BIPV From Add-On PV to Real Integration Challenges and Options

Transcription

1 BIPV From Add-On PV to Real Integration Challenges and Options C. Ferrara, T. Kuhn, H. Wilson, R. Schindler Fraunhofer Institute Solar Energy Systems, Germany Fraunhofer Center Sustainable Energy Systems, USA

2 CONTENTS PV Industry PV Technologies PV in Building Environments Residential Rooftops Commercial Buildings PV in the Building Envelope Integration of Renewables BIPV Performance Issues BIPV Markets Drivers and Restraints Specific to BIPV Markets Social and Cultural Differences Examples of BIPV Projects Case Studies: Japan, France, Malaysia, South Korea

3 CONTENTS PV Industry PV Technologies PV in Building Environments Residential Rooftops Commercial Buildings PV in the Building Envelope Integration of Renewables BIPV Performance Issues BIPV Markets Drivers and Restraints Specific to BIPV Markets Social and Cultural Differences Examples of BIPV Projects Case Studies: Japan, France, Malaysia, South Korea

4 The PV Industry Global PV Module Install Base 2009: 7.2 GW p 2003: 600 MW p Annual Module MWp/a Shipment (Crystalline Silicon) Actual Shipments 4,800 4,400 4, % CAGR 3,600 3,200 2,800 2,400 2,000 1,600 1,200 Projection (2003) 25% Growth 15% Growth SOURCES: Strategies Unlimited; 06 EPIA Solar Generation; 07 LBBW Report; 10 Solar Buzz

5 The PV Industry Cumulative PV Power ( ) 9,550 6,956 5,361 3,939 2,818 2,236 1,762 1,428 15,675 22,878 SOURCE: EPIA

6 The PV Industry Development of the Worldwide PV Market 7,2 GW p Thin Film Si Thin Film CdTe First 20% Mono-Si production cell (100cm²) Renewable energy law, D Mono-Si Multi-Si Ribbon-Si, Others Residential root program, JP 1990: 1/3 Thin Film, c-si, ms-si 2007: 2.4 GW p, > 90% c-si and mc-si First 20% Mono-Si lab cell (4cm²) SOURCE: Photon

7 The PV Industry Installed Capacity / Key Applications Grid-Connected Centralized Off-Grid Non-Domestic Off-Grid Domestic 5% 3% 15% Grid-Connected Distributed 77% SOURCE: Frost & Sullivan, EPIA

8 Module Price (2006 $/Wp) The PV Industry Module Price Development in $/W Mass Production and Technological Progress $100 Historical Prices 1980 $10 c-si Polysilicon shortage >100 GW $ ,000 10, ,000 1,000,000 Cumulative Production (MWp) SOURCE: EPIA

9 Ground mounted Roof top BIPV Installation effort Photovoltaic market segments in Germany 2% Image: Schüco Residential homes 1-10 kwp Image: Grammer Multi family homes, commercial + public buildings, farms kwp Image: Sulfurcell Large commercial plants > 100 kwp 11% 19% Image: Solarwatt 57% Image: Solarwatt Image: BP Market shares in % Size Image: Geosol Image: Phoenix

10 The PV Industry Force Field Analysis (World, 2010) Length of the arrow denotes degree of impact. Rising Demand and Increasing Costs of Fossil Fuels Increasing Need for Energy Mix Differentiation Gov t Subsidies and Economic Incentives Increasing Environmental Concerns Over Conventional Energy Market Drivers Market Restraints High Industry Reliance on Gov t Subsidies and Incentives High Solar Electricity Costs Availability and Prices of Raw Materials High Administrative Barriers in Some Markets SOURCE: Frost & Sullivan

11 CONTENTS PV Industry PV Technologies PV in Building Environments Residential Rooftops Commercial Buildings PV in the Building Envelope Integration of Renewables BIPV Performance Issues BIPV Markets Drivers and Restraints Specific to BIPV Markets Social and Cultural Differences Examples of BIPV Projects Case Studies: Japan, France, Malaysia, South Korea

