Appendix S3. Watercourse Distances and Estimates of Stray Rates
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1 Conservation Biology Supporting Information Appendix S3 Appendix S3. Watercourse Distances and Estimates of Stray Rates Inter-population watercourse distances We used ArcInfo 9.3 Network Analyst (ESRI, Redlands CA) to calculate the distance along the midline of a stream network (1:100,000 National Hydrography Dataset; between a population s location (geographic coordinate) and each other populations in the metapopulation. Here, we provide pairwise distances between populations for both historical (Tables 1, 3, 5, and 6) and current fish distributions (Tables 2, 4, 5 and 7). Estimation of stray rates We parameterized our dispersal model using inter-population stray rates of 2% and 5% for Chinook salmon and steelhead, respectively. Stray rates are notoriously difficult to measure, and estimates vary considerably (Table 8). The stray rates we used were chosen primarily from the study by Keefer et al. (2005) for Chinook salmon and steelhead in the Columbia River. Their radiotelemetry study focused on the same species and river basin as our study, and was able to parse different stray rates for fish that were either fin-clipped at hatcheries or not, and whether fish were transported over hydropower dams. Although their study focused on the upper Columbia and Snake Rivers, these values were within the range of values found by Hendry et al. (2004) in their review of published studies, which included Lower Columbia populations (see Table 8). Because both of these papers and other studies (Quinn 1993; Pess 2009) suggested that hatchery fish may stray at higher rates than wild fish, we increased stray rates by 3% for each species to 5% for Chinook salmon and 8% for steelhead for scenarios having hatchery fish. These values were arbitrary and we recognize that this is a simplification. Stray rates likely differ between individual population pairs, and values may be influenced by factors not considered in our modeling. To acknowledge this uncertainty, we conducted a sensitivity analysis to evaluate the effect of these parameter values on model results. We tested values ranging from 0.5% to 15%. Hendry, A.P., V. Castric, M.T. Kinnison, and T.P. Quinn The evolution of philopatry and dispersal. Pages and Appendix 1 in A.P. Hendry and S.S. Stearns, editors. Evolution Illiminated. Oxford University Press. Keefer, M. L., C. A. Peery, J. Firehammer, and M. L. Moser Straying rates of known-origin adult Chinook salmon and steelhead within the Columbia River basin, Idaho Cooperative Fish and Wildlife Research Unit, Technical Report to the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, Portland, Oregon. (accessed February 2011). Pess, G.R Patterns and processes of salmon colonization. PhD dissertation, School of Aquatic and Fishery Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle. Quinn, T.P A review of homing and straying of wild and hatchery-produced salmon. Fisheries Research 18:29-44.
2 Conservation Biology Supporting Information Appendix S3 page 2 Table 1. Distance matrix for spring Chinook salmon, where. dij = distance (km) between population nodes. Here, node locations were calculated using historical fish distributions. BWS CAL CIS CLA HOO KAL MCK MFW MOL NFL NSA SAN SSA TIL TOU UCO Big White Salmon (BWS) 0 Calapooia (CAL) Cispus River (CIS) Clackamas River (CLA) Hood River (HOO) Kalama River (KAL) McKenzie (MCK) MF Willamette (MFW) Molalla (MOL) NF Lewis River (NFL) North Santiam (NSA) Sandy River (SAN) South Santiam (SSA) Tilton River (TIL) Toutle River (TOU) Upper Cowlitz (UCO)
3 Conservation Biology Supporting Information Appendix S3 page 3 Table 2. Distance matrix for spring Chinook salmon, where. dij = distance (km) between population nodes. Here, node locations were calculated using current fish distributions. BWS CAL CIS CLA HOO KAL MCK MFW MOL NFL NSA SAN SSA TIL TOU UCO Big White Salmon (BWS) 0 Calapooia (CAL) 0 0 Cispus River (CIS) Clackamas River (CLA) Hood River (HOO) Kalama River (KAL) McKenzie (MCK) MF Willamette (MFW) Molalla (MOL) NF Lewis River (NFL) North Santiam (NSA) Sandy River (SAN) South Santiam (SSA) Tilton River (TIL) Toutle River (TOU) Upper Cowlitz (UCO)
4 Conservation Biology Supporting Information Appendix S3 page 4 Table 3. Distance matrix for fall Chinook salmon, where. dij = distance (km) between population nodes. Here, node locations were calculated using historical fish distributions. BIG BWS CHI CLA CLT COW ELO GRA HOO KAL LEW LCO LGO MAG SAL SAN SCA TOU UCO UGO WAS YOU Big Creek (BIG) 0 Big White Salmon (BWS) Chinook River (CHI) Clackamas River (CLA) Clatskanie River (CLT) Coweeman River (COW) Elochoman River (ELO) Grays River (GRA) Hood River (HOO) Kalama River (KAL) Lewis River (LEW) Lower Cowlitz (LCO) Lower Gorge (LGO) Mill Creek (MAG) Salmon Creek (SAL) Sandy River (SAN) Scappoose River (SCA) Toutle River (TOU) Upper Cowlitz (UCO) Upper Gorge (UGO) Washougal R (WAS) Youngs Bay (YOU)
5 Conservation Biology Supporting Information Appendix S3 page 5 Table 4. Distance matrix for fall Chinook salmon, where. dij = distance (km) between population nodes. Here, node locations were calculated using current fish distributions. BIG BWS CHI CLA CLT COW ELO GRA HOO KAL LEW LCO LGO MAG SAL SAN SCA TOU UCO UGO WAS YOU Big Creek (BIG) 0 Big White Salmon (BWS) 0 0 Chinook River (CHI) Clackamas River (CLA) Clatskanie River (CLT) Coweeman River (COW) Elochoman River (ELO) Grays River (GRA) Hood River (HOO) Kalama River (KAL) Lewis River (LEW) Lower Cowlitz (LCO) Lower Gorge (LGO) Mill Creek (MAG) Salmon Creek (SAL) Sandy River (SAN) Scappoose River (SCA) Toutle River (TOU) Upper Cowlitz (UCO) Upper Gorge (UGO) Washougal R (WAS) Youngs Bay (YOU)
6 Conservation Biology Supporting Information Appendix S3 page 6 Table 5. Distance matrix for summer steelhead, where. dij = distance (km) between population nodes. Here, node locations were calculated using historical fish distributions*. ELF HOO KAL NFL WAS WIN EF Lewis River (EFL) 0 Hood River (HOO) Kalama River (KAL) NF Lewis River (NFL)* Washougal River (WAS) Wind River (WIN) *For current fish distributions, the distances between the North Fork Lewis population and each of the other populations were: 44, 163, 71, 94, and 149 km due to habitat blocked by dams.
