2015 CLASS RESULTS FOR BLOOD PRESSURE LAB. PART I: Changes in Posture

Transcription

1 2015 CLASS RESULTS FOR BLOOD PRESSURE LAB PART I: Changes in Posture The results presented for changes in posture are raw data that have OT been corrected for body weight, gender, etc. Raw Class Data for Changes in Posture: Std. Error Sitting bp Sitting hr Prone bp Prone hr Stand 10 sec bp Stand 10 sec hr Stand 5 min bp Stand 5 min hr Stand 7 min bp Stand 7 min hr Stand 9 min bp Stand 9 min hr ote: = sample size Std Error = Standard Error of the mean = (standard deviation)/(n-1) = a measure of variation around the mean. Blood Pressure: PROE is significantly different from all others. SITTIG is significantly different from STADIG at 10 seconds and 5 minutes. STADIG at 5 minutes is different from STADIG at 7 minutes and 9 minutes. o other differences are statistically significant. Heart Rate: PROE is significantly different from all others. SITTIG is significantly different from all others. STADIG at 10 seconds and at 5 minutes are both different from STADIG at 7 minutes and 9 minutes. o other differences are statistically significant. 1

2 PART II. Responses to Exercise A. Effect of Exercise and Recovery: Before analyzing both the blood pressure and heart rate data for this section, I statistically removed the effects of GEDER, WEIGHT, AGE, TIME OF DAY, and CODITIO so that those variables are not confounding the results presented below. The key for Exercise Level is: 0 = sitting on cycle before exercise 1 = moderate exercise 2 = heavy exercise 3 = recovery 2 min 4 = recovery 3 min 5 = recovery 4 min 6 = recovery 6 min 7 = recovery 8 min A1. Blood Pressure. EXER Blood pressure at Exercise Level 0 is statistically significantly different from Levels 1, 2, 3, 4, 5. Blood pressure at Exercise Level 1 is statistically significantly different from all other levels. Blood pressure at Exercise Level 2 is statistically significantly different from all other levels. Blood pressure at Exercise Level 3 is statistically significantly different from all levels except 4, 5. Blood pressure at Exercise Level 4 is statistically significantly different from Levels 0, 1, 2, 6, 7. Blood pressure at Exercise Level 5 is statistically significantly different from Levels 0, 1, 2. Blood pressure at Exercise Level 6 is statistically significantly different from Levels 1, 2, 3, 4. Blood pressure at Exercise Level 7 is statistically significantly different from Levels 1, 2, 3, 4. 2

3 A2. Heart Rate. EXER HR at Exercise level 0 is statistically significantly different from all other levels. HR at Exercise level 1 is statistically significantly different from Levels 0, 2, and 7. HR at Exercise level 2 is statistically significantly different from all other levels. HR at Exercise level 3 is statistically significantly different from Levels 0, 2, 7 HR at Exercise levels 4 and 5 are statistically significantly different from Levels 0, 2. HR at Exercise level 6 is statistically significantly different from Levels 0, 2. HR at Exercise level 7 is statistically significantly different from Levels 0, 1, 2, 3. 3