12 PV Technologies Segmentation of Efficiencies Major PV technologies and their typical conversion efficiencies. TECHNOLOGY CONVERSION EFFICIENCY Organic, Dye, Nanostructure Cells 1-5% Thin Film Cells (a-si, Microcryst.-Si, CIS, CIGS, CdTe) 6-11% mc-si, umg-si, Simple c-si Cells 14-18% High-Efficiency, Mainly c-si Cells 20-24% High-Efficiency III/V Tandem Cells for Concentrators With 25-30% Module Efficiency %

13 PV Technologies Organic Solar Cells Glass Substrate ITO MDMO-PPV: PCBM Metal

14 PV Technologies Organic Solar Cells

15 PV Technologies Dye-Sensitized Solar Cells Glass Substrate Transparent Conductive Oxide TiO2 with Absorbed Dye Electrolyte with Redox Mediator (I-/I₃-) Conducting Glass Electrode with Pt Mirror

16 PV Technologies Dye-Sensitized Solar Cells

17 PV Technologies Amorphous Silicon Solar Cells Glass Transparent Conductive Oxide a-si Ag

18 PV Technologies Amorphous Silicon Solar Cells SOURCE: Schott Solar

19 PV Technologies Amorphous + Microcrystalline Silicon Glass Transparent Conductive Oxide a-si-h µc-si:h ZnO Ag

20 PV Technologies Amorphous + Microcrystalline Silicon SOURCE: AstroEnergy

21 PV Technologies Thin Film Multi-Junction Solar Cells ITO p-3 i-3 a-si-alloy n-3 p-2 i-2 a-si-alloy n-2 p-1 i-1 a-si-alloy n-1 1 st Junction 2 nd Junction 3 rd Junction ZnO Silver Glass Substrate

22 PV Technologies Thin Film Multi-Junction Solar Cells

23 PV Technologies CIS Solar Cells Glass Substrate Mo CuInS₂ Cds i-zno ZnO:Ga

24 PV Technologies CIS Solar Cells

25 PV Technologies CIGS Solar Cells Glass Mo p-cu(inga)se₂ n-cds ITO ZnO

26 PV Technologies CIGS Solar Cells

27 PV Technologies CdTe Solar Cells Glass Substrate ITO SnO₂ n-cds P-CdTe Ni-Al Metal Contact

28 PV Technologies CdTe Solar Cells SOURCE: First Solar

29 PV Technologies Mono- and Multicrystalline Silicon Contact Bar Glass AR n+ Emitter p-base p++ BSF Metal Layer

30 PV Technologies Mono- and Multicrystalline Silicon

31 PV Technologies Multi-Junction Solar Cells Examples of multi-junction solar cells in concentrating systems. CELL EFFICIENCY MODULE EFFICIENCY AC SYSTEM EFFICIENCY Up to 41.1% 28.5% 23%

32 CONTENTS PV Industry PV Technologies PV in Building Environments Residential Rooftops Commercial Buildings PV in the Building Envelope Integration of Renewables BIPV Performance Issues BIPV Markets Drivers and Restraints Specific to BIPV Markets Social and Cultural Differences Examples of BIPV Projects Case Studies: Japan, France, Malaysia, South Korea

33 PV in Building Environments Residential Rooftops 50% of residential rooftops with PV are found in agricultural areas.

34 PV in Building Environments Bundeskanzleramt Berlin D SOURCE: BSW

35 PV in Building Environments The Vatican Vatican City SOURCE: Reuters Images

36 PV in Building Environments New Munich Trade Fair Center SOURCE: IBF Ingenieure, energytech.at

37 CONTENTS The PV Industry PV Technologies PV in Building Environments Residential Rooftops Commercial Buildings PV in the Building Envelope Integration of Renewables BIPV Performance Issues BIPV Markets Drivers and Restraints Specific to BIPV Markets Social and Cultural Differences Examples of BIPV Projects Case Studies: Japan, France, Malaysia, South Korea

38 PV in the Building Envelope Integration of Renewables Current use of renewables dominated by application in single-family houses: solar domestic hot water and PV systems Limited penetration in new non-residential buildings Almost no penetration in existing nonresidential building stock Integration in façades especially necessary for high-rise buildings with small roof area

