With compliments. Bayer

Transcription

1 With compliments Bayer

2 Diabetes Its Medical and Cultural History Outlines - Texts - Bibliography Edited by Dietrich von Engelhardt With 50 Figures Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg New York London Paris Tokyo Hong Kong

3 Prof. Dr. phil. Dietrich von Engelhardt Institut fur Medizinund Wissenschaftsgeschichte Medizinische Universitat zu Lubeck Ratzeburger Allee Lubeck Coverillustration: Ductus Pancreaticus, Engraving from a drawing by Johann Georg Wirsung ( ), 17th century ISBN-13: DOl: / e-isbn-13: This work is subject to copyright. All rights are reserved, whether the whole or part of the material is concerned, specifically the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations, recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on microfilms or in other ways, and storage in data banks. Duplication of this publication or parts thereof is only permitted under the provisions of the German Copyright Law of September 9, 1965, in its version of June 24, 1985, and a copyright fee must always be paid. Violations fall under the prosecution act of the German Copyright Law. Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg 1989 Softcover reprint of the hardcover 1st edition 1989 The use of general descriptive names, trade names, trade marks, etc. in this publication, even if the former are not especially identified, is not to be taken as a sign that such names, as understood by the Trade Marks and Merchandise Marks Act, may accordingly be used freely by anyone. Product Liability: The publisher can give no guarantee for information about drug dosage and application thereof contained in this book. In every individual case the respective user must check its accuracy by consulting other pharmaceutical literature. 2127/3140/ Printed on acid-free paper

4 Preface "Diabetes is a puzzling disease. It is not very common and consists of a liquefaction of the flesh and limbs into urine." This is the first sentence of the classical treatise on diabetes by Aretaios in the first century A. D. While we may concur with the first part of this sentence, the second part of course no longer applies to the to 2 million diabetics in the Federal Republic. The strength and impotence of medical progress are impressively shown in diabetes. Reports of this disease and the search for therapeutic aid go back to antiquity; empirical knowledge increased extensively, the affliction was significantly reduced. Yet so far no medical advance had been able to overcome this disease. It is profitable to direct one's gaze, again and again, back into the past. The decisive aspects of the historical development are the terminology and phenomenology of the disease, its etiology and treatment. But diabetes also always implies that the patient is a person, with speech, awareness and social relationships. Medicine is both science and art; disease fundamentally portrays a physical, psychical, social and intellectual phenomenon. The present volume, after a brief sketch of the historical development of diabetes, contains, on the one hand, a series of important studies in the history of science as a guide to the aspects mentioned; on the other hand, it combines in a bibliography the important titles of the primary sources and the secondary literature. The references have not been revised and thus have been printed as they appeared in the original publication; the original illustrations have not been reproduced. Indexes of persons and subjects will facilitate orientation and aid further study. In general, it is to be hoped that this book may provide a clear overview as a stimulus to further individual research. Many thanks are due to Bayer AG (Leverkusen), especially Drs. K.J. PreuB and U. Hohner, for supporting this publication. I am also grateful to the Springer company and Mrs. H. Hensler-Fritton for their competent and helpful assistance in publishing the book. Lubeck, Autumn 1989

5 Contents Preface V Historical Outlines Antiquity.... Middle Ages Modern Era.... Diabetics of the Past.... Literature and Art Literary texts A Sad Fall Angus Wilson (1957) The Song of Diabetes Cecil Striker (1952) The Clever Diabetic Wilhelm Jaenecke (1969) 34 Texts Relating to the History of Scientific Study General Development The History of Diabetes mellitus Hans Schadewaldt (1975) Diabetes, Sugar Consumption and Luxury Through the Ages. A Question Posed by History Erich Ebstein (1928)

6 VIII Contents Antiquity Diabetes Karl Kalbfleisch (1958)... " 109 Synonyms for Diabetes in Antiquity and Their Etymology Hermann Orth (1964) News, Notes and Queries. On the Term Diabetes in the Works of Aretaeus and Galen Folke Henschen (1969) Aretaeus the Cappadocian. His Contribution to Diabetes Mellitus Eugene J. Leopold (1930) India and China Epistemological Fashions in Interpreting Disease. The Deleterious Effects of Western Terminology on the Application of the Scientific Tradition of Chinese Medicine (illustrated by the case of diabetes mellitus VS. sitis diffundens [shiao-k'o ]) Manfred Porkert (1977) The Urinary Flux of the Ancient Indians, Prameha (with Special Reference to the Carakasamhita) Reinhold F. G. Muller (1932) Renaissance - 19th Century Paracelsus and the Sugar Disease Hans Schadewaldt (1977) The First Description of the Symptoms of Experimental Pancreatic Diabetes by the Swiss Johann Conrad Brunner ( ) Ole Christian Zimmermann (1945) 209 John Rollo Alexander Marble (1956)

7 Contents IX Matthew Dobson (1735?-1784). Clinical Investigator of Diabetes Mellitus anonymous (1967) Then and Now: 100 Years of Diabetes Mellitus Horst and Joseph Schumacher (1956)., On the Development of Anatomical Research on the Pancreas from Vesalius to Bichat. Part I: from Vesalius to Kerckring Hans-Michael Dittrich and Herwig Hahn von Dorsche (1975) On the Development of Anatomical Research on the Pancreas from Vesalius to Bichat. Part II: from Borelli to Bichat Hans-Michael Dittrich and Herwig Hahn von Dorsche (1978) From the History of Diabetes with Particular Reference to the Pancreas Erich Ebstein (1924) First Steps in Claude Bernard's Discovery of the Glycogenic Function of the Liver Mirko Drazen Grmek (1968) The Priority Dispute between Claude Bernard and Victor Hensen about the Discovery of Glycogen Rudiger Porep (1971) Paul Langerhans - of Islets and Islands Gunther Wolff (1978) The Discovery of Pancreatic Diabetes. The Role of Oscar Minkowski Bernardo Alberto Houssay (1952) Apollinaire Bouchardat Elliot P.Joslin (1952) The First Case of Diabetic Retinopathy (Eduard von Jaeger, Vienna 1853) Franz Fischer (1957)

8 x Contents The History of Traumatic Diabetes Viggo Thomsen (1938) Insulin Precursors - a Historical Sketch. The First Attempts at Treating Diabetes with Pancreatic Extracts Karl Heinz Leickert (1975) Karl Petren. A Leader in Pre-Insulin Dietary Therapy of Diabetes Russell M. Wilder (1955) Discovery of Insulin On the History of the Discovery of Insulin Joseph H. Pratt (1954) Problems of Priority in the Discovery of Insulin Eric Martin (1971) Right and Wrong Avenues of Exploration in German Insulin Research Paula Drtigemoller and Leo Norpoth (1953) Years of Insulin Treatment at the Vienna Hospital for Children - the Fate of Diabetic Children from the First Insulin Era (1973) W. Korp and Ernst Zweymtiller The Beginning of the Diabetic Association in England Robert Daniel Lawrence (1952) The Early History of the American Diabetes Association Cecil Striker (1956) Bibliography of Primary Sources Bibliography of Secondary Literature