Leven we in 2050 in een energie-neutrale wijk?
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1 Leven we in 2050 in een energie-neutrale wijk? Opslagvan elektriciteit in de wijk: wat, waar, hoeveel? Marjan van den Akker (Utrecht University) Stephan Leemhuis (DNV KEMA, Utrecht University) Gabriël Bloemhof (DNV KEMA) 1
2 Even voorstellen Wiskunde (Ir) TU/e Promotie wiskunde TU/e: Operations research, scheduling Nationaal Lucht- en Ruimtevaartlaboratorium: modelleren, optimalisatie en simulatie Air Traffic Management (en Rekeningrijden) Universiteit Utrecht: Docent/onderzoeker Informatica: Decision support systems Advanced planning algorithms Smart energy systems 2
3 Electricity networks are changing Decentral generation(dg) Solar panels Wind generators Combined heat and power (CHP) 3
4 Example low voltage Network Model Grid connection 190 houses School Shops Generation/ consumption 4
5 Consumption& generation patterns Individual power usage is highly variable 5-day solar radiation Solar energy may be available during hours of low consumption. 5
6 Storage systems to match supply and demand Enexis Smart Storage: residential area Etten-Leur (next talk) Lithium-ion-accu s `Een vakantie op autonome zonne-energie Holiday parc Vesting De Bronsbergen Zutphen EU project GROWDERS Batteries Flywheels Enexis 6
7 Why storage systems Storing decentrally generated energy Prevent overloading Prevent voltage drops Power delivery in case of black-out Trading W = V I Ohm's law : V = I R 7
8 EU-2050 Power Lab 16 mei, Ir. Jillis Raadschelders, DNV KEMA: Today: How can optimization models help to answer these questions? 8
9 How to use storage systems: layered optimization model Voltages, current, Charging,decharging Storage patterns What type of storage systems? How many? Where? 9 Decentral generation and consumption fixed!
10 Network model Nodes V: Users or connection points Edges E: connections between nodes Directed, current flow from node i to j (upstream negative) Discrete set of timeframes 10
11 Loadflow series model Placement of storage units is fixed Find: Current on all edges in each time period Voltage on all nodes in each time period charging, decharging, actual storage in nodes at each time period Within constraints With the objective: Minimize the energy taken from the grid connection multiplied by their prices i.e. maximize being energy neutral 11
12 Load flow series model 3-phase alternating current physics: large computation time Apply DC approximation Different from DC approximation found in other operations research papers. Constant current production 12
13 Loadflow series model Production at node: Consumption Decentral generation Node k Storage Production Network 13
14 Loadflow series model: constraints Kirchoff s current law: The sum of the currents leaving the vertex should be equal to the total net production of current of the vertex Kirchoff s voltage law: The net voltage drop around a loop should be zero, ensured by 14
15 Loadflow series model: constraints Network operational limits on: The voltages in nodes The current through edges Inventory: Inventory balance equation: In-efficiencies (losses) are included Amount of energy stored is bounded Power of decharging and charging is bounded Amount of energy stored: beginning = end 15
16 Loadflow series model Objective: Minimize the sum of the energy taken from the grid connection g i,t V N multiplied by their prices k i,t overload penalty cost maximize being energy neutral 16
17 Loadflow series model: summary Find: Current on all edges in each time period Voltage on all nodes in each time period charging, decharging, actual storage in nodes at each time period Within given constraints With the objective Linear programming problem 17
18 Recap: decomposition model Voltages, current, charging, decharging, and storage patterns? What type of storage systems? How many? Where? 18 Decentral generation and consumption fixed!
19 What type of storage systems, how many, where? Minimize costs storage + loadflow series model results Combinatorial optimization problem Many combinations possible 2 x 2 x 2 x 2 x 19
20 A long time ago Sissa ben Dahir, the Grand Vizer to the Indian king, Shirham, presented his latest creation to his ruler. It was a game called chess. The king was so pleased, that he told Sissa that he could name his own reward. Sissa replied, "Majesty, give me the sum of 10,000 rupees; or give me some wheat in the following manner: 1 grain to place on the first square of the chessboard, 2 grains to place on the second square, 4 grains for the third square, and 8 grains for the 4th square; and to continue in like manner, oh Mighty and Generous One, let me cover each of the 64 squares of the board." 20
21 Optimization of storage location SLOPER model: local search through set of possible storage locations To evaluate each storage location set: load flow series model SLOPER= Storage Location OPtimizationEfficient Routine 21
22 SLOPER model: simulated annealing 22
23 Storage placement tool Implementation in Java and ILOG CPLEX 12.2 Validation with Plexos and Power-Factory: Loadflow series model is reasonable approximation 23
24 Interesting extensions Overload durations Aging effects of storage systems Combine with AC Other approximations in loadflow series model: DC Linearised AC Combine with planning decentral generation Optimizing topology 24
25 References J.M. van den Akker, S.L. Leemhuis, G.A. Bloemhof (2012). Optimizing storage placement in electricity networks. Operations Research 2012, Energy, markets and mobility. Hannover. Related work: Maximize the amount of de-central generation within the limitations of the network J.M. van den Akker et al. (2010). Optimal distributed power generation under network load constraints. Proceedings of the 72nd European Study Group Mathematics with Industry, Amsterdam Optimize network topology A.N. Dimitriu (2012). Automatic planning tools for power system design. Master s thesis Utrecht University/DNV KEMA 25
26 Concluding remarks Storage systems are important to enable energy neutral neighborhoods Optimization algorithms are helpful to find out which, where, how many storage systems 26
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