4 B. The effect of different variables on blood pressure and heart rate. For each level of exercise and recovery, I analyzed blood pressure and heart rate using all the information we collected about each person and each lab: body weight, gender, time of day of lab, age and physical condition. BMI and height were not used because in this data set (i.e., mostly young and fit people) there is a high correlation among BMI, height and weight, so I chose to use weight as the representative variable for body size. In addition, nearly everyone in the class had a BMI in the normal range, i.e., there were very few individuals in the underweight or overweight ranges, which makes it problematic to use in statistical analyses. Weight, time of day, and age are continuous variables, and gender is a categorical variables (e.g., gender can only be 0 or 1 and although we identified females as gender 0, we could have done it the opposite way). In the analysis these types of variables are treated differently, so in the results below you will find the mathematical relationship between bp and hr and continuous variables, but will only see whether categorical variables had a significant effect and by how much. The results of the analyses for all exercise and recovery levels for blood pressure and heart rate are summarized below, and then are used to decide on what other analyses would be interesting to conduct in subsequent sections. B1. Blood Pressure. 1) At rest (Exercise level 0) weight and time of day are the only statistically significant predicators of blood pressure relative to all other variables measured. The mathematical relationship between weight, which was the most significant predictor, and blood pressure is that for every increase of 10 lbs bp goes up 1.1 points. BP goes up with time of day an average of 0.76 points per hour. 2) At moderate exercise (Exercise level 1) weight is the only statistically significant predicator of blood pressure relative to all other variables measured. The mathematical relationship between weight and blood pressure is that for every increase of 10 lbs bp goes up 1.4 points. 3) At heavy exercise (Exercise level 2) weight and time of day are the only statistically significant predicators of blood pressure relative to all other variables measured. The mathematical relationship between weight, which was the most significant predictor, and blood pressure is that for every increase of 10 lbs bp goes up 1.1 points. BP goes up with time of day an average of 1.0 points per hour. 4) At 2 minutes recovery (Exercise level 3) weight, time of day and condition are the only statistically significant predicator of blood pressure relative to all other variables measured. The mathematical relationship between weight and blood pressure is that for every increase of 10 lbs bp goes up 1.2 points; BP goes down with increasing condition (i.e., more fit students have a lower bp) approximately 2.5 points each from poor fitness to good fitness and from good fitness to excellent fitness. BP goes up with time of day an average of 1.0 points per hour. 5) At 3 minutes recovery (Exercise level 4) weight and time of day are the only statistically significant predicators of blood pressure relative to all other variables measured. The mathematical relationship between weight, which was the most significant predictor, and blood pressure is that for every increase of 10 lbs bp goes up 1.0 points. BP goes up with time of day an average of 0.66 points per hour. 6) At the 4 min recovery time (Exercise level 5) weight, and time of day are statistically significant predicators of blood pressure relative to all other variables measured with weight being the strongest predictor. The mathematical relationship between each of these variables and blood pressure is that for every increase of 10 lbs bp goes up 0.8 points. BP goes up with time of day an average of 0.91 points per hour. 4

5 7) At the 6 min recovery time (Exercise level 6) weight, condition and time of day are the statistically significant predicators of blood pressure relative to all other variables measured. The mathematical relationship between weight and blood pressure is that for every increase of 10 lbs bp goes up 0.53 points, for every hour later in the day bp goes up an average of 0.66 points, and BP goes down with increasing condition (i.e., more fit students have a lower bp) approximately 2.0 points each from poor fitness to good fitness and from good fitness to excellent fitness. 8) At the 8 minute recovery time (Exercise level 7) weight, condition and time of day are the statistically significant predicators of blood pressure relative to all other variables measured. The mathematical relationship between weight and blood pressure is that for every increase of 10 lbs bp goes up 1.0 points, for every hour later in the day bp goes up an average of 0.69 points, and BP goes down with increasing condition (i.e., more fit students have a lower bp) approximately 2.6 points each from poor fitness to good fitness and from good fitness to excellent fitness. The above analyses show that weight consistently has effects on blood pressure under all situations. Gender never shows effects in any situations, nor does age. Time of day also has consistent effects; other studies also suggest important time of day effects. Condition also has effects. Analyses presented in section C and later address the effects of these variables on blood pressure in more detail. B2. Heart Rate. 1) At rest (Exercise level 0), condition and gender are the only statistically significant predicators of heart rate relative to all other variables measured. HR is lower students in better physical condition, decreasing 6.7 beats per minute (bpm) each from poor fitness to good fitness and from good fitness to excellent fitness. HR is lower in females by 4.2 beats per minute. 2) At moderate exercise (Exercise level 1), weight and condition are the only statistically significant predicators of heart rate relative to all other variables measured. HR is lower students in better physical condition, decreasing 10.3 bpm each from poor fitness to good fitness and from good fitness to excellent fitness. HR increases.77 bpm for every 10 lb increase in weight. 3) At heavy exercise (Exercise level 2), condition is the only statistically significant predicators of heart rate relative to all other variables measured. HR is lower students in better physical condition, decreasing 9.4 bpm each from poor fitness to good fitness and from good fitness to excellent fitness. 4) At all recovery times (Exercise levels 3, 4, 5, 6 and 7), condition is the only statistically significant predicator of heart rate relative to all other variables measured. HR is lower students in better physical condition, and declines from poor fitness to good fitness and from good fitness to excellent fitness 6.9 bpm for level 3, 6.4 bpm for level 4, 6.9 bpm for level 5, 6.1 bpm for level 6, and 6.1 bpm for level 7. These results on heart rate clearly show the effect of physical condition, therefore additional analysis presented below focus in more detail on the effect of condition on heart rate. 5

