short-term financial soundness of the business. Higher ratio means better capacity to meet its current obligation.

More information

Teacher Resource Bank

Teacher Resource Bank Teacher Resource Bank GCE Accounting Other Guidance: Layouts and Formulae ACCN1: Layouts ACCN2: Layouts and Formulae ACCN4: Layouts and Formulae (Updated July 2012) The Assessment and Qualifications Alliance

More information

Financial Ratios and Quality Indicators

Financial Ratios and Quality Indicators Financial Ratios and Quality Indicators From U.S. Small Business Administration Online Women's Business Center If you monitor the ratios on a regular basis you'll gain insight into how effectively you

More information

Examiner s report F9 Financial Management June 2011

Examiner s report F9 Financial Management June 2011 Examiner s report F9 Financial Management June 2011 General Comments Congratulations to candidates who passed Paper F9 in June 2011! The examination paper looked at many areas of the syllabus and a consideration

More information

3 Financial Analysis and Planning

3 Financial Analysis and Planning 3 Financial Analysis and Planning BASIC CONCEPTS AND FORMULAE 1. Financial Analysis and Planning Financial Analysis and Planning is carried out for the purpose of obtaining material and relevant information

More information

Examination Paper, Solutions and Examiner s Report. Paper: Corporate Finance & Funding Fast Track

Examination Paper, Solutions and Examiner s Report. Paper: Corporate Finance & Funding Fast Track Examination Paper, Solutions and Examiner s Report Paper: Corporate Finance & Funding Fast Track October 2011 SECTION A Answer ONE COMPULSORY question QUESTION 1 The top executives of Wolfe plc are entitled

More information

Fundamentals Level Skills Module, Paper F7. Section B. 1 Zanda Co Extracts from the consolidated statement of financial position as at 31 March 2016

Fundamentals Level Skills Module, Paper F7. Section B. 1 Zanda Co Extracts from the consolidated statement of financial position as at 31 March 2016 Answers Fundamentals Level Skills Module, Paper F7 Financial Reporting March/June 2016 Sample Answers Section B 1 Zanda Co Extracts from the consolidated statement of financial position as at 31 March

More information

Advanced Financial Accounting

Advanced Financial Accounting Advanced Financial Accounting Sample Paper 2 Questions & Suggested Solutions Page 1 of 27 INSTRUCTIONS TO CANDIDATES PLEASE READ CAREFULLY Candidates must indicate clearly whether they are answering the

More information

HEALTHCARE FINANCE An Introduction to Accounting and Financial Management. Online Appendix A Financial Analysis Ratios

HEALTHCARE FINANCE An Introduction to Accounting and Financial Management. Online Appendix A Financial Analysis Ratios 11/16/11 HEALTHCARE FINANCE An Introduction to Accounting and Financial Management Online Appendix A Financial Analysis Ratios INTRODUCTION In Chapter 17, we indicated that financial ratio analysis is

More information

Fundamentals Level Skills Module, Paper F9. Section A. Monetary value of return = $3 10 x 1 197 = $3 71 Current share price = $3 71 $0 21 = $3 50

Fundamentals Level Skills Module, Paper F9. Section A. Monetary value of return = $3 10 x 1 197 = $3 71 Current share price = $3 71 $0 21 = $3 50 Answers Fundamentals Level Skills Module, Paper F9 Financial Management December 2014 Answers Section A 1 A Monetary value of return = $3 10 x 1 197 = $3 71 Current share price = $3 71 $0 21 = $3 50 2

More information

Diploma in Business Competence. Learning outcomes for the Diploma in Business Competence (EBCL)

Diploma in Business Competence. Learning outcomes for the Diploma in Business Competence (EBCL) Diploma in Business Competence Learning outcomes for the Diploma in Business Competence (EBCL) Section 1: Understanding Business Accounts Overall Learning Objectives Upon completing this section you will

More information

Uses and Limitations of Ratio Analysis

Uses and Limitations of Ratio Analysis Uses and Limitations of Ratio Analysis Balkrishna Parab ACS, AICWA balkrishnaparab@jbims.edu F inancial statement analysis involves comparing the firm s performance with that of other firms in the same

