TIME LINE THE ANCIENT PERIOD. c B.C. Thales predicts solar eclipse, 585 B.C. c B.C. Buddha, c B.C.

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1 S TIME LINE THE ANCIENT PERIOD Thales* c B.C. Thales predicts solar eclipse, 585 B.C. Anaximander Anaximenes Pythagoras Xenophanes Heraclitus Parmenides c B.C. Lao-tzu, c. 575 B.C. c B.C. Buddha, c B.C. c B.C. Confucius, B.C. c B.C. c B.C. Republic of Rome established, c. 508 B.C. c B.C. Sophocles, c B.C. Anaxagoras B.C. Battle of Marathon, 490 B.C. Empedocles Zeno the Eleatic Portagoras Gorgias Socrates Democritus Plato c B.C. c B.C. Parthenon built in Athens, 438 B.C. c B.C. c B.C. Peloponnesian War, B.C. c B.C. Trial and death of Socrates, 399 B.C. c B.C. c B.C. Plato founds the Academy, c. 388 B.C. Aristotle B.C. Aristotle founds the Lyceum, 334 B.C. Pyrrho c B.C. Death of Alexander the Great, 323 B.C. *Philosophers whose names appear in boldface appear in this volume. xi

2 xii time line THE ANCIENT PERIOD Epicurus B.C. Epicurus opens school in Athens, 306 B.C. Zeno the Stoic c B.C. Zeno opens school at the Stoa, 301 B.C. Rome conquers the Greek world, B.C. Caesar is dictator of Rome, B.C. Jesus Christ, c. 4 B.C. A.D. 30 Epictetus c Romans destroy Temple in Jerusalem, 70 Marcus Aurelius Sextus Empiricus c. 200 Plotinus THE MEDIEVAL PERIOD Constantine grants tolerance to Christianity, 313 Augustine Theodosius I makes Christianity the state religion of Rome, 392 Boethius c Fall of the Roman Empire in the West, 476 John Scotus Erigena c Muhammad, c Avicenna Anselm Al-Ghazali Peter Abelard William of Normandy conquers England, 1066 Start of the Crusades, 1096 Averroës University of Paris founded, 1160

3 time line xiii THE MEDIEVAL PERIOD Moses Maimonides Oxford University founded, 1167 Cambridge University founded, 1209 Thomas Aquinas Meister Eckhart c Dante Alighieri, John Duns Scotus c The Black Death ravages Europe, William of Ockham c THE MODERN PERIOD Thomas Hobbes Johann Gutenberg invents the printing press, 1445 Leonardo da Vinci, René Descartes The reign of Louis XIV in France, Blaise Pascal Benedict (Baruch) Johann Sebastian Bach, Spinoza John Locke Two Treatises on Government, 1689 Isaac Newton Publication of Principia Mathematica, 1687 Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz George Berkeley Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart, Voltaire Candide, 1759 David Hume Ludwig van Beethoven,

4 xiv time line THE MODERN PERIOD Jean-Jacques American Revolution, Rousseau Adam Smith The Wealth of Nations, 1776 Immanuel Kant Critique of Pure Reason, 1781 Edmund Burke French Revolution, William Paley Jeremy Bentham Industrial Revolution in England, c Napoleon crowns himself emperor of France, 1804 Mary Charles Darwin, Wollstonecraft Richard Wagner, Georg W. F. Hegel Fyodor Dostoevsky, Leo Tolstoy, Arthur Second French Revolution, 1830 Schopenhauer Opium War in China, 1839 Auguste Comte Italian Revolution, 1848 John Stuart Mill On Liberty, 1859 Darwin s Origin of Species, 1859 Søren Fear and Trembling, 1841 Kierkegaard Karl Marx The Communist Manifesto, 1848 Sigmund Freud, Friedrich Engels American Civil War, Bismark unites Germany, 1870 C. G. Jung, Friedrich Nietzsche Pablo Picasso, James Joyce, Virginia Woolf, The Dreyfus Affair (France), 1899

5 time line xv THE CONTEMPORARY PERIOD Charles S. Peirce Albert Einstein presents theory of relativity, 1905 William James W. K. Clifford Gottlob Frege First World War, Edmund Husserl Henri Bergson Russian Communist Revolution, 1917 John Dewey Gandhi begins his crusade for Indian independence, 1919 Alfred North Joseph Stalin becomes general secretary Whitehead of the Communist party, 1922 Bertrand Russell The Great Depression, Spanish Civil War, G. E. Moore Ludwig Second World War, Wittgenstein Martin Heidegger Dropping of the atomic bomb on Hiroshima August 6, 1945 Rudolph Carnap India gains independence, 1947 Gilbert Ryle Israel becomes a nation, 1949 Karl Popper People s Republic of China under Mao Tse-tung established, 1949 Crick and Watson identify the structure of DNA, 1953 John Wisdom Korean War, Jean-Paul Sartre Cuban Missile Crisis, 1962

6 xvi time line THE CONTEMPORARY PERIOD Nelson Goodman Assassination of John F. Kennedy, 1963 Simone de Beauvoir Willard V. O. Quine War in Vietnam, A. J. Ayer Assassination of Martin Luther King, Jr., 1968 Philippa Foot b John Rawls b A Theory of Justice, 1971 Thomas Kuhn The fall of the Soviet Union, 1991 Michel Foucault Apartheid ends in South Africa, 1994 Thomas Nagel b Islamic terrorist attacks on U.S. World Trade Center and Pentagon September 11, 2001