39 PV in the Building Envelope Integration of Renewables SIMPLE ADDITION TRUE INTEGRATION Completely different requirements for true integration and simple addition True integration of renewables leads to multifunctional energy-gaining building envelopes At least one additional function required for truly integrated components Integration has strong aesthetic implications SOURCE: ECN & BEAR Architects

40 PV in the Building Envelope BIPV BIPV is a multifunctional building component: Electricity generation Shading systems Weather protection Noise protection Heat insulation Sunlight modification

41 PV in the Building Envelope BIPV Examples In this example, windows have been replaced with transparent a-si-based thin film modules. SOURCE: Schott Solar

42 PV in the Building Envelope BIPV Examples

43 PV in the Building Envelope BIPV Examples

44 PV in the Building Envelope Performance Issues Pmpp values of 4 different modules produced by 4 different manufacturers. Power [Wp] Manufacturer Manufacturer 1 Manufacturer Manufacturer Rated Power Flasher Measurement (Manufacturer) Flasher Measurement (ISE)

45 PV in the Building Envelope Performance Issues Sources of performance losses in solar modules. ESG = Solar irradation in kwh ηstc = Solar generator s conversion efficiency EPVUSE = Energy made available byinverter in kwh ESG * ηstc = ENOMINAL 100% Irradiation < 1000 W/m² -3 to -5% Module Temperature > 25 C -2 to -6% Inverter Losses -5% Other System Losses -7% EPVUSE 82 to 77%

46 PV in the Building Envelope Performance Issues An overview of module temperatures in building-integrated photovoltaic systems. Ventilation PVModule Temperature ( C) Maximum Value* Average Value Unventilated Minimal to Modest Extensive * Assumes a maximum room temperature of 40 C. SOURCE: Die Performance Gebaudeintegrierter Photovoltaik (BIPV), Final Report, 6. EU Rahmenprogramm 2009

47 PV in the Building Envelope Performance Issues The larger the number of module interconnects, the higher the risk of corrosionrelated system failure. SOURCE: Solé Power

48 PV in the Building Envelope Performance Issues Counteracting the output loss created by seasonal shading requires specialised module designs such as these.

49 PV in the Building Envelope The Good News Statistical data from Germany s Thousand Roof Program ( ) Modules show less than 2% performance degradation after 20 years No evidence of continuous degradation in crystalline silicon PV modules

50 CONTENTS PV Industry PV Technologies PV in Building Environments Residential Rooftops Commercial Buildings PV in the Building Envelope Integration of Renewables BIPV Performance Issues BIPV Markets Drivers and Restraints Specific to BIPV Markets Social and Cultural Differences Examples of BIPV Projects Case Studies: Japan, France, Malaysia, South Korea

51 BIPV Markets Drivers and Restraints Specific to BIPV Markets Length of the arrow denotes degree of impact. Corporate Social Responsibility Perceived Aesthetic Benefits of BIPV Greater Awareness Of BIPV Increased Emphasis on Energy Efficiency in Building Market Drivers Market Restraints Low Awareness in Building / Construction Industry Excessive Red Tape in Some Markets Low Public and Gov t Awareness Need for Compatibility with Existing Building Codes and Practices SOURCE: Frost & Sullivan

52 BIPV Markets Drivers and Restraints Specific to BIPV Markets The BIPV value chain. Width of the arrow denotes importance of channel. PV Module / BOS Manufacturers Importers Distributors Designers & Architects Installers End Users The BIPV market involves more participants from other industries than standard PV deployment is slower as a result. SOURCE: Frost & Sullivan

53 BIPV Markets Drivers and Restraints Specific to BIPV Markets Building industry is primary customer for BIPV Components have to follow the characteristics of the building market as much as possible Planning and installation is a considerable cost factor for integrated components Costs have to be taken into consideration when developing new technologies True building integration is high tech

54 BIPV Markets Drivers and Restraints Specific to BIPV Markets BIPV is still too expensive for mass-market adoption The added value of BIPV as a multifunctional building component is still unknown Solar modules are priced in $ / Wp; pricing in $ / m² is more useful to architects

55 BIPV Markets Drivers and Restraints Specific to BIPV Markets The figure below demonstrates the lack of uniform size and standards in PV modules.