More information

NEPAL ACCOUNTING STANDARDS ON CASH FLOW STATEMENTS

NEPAL ACCOUNTING STANDARDS ON CASH FLOW STATEMENTS NAS 03 NEPAL ACCOUNTING STANDARDS ON CASH FLOW STATEMENTS CONTENTS Paragraphs OBJECTIVE SCOPE 1-3 BENEFITS OF CASH FLOWS INFORMATION 4-5 DEFINITIONS 6-9 Cash and cash equivalents 7-9 PRESENTATION OF A

More information

National Quali cations EXEMPLAR PAPER ONLY

National Quali cations EXEMPLAR PAPER ONLY H National Qualications EXEMPLAR PAPER ONLY EP01/H/01 Accounting Date Not applicable Duration 2 hours Total s 100 SECTION 1 40 s Attempt this question SECTION 2 60 s Attempt ALL questions You may use a

More information

Key Concepts and Skills. Standardized Financial. Chapter Outline. Ratio Analysis. Categories of Financial Ratios 1-1. Chapter 3

Key Concepts and Skills. Standardized Financial. Chapter Outline. Ratio Analysis. Categories of Financial Ratios 1-1. Chapter 3 Key Concepts and Skills Chapter 3 Working With Financial Statements Know how to standardize financial statements for comparison purposes Know how to compute and interpret important financial ratios Know

More information

Analyzing the Statement of Cash Flows

Analyzing the Statement of Cash Flows Analyzing the Statement of Cash Flows Operating Activities NACM Upstate New York Credit Conference 2015 By Ron Sereika, CCE,CEW NACM 1 Objectives of this Educational Session u Show how the statement of

More information

Easter School Accounting Grade 12. Interpretation of Financial Statements 27 March 2013

Easter School Accounting Grade 12. Interpretation of Financial Statements 27 March 2013 KEY CONCEPTS: In this session we will focus on: - Ratios X-PLANATION INTRODUCTION: Ratios For our curriculum in Grade 12 we are going to use ratios to analyse the information available in the Income Statement

More information

Indian Accounting Standard (Ind AS) 7 Statement of Cash Flows

Indian Accounting Standard (Ind AS) 7 Statement of Cash Flows Contents Indian Accounting Standard (Ind AS) 7 Statement of Cash Flows Paragraphs OBJECTIVE SCOPE 1 3 BENEFITS OF CASH FLOW INFORMATION 4 5 DEFINITIONS 6 9 Cash and cash equivalents 7 9 PRESENTATION OF

More information

GCSE Business Studies. Ratios. For first teaching from September 2009 For first award in Summer 2011

GCSE Business Studies. Ratios. For first teaching from September 2009 For first award in Summer 2011 GCSE Business Studies Ratios For first teaching from September 2009 For first award in Summer 2011 Ratios At the end of this unit students should be able to: Interpret and analyse final accounts and balance

More information

7 Management of Working Capital

7 Management of Working Capital 7 Management of Working Capital BASIC CONCEPTS AND FORMULAE 1. Working Capital Management Working Capital Management involves managing the balance between firm s shortterm assets and its short-term liabilities.

More information

Ratios and interpretation

Ratios and interpretation Unit Ratios and interpretation As we learnt in our earlier studies, accounting information is used to answer two key questions about a business: Is it making a profit? Are its assets sufficient to meet

More information

SOLUTION ADVANCED FINANCIAL REPORTING MAY 2010

SOLUTION ADVANCED FINANCIAL REPORTING MAY 2010 (a) WORKINGS CONSOLIDATION SCHEDULE Silver Ltd: Ordinary share capital (60:10) Preference shares (40:60) Capital surplus: At acquisition (60:40) Post acquisition (60:40) (1,070,000 900,000) Fair value

More information

Consolidated balance sheet

Consolidated balance sheet Consolidated balance sheet Non current assets 31/12/2009 31/12/2008 (*) 01/01/2008 (*) Property, plant and equipment 1,352 1,350 1,144 Investment property 7 11 11 Fixed assets held under concessions 13,089

More information

Profit attributable to: Owners of the parent 116,500 Non-controlling interest (w (ii)) 15,200 131,700