7 Conservation Biology Supporting Information Appendix S3 page 7 Table 6. Distance matrix for winter steelhead, where. dij = distance (km) between population nodes. Here, node locations were calculated using historical fish distributions. CAL CIS CLA COW EFL HOO KAL LCO LGO MOL NFL NFT NSA SAL SAN SFT SSA TIL UCO UGO WAS WST Calapooia (CAL) 0 Cispus River (CIS) Clackamas River (CLA) Coweeman River (COW) EF Lewis River (EFL) Hood River (HOO) Kalama River (KAL) Lower Cowlitz (LCO) Lower Gorge (LGO) Molalla (MOL) NF Lewis River (NFL) NF Toutle River (NFT) North Santiam (NSA) Salmon Creek (SAL) Sandy River (SAN) SF Toutle River (SFT) South Santiam (SSA) Tilton River (TIL) Upper Cowlitz (UCO) Upper Gorge (UGO) Washougal R (WAS) West Side Tribs (WST)
8 Conservation Biology Supporting Information Appendix S3 page 8 Table 7. Distance matrix for winter steelhead, where. dij = distance (km) between population nodes. Here, node locations were calculated using current fish distributions. CAL CIS CLA COW EFL HOO KAL LCO LGO MOL NFL NFT NSA SAL SAN SFT SSA TIL UCO UGO WAS WST Calapooia (CAL) 0 Cispus River (CIS) Clackamas River (CLA) Coweeman River (COW) EF Lewis River (EFL) Hood River (HOO) Kalama River (KAL) Lower Cowlitz (LCO) Lower Gorge (LGO) Molalla (MOL) NF Lewis River (NFL) NF Toutle River (NFT) North Santiam (NSA) Salmon Creek (SAL) Sandy River (SAN) SF Toutle River (SFT) South Santiam (SSA) Tilton River (TIL) Upper Cowlitz (UCO) Upper Gorge (UGO) Washougal R (WAS) West Side Tribs (WST)
9 Conservation Biology Supporting Information Appendix S3 page 9 Table 8. Summary of published stray rates for Pacific salmon, from Keefer et al. (2005) and Appendix 1 in Hendry et al. (2004) (see references therein). Records are ordered by their relevance to inter-population straying among Columbia River populations. Stray rate refers to the number of known-origin adults collected at non-natal sites divided by the total number of tagged adults collected at all sites (i.e., straying from a site). It is possible that adults would not have spawned at the site at which they were collected. Each study is also challenged by differing amounts of hatchery-origin fish present, and on conditions during the period in which juveniles would imprint on cues for accurate homing. For example, Keefer et al. (2005) found higher stray rates for fish that had been fin-clipped at hatcheries, and also for fish that had transported downstream through hydropower systems as juveniles. Study Stray rate Spatial extent Method Chinook salmon Keefer et al Tributaries to river (Columbia and Snake rivers) Radiotelemetry Pascual et al Tributaries to river (lower Columbia River basin) Coded wire tags Quinn and Fresh Tributaries to river (lower Columbia River basin) Coded wire tags Quinn et al Tributaries to river (lower Columbia River basin) Coded wire tags Sholes and Hallock Tributaries to river (Sacramento, CA) Coded wire tags and fin clips Candy & Beacham Rivers (with tributaries) into ocean; WA and BC Coded wire tags Hard and Heard Rivers into ocean (southeast AK) Coded wire tags Unwin and Quinn Rivers into ocean (New Zealand) Coded wire tags Steelhead Keefer et al Tributaries to river (Columbia and Snake rivers) Radiotelemetry Kenaston et al Tributaries to river (Siuslaw, OR) Fin clips Schroeder et al Rivers into ocean (OR) Fin clips Shapovalov and Taft Rivers into ocean (northern CA) Fin clips
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