56 BIPV Markets Drivers and Restraints Specific to BIPV Markets Examples of perception barriers in BIPV markets. Lack of awareness of the increasing role electricity consumption plays in determining the value of buildings Lack of clear information regarding the advantages of building-integrated PV among both architects and clients Some architects feel that BIPV lacks aesthetic value and could negatively impact a building s market worth

57 BIPV Markets Drivers and Restraints Specific to BIPV Markets Picture: Solar Fabrik, Freiburg, Germany Building codes have to be harmonised (e.g., requirements on snow loads) Lower price efficiency of façade installations has to be balanced by other economic benefits Training of architects, craftsmen, and planners is particularly important

58 BIPV Markets Social and Cultural Differences The tradeoff between cost and durability. TILED ROOF TAR PAPER ROOFING LIFETIME 80 YEARS LIFETIME 20 YEARS Costs /m² Costs - Tar /m² LIFETIME COST /m² Costs - Sheathing /m² LIFETIME COST /m²

59 BIPV Markets Case Studies Japan What are the factors behind Japan s success? Strong government policy and support (Kyoto Protocol) Japan aims to cover nearly 50% of its residential power load from BIPV systems by 2030 High cost of grid electricity Due to the scarcity of open tracts of land in the country, no installation of PV systems possible (indirect benefit for BIPV in urban areas) Large-scale commercialization of BIPV Systems in Japan means reduced costs Excellent rapport between local manufacturers, real estate project developers and architects (no information, education or training necessary)

60 BIPV Markets Case Studies Japan Nearly 13 major manufactures in Japan who focus on BIPV Robust R&D programs to study BIPV s feasibility and applications Other Asian countries still import BIPV systems Japan dominates global production of PV systems accounts for over 40% of worldwide production

61 BIPV Markets Case Studies Japan Example: Sekisui Chemical One of Japan s largest prefabricated house vendors Provides PV systems and heat pumps as standard (cost advantage through largescale production = more equipment for the houses, not cheaper prices) Financing offer: higher-performance PV systems mean lower interest rates on credit (together with Sumitomo Bank, Japan) BIPV sales would be much lower if prefabricated house vendors in Japan did not use these strategies

62 BIPV Markets Case Studies South Korea and Malaysia Offer immediate promise for BIPV Demand for BIPV systems in South Korea is driven by government-mandated targets, solar subsidy programs and favorable availability of sunlight South Korean law: 5% of the aggregate cost of public buildings with more than 9840ft² (3000m²) must be spent on renewable energies The Malaysia Energy Centre (Pusat Tenaga Malaysia) has promoted BIPV aggressively since 2005 (ZEO Building Zero Energy Office) In 2004, the Global Environment Facility, together with the United Nations Development Program, had approved a grant of nearly $4.7 million to support BIPV development in Malaysia Total installed BIPV capacity as of 2007 has been valued at kw

63 BIPV Markets Case Studies France BIPV-specific feed-in tariffs introduced in 2006 France s BIPV market second-largest in Europe as of the end of 2007 Supportive laws prepare French BIPV sector for further expansion: - Thermal code (RT2005) calling for minimum energetic performance - RT2012: New buildings consumption must be reduced by 50 kw/year/m² as of 2012 By 2020, all new buildings in France will be plus energy buildings

64 BIPV Markets EU Regulations Buildings produce 40% of all CO₂ emissions in EU25 Decision in Europe (taken end of 2010): all new buildings after 2020 have to be net-zero Use of renewables has to be increased, especially in large nonresidential buildings Small roof area means roof cannot be the only source of energy façade must also be used Façades will be truely building i integrated BIPV driver SOURCE: Sonnenkraft, fabi architekten, Hochschule Regensburg, Fraunhofer ISE

65 BIPV Markets Rappenecker Hof Black Forest D Earliest BIPV system in Germany (off-grid system) House constructed in 1662 Renovated in 1987 Modules still in spec as of 2010