Profit attributable to: Owners of the parent 116,500 Non-controlling interest (w (ii)) 15,200 131,700 Answers Fundamentals Level Skills Module, Paper F7 (INT) Financial Reporting (International) June 2014 Answers 1 (a) Penketh Consolidated goodwill as at 1 October 2013 Controlling interest Share exchange

More information

Chapter 3 Analysis of Financial Statements ANSWERS TO END-OF-CHAPTER QUESTIONS

Chapter 3 Analysis of Financial Statements ANSWERS TO END-OF-CHAPTER QUESTIONS Chapter 3 nalysis of Financial Statements NSWERS TO END-OF-CHPTER QUESTIONS 3-1 a. liquidity ratio is a ratio that shows the relationship of a firm s cash and other current assets to its current liabilities.

More information

Understanding Financial Information for Bankruptcy Lawyers Understanding Financial Statements

Understanding Financial Information for Bankruptcy Lawyers Understanding Financial Statements Understanding Financial Information for Bankruptcy Lawyers Understanding Financial Statements In the United States, businesses generally present financial information in the form of financial statements

More information

CASH FLOW STATEMENT. MODULE - 6A Analysis of Financial Statements. Cash Flow Statement. Notes

CASH FLOW STATEMENT. MODULE - 6A Analysis of Financial Statements. Cash Flow Statement. Notes MODULE - 6A Cash Flow Statement 30 CASH FLOW STATEMENT In the previous lesson, you have learnt various types of analysis of financial statements and its tools such as comparative statements, common size

More information

Working Capital Concept & Animation

Working Capital Concept & Animation Working Capital Concept & Animation Meaning A measure of both a company's efficiency and its short-term financial health. The working capital is calculated as: Working Capital = Current Assets Current

More information

1.1 Role and Responsibilities of Financial Managers

1.1 Role and Responsibilities of Financial Managers 1 Financial Analysis 1.1 Role and Responsibilities of Financial Managers (1) Planning and Forecasting set up financial plans for their organisations in order to shape the company s future position (2)

More information

INSTITUTE OF ACTUARIES OF INDIA. CT2 Finance and Financial Reporting MAY 2009 EXAMINATION INDICATIVE SOLUTION

INSTITUTE OF ACTUARIES OF INDIA. CT2 Finance and Financial Reporting MAY 2009 EXAMINATION INDICATIVE SOLUTION INSTITUTE OF ACTUARIES OF INDIA CT2 Finance and Financial Reporting MAY 2009 EXAMINATION INDICATIVE SOLUTION General guidelines to markers: The solutions provided here are indicative ones. Please award

More information

Company Financial Plan

Company Financial Plan Financial Modeling Templates http://spreadsheetml.com/finance/companyfinancialplan.shtml Copyright (c) 2009-2014, ConnectCode All Rights Reserved. ConnectCode accepts no responsibility for any adverse

More information

How To Calculate Financial Leverage Ratio

How To Calculate Financial Leverage Ratio What Do Short-Term Liquidity Ratios Measure? What Is Working Capital? HOCK international - 2004 1 HOCK international - 2004 2 How Is the Current Ratio Calculated? How Is the Quick Ratio Calculated? HOCK

More information

Article Accounting Terminology

Article Accounting Terminology Article Accounting Terminology Contents Page 1. Accounting Period... 4 2. Accounts Payable (Sundry Creditors)... 4 3. Accounts Receivable (Sundry Debtors)... 4 4. Assets... 4 5. Benchmarks... 4 6. B.O.S.

More information

RAPID REVIEW Chapter Content

RAPID REVIEW Chapter Content RAPID REVIEW BASIC ACCOUNTING EQUATION (Chapter 2) INVENTORY (Chapters 5 and 6) Basic Equation Assets Owner s Equity Expanded Owner s Owner s Assets Equation = Liabilities Capital Drawing Revenues Debit

More information

FNCE 3010 (Durham). HW2 (Financial ratios)

FNCE 3010 (Durham). HW2 (Financial ratios) FNCE 3010 (Durham). HW2 (Financial ratios) 1. What effect would the following actions have on a firms net working capital and current ratio (assume NWC is positive and current ratio is initially greater

More information

tutor2u tutor2u Interactive Business Simulations Finance: Cash Flow Management

tutor2u tutor2u Interactive Business Simulations Finance: Cash Flow Management Interactive Business Simulations Finance: Cash Flow Management Note: this interactive simulator is designed to be viewed using an up-to-date internet browser. Users must also have Macromedia Flash Player

More information

tutor2u Working Capital Introduction to the Management of Working Capital AS & A2 Business Studies PowerPoint Presentations 2005

tutor2u Working Capital Introduction to the Management of Working Capital AS & A2 Business Studies PowerPoint Presentations 2005 Working Capital Introduction to the Management of Working Capital AS & A2 Business Studies PowerPoint Presentations 2005 Introduction All businesses need cash to survive Cash is needed to: Invest in fixed

More information

Sri Lanka Accounting Standard-LKAS 7. Statement of Cash Flows

Sri Lanka Accounting Standard-LKAS 7. Statement of Cash Flows Sri Lanka Accounting Standard-LKAS 7 Statement of Cash Flows CONTENTS SRI LANKA ACCOUNTING STANDARD-LKAS 7 STATEMENT OF CASH FLOWS paragraphs OBJECTIVE SCOPE 1 3 BENEFITS OF CASH FLOW INFORMATION 4 5 DEFINITIONS

More information

CHAPTER FOUR Cash Accounting, Accrual Accounting, and Discounted Cash Flow Valuation

CHAPTER FOUR Cash Accounting, Accrual Accounting, and Discounted Cash Flow Valuation CHAPTER FOUR Cash Accounting, Accrual Accounting, and Discounted Cash Flow Valuation Concept Questions C4.1. There are difficulties in comparing multiples of earnings and book values - the old techniques

More information

Actuarial Society of India

Actuarial Society of India Actuarial Society of India EXAMINATIONS November 2004 SUBJECT - 108: Finance and Financial Reporting Indicative Solution S-108 Page 1 of 7 1 D 2 C 3 B 4 D 5 D 6 A 7 B 8 C 9 B 10 D 11 Trade credit is short-term

More information

Paper F9. Financial Management. Fundamentals Pilot Paper Skills module. The Association of Chartered Certified Accountants

Paper F9. Financial Management. Fundamentals Pilot Paper Skills module. The Association of Chartered Certified Accountants Fundamentals Pilot Paper Skills module Financial Management Time allowed Reading and planning: Writing: 15 minutes 3 hours ALL FOUR questions are compulsory and MUST be attempted. Do NOT open this paper

More information

Financial Statement Ratio Analysis

Financial Statement Ratio Analysis Management Accounting 319 Financial Statement Ratio Analysis Financial statements as prepared by the accountant are documents containing much valuable information. Some of the information requires little

More information

Fundamentals Level Skills Module, Paper F7 (INT)

Fundamentals Level Skills Module, Paper F7 (INT) Answers Fundamentals Level Skills Module, Paper F7 (INT) Financial Reporting (International) June 2013 Answers 1 (a) Paradigm Consolidated statement of financial position as at 31 March 2013 Assets Non-current

More information

It is vital that the most important ratios are learned, and that intelligent comment can be made on the results.

It is vital that the most important ratios are learned, and that intelligent comment can be made on the results. Interpretation of Financial Statements By: Brendan Doyle, BA (Hons) in Accounting, MBS Accounting, MA, H. Dip. Ed. Acting Head of Department of Accounting & Business Computing in Athlone Institute of Technology,

More information

Managerial Accounting Prof. Dr. Varadraj Bapat Department of School of Management Indian Institute of Technology, Bombay

Managerial Accounting Prof. Dr. Varadraj Bapat Department of School of Management Indian Institute of Technology, Bombay Managerial Accounting Prof. Dr. Varadraj Bapat Department of School of Management Indian Institute of Technology, Bombay Lecture - 18 Financial Statements Analysis Dabur India Case Dear students, in last

More information

Intermediate (IPC)Course Paper 3 Part 2 Financial Management Chapter 3 CA. N Raja Natarajan, B.Com, PGDBA, ACA

Intermediate (IPC)Course Paper 3 Part 2 Financial Management Chapter 3 CA. N Raja Natarajan, B.Com, PGDBA, ACA Intermediate (IPC)Course Paper 3 Part 2 Financial Management Chapter 3 CA. N Raja Natarajan, B.Com, PGDBA, ACA Classification of Ratios Liquidity Ratios Capital Structure / Leverage Ratios Activity Ratios

More information

Sources of finance (Or where can we get money from?)