66 BIPV Markets Rappenecker Hof Black Forest D An overview of power generation systems at Rappenecker Hof.

67 Monatlich integrierter Energiefluss [kwh] BIPV Markets Rappenecker Hof Black Forest D Energy production and consumption at Rappenecker Hof in Monatliche Energieflüsse in Jan Feb Mrz Apr Mai Jun Jul Aug Sep Okt Nov Dez PV Wind BZ Diesel Verbrauch

68 BIPV Markets Solar Decathlon 2009: Team Germany

69 BIPV Markets Solar Decathlon 2009: Team Germany Roof: Sunpower 300 Solar Panel Cell: Monocrystalline Efficiency: 18.4% Peak Power (Panel): 300 Wp 1560 x 105 mm Module Price: $4.26/W Façade: Wuerth Solar WSG00xx Cell: CIS (good for diffuse light) Efficiency: ~10% Peak Power (Panel): 35 Wp 300x1200 mm Module Price: $5.55/Wp Features Entire envelope is BIPV Solar louvers (shade & power) adjust automatically to face the sun

70 BIPV Markets Solar Decathlon 2009: University of Illinois

71 BIPV Markets Solar Decathlon 2009: University of Illinois Roof Cell: Monocrystalline Sunpower 225 Solar Panel 18.1% Efficiency Peak Power (Panel): 225Wp 20 panels (4.5 kwp) installed 1560x800mm Solar Electricity Production 11-12,000 kwh/yr Features Uniform appearance: all black cells + back contact, fully covers roof High efficiency

72 BIPV Markets Solar Decathlon 2009: Team Spain

73 BIPV Markets Solar Decathlon 2009: Team Spain Roof: Sunpower 220 Panels Cell: Monocrystalline Efficiency: 17.7% Peak Power (Panel): 220 Wp 1560 x 800 mm 50 Panels (11 kwp) Roof is also a dual-axis tracking system Façade: SILIKEN Cell: Polycrystalline Peak Power (Panel): 90 W 50 Modules in Façade (4.3 kw) Features PV laminated in glass and integrated within vertical glass façade elements Unusual architecture

74 10/8 10/9 10/10 10/11 10/12 10/13 10/14 10/15 10/16 kw kw kw BIPV Markets Solar Decathlon 2009: BiPV Power Production GERMANY SPAIN Power to Grid Power from Grid Power to Grid Power from Grid Day Day UNIVERSITY OF ILLINOIS Power to Grid Power from Grid W/m Global Horizontal Insolation Day

75 BIPV Markets Solar Decathlon 2009: BiPV Power Production Event took place during one week in October Moderate/poor conditions for solar energy production - overcast, rainy, < 800 W/m 2 Despite this, two buildings produced enough electricity to power two efficient homes Team Power Used Produced Germany University of Illinois Spain

76 BIPV Markets Solarmarkt Freiburg D SOURCE: Solarmarkt (Kindly provided by Gerhard Stryi-Hipp)

77 BIPV Bielefelder Alm Bielefeld D SOURCE: BSW

78 BIPV Markets Ferdinand-Braun-Institut Berlin D 2007 Source: Source: solarfassade.info BSW SMA

79 BIPV Markets Lehrter Bahnhof Berlin D SOURCE: BSW

80 BIPV Markets SMA Kassel D SOURCE: BSW SMA

81 BIPV Markets Monte Rosa Hütte Wallis CH 2009 Source: Source: solarfassade.info BSW SMA

82 BIPV Markets Suntech China SOURCE: solarfassade.info

83 BIPV Markets Shopping Center Gelsenkirchen D Additional cost: 19% / kwp SOURCE: Scheuten Solar GmBH

84 BIPV Markets OLV Hospital Aalst Belgium Additional cost: 27% / kwp Photos: Scheuten Solar Germany GmbH

85 BIPV Markets Solar Decathlon EU, Team Uni Herrera

86 BIPV Markets Solar Decathlon EU, Team Wuppertal

87 BIPV Markets Solar Decathlon EU, Team Fh Berlin

88 CONCLUSION Future buildings: more (only) electricity dependent EU legislation supporting large deployment of RES and moving towards energy-efficient buildings with RES Unlimited potential for BIPV in both space and demand PV very close to competitiveness with retail electricity prices

89 Thank you for your kind attention!