Sources of finance (Or where can we get money from?) Sources of finance (Or where can we get money from?) Why do we need finance? 1. Setting up a business 2. Need to finance our day-to-day activities 3. Expansion 4. Research into new products 5. Special

More information

Understanding Financial Management: A Practical Guide Guideline Answers to the Concept Check Questions

Understanding Financial Management: A Practical Guide Guideline Answers to the Concept Check Questions Understanding Financial Management: A Practical Guide Guideline Answers to the Concept Check Questions Chapter 3 Interpreting Financial Ratios Concept Check 3.1 1. What are the different motivations that

More information

Chapters 3 and 13 Financial Statement and Cash Flow Analysis

Chapters 3 and 13 Financial Statement and Cash Flow Analysis Chapters 3 and 13 Financial Statement and Cash Flow Analysis Balance Sheet Assets Cash Inventory Accounts Receivable Property Plant Equipment Total Assets Liabilities and Shareholder s Equity Accounts

More information

SESSION 07 INTERPRETATION OF FINANCIAL STATEMENTS PART 1. GDM Managing Finance

SESSION 07 INTERPRETATION OF FINANCIAL STATEMENTS PART 1. GDM Managing Finance SESSION 07 INTERPRETATION OF FINANCIAL STATEMENTS PART 1 GDM Managing Finance Accounting Management Accounting Financial Accounting Session 07 Synopsis 1. Objective of accounting 2. Users of accounting

More information

6. Debt Valuation and the Cost of Capital

6. Debt Valuation and the Cost of Capital 6. Debt Valuation and the Cost of Capital Introduction Firms rarely finance capital projects by equity alone. They utilise long and short term funds from a variety of sources at a variety of costs. No

More information

Article - Working Capital Management By Bernard Vallely FCCA MBA Examiner Professional 1 Managerial Finance & Professional 2 Financial Management

Article - Working Capital Management By Bernard Vallely FCCA MBA Examiner Professional 1 Managerial Finance & Professional 2 Financial Management Article - Working Capital Management By Bernard Vallely FCCA MBA Examiner Professional 1 Managerial Finance & Professional 2 Financial Management Working Capital An organisation s working capital refers

More information

Finance Master. Winter 2015/16. Jprof. Narly Dwarkasing University of Bonn, IFS

Finance Master. Winter 2015/16. Jprof. Narly Dwarkasing University of Bonn, IFS Finance Master Winter 2015/16 Jprof. Narly Dwarkasing University of Bonn, IFS Chapter 2 Outline 2.1 Firms Disclosure of Financial Information 2.2 The Balance Sheet 2.3 The Income Statement 2.4 The Statement

More information

Paper F9. Financial Management. Friday 7 June 2013. Fundamentals Level Skills Module. The Association of Chartered Certified Accountants.

Paper F9. Financial Management. Friday 7 June 2013. Fundamentals Level Skills Module. The Association of Chartered Certified Accountants. Fundamentals Level Skills Module Financial Management Friday 7 June 2013 Time allowed Reading and planning: Writing: 15 minutes 3 hours ALL FOUR questions are compulsory and MUST be attempted. Formulae

More information

Is Apple overvalued? An Introduction to Financial Analysis

Is Apple overvalued? An Introduction to Financial Analysis Is overvalued? An Introduction to Financial Analysis The fact that the stock price almost doubled during the last year, was evidence enough for many people to say that investors had gone crazy. Other people

More information

You have learnt about the financial statements

You have learnt about the financial statements Analysis of Financial Statements 4 You have learnt about the financial statements (Income Statement and Balance Sheet) of companies. Basically, these are summarised financial reports which provide the

More information