6 C. Effects of Gender on BP without Considering the Effect of Body Weight Before analyzing these data, I statistically removed the effects of AGE, CODITIO and TIME OF DAY, so that those variables are not confounding the results presented below. WEIGHT was not taken into account. (OTE: GEDER = 0 = FEMALE; GEDER = 1 = MALE). BP differs significantly between females and males for Exercise levels 0, 1, 2, and 3. See page 2 of this document for a key to EXER level. BPRES EXER gender Total Total Total Total Total Total Total Total

7 D. Effects of Gender on BP during Exercise considering the effect of WEIGHT. Before analyzing these data, I did a pre-analysis in which I statistically removed the effects of WEIGHT, AGE, CODITIO, and TIME OF DAY so that those variables are not confounding the results presented below. (OTE: GEDER = 0 = FEMALE; GEDER = 1 = MALE). BP does not differ signficantly between females and males at any exercise level when body weight is taken into consideration. See page 2 of this document for a key to EXER level. BPRES EXER gender Total Total Total Total Total Total Total Total

8 E. Effect of Condition on Heart Rate. Before analyzing these data, I statistically removed the effects of GEDER, AGE, WEIGHT, and TIME OF DAY so that those variables are not confounding the results presented below. A statistically significant result means at least two of the three groups are significantly different from each other. (OTE: CODITIO = 0 = POOR; CODITIO = 1 = GOOD; CODITIO = 2 = VERY GOOD). HR differs signficantly among condition groups at all exercise levels. HRRES EXER condition Total Total Total Total Total Total Total Total

9 F. Effect of Gender on Heart Rate with body weight statistically removed. Before analyzing these data, I statistically removed the effects of AGE, WEIGHT, CODITIO and TIME OF DAY so that those variables are not confounding the results presented below. HR differs signficantly between females and males at Exercise level 0 only. (OTE: GEDER = 0 = FEMALE; GEDER = 1 = MALE). See page 2 of this document for a key to EXER level. HRRES EXER gender Total Total Total Total Total Total Total Total

10 G. Effect of Gender on Heart Rate. Before analyzing these data, I statistically removed the effects of AGE, CODITIO and TIME OF DAY so that those variables are not confounding the results presented below. WEIGHT was OT removed so that the effects of differences in WEIGHT between females and males are retained. HR differs signficantly between females and males at Exercise level 0 only with all other factors except WEIGHT removed (OTE: GEDER = 0 = FEMALE; GEDER = 1 = MALE). See page 2 of this document for a key to EXER level. HRRES EXER gender Total Total Total Total Total Total Total Total

11 H. Effect of Condition on Blood Pressure. Before analyzing these data, I statistically removed the effects of AGE, GEDER, WEIGHT and TIME OF DAY so that those variables are not confounding the results presented below. The only effect of condition on blood pressure with all other factors removed is at levels 6 and 7. BPRES EXER condition Total Total Total Total Total Total Total Total

12 I. Effect of Time of Day on Blood Pressure. Before analyzing these data, I statistically removed the effects of WEIGHT, CODITIO, AGE, and GEDER so that those variables are not confounding the results presented below. Time of Day had a significant effect on blood pressure at Exercise levels 0, 2, 3, 5, 6, 7. (ote: TOD = 1 = Morning, TOD = 2 = Afternoon, TOD = 3 = evening.) BPRES EXER TOD Total Total Total Total Total Total Total Total

13 J. Effect of Time of Day on Heart Rate. Before analyzing these data, I statistically removed the effects of WEIGHT, CODITIO, AGE, and GEDER so that those variables are not confounding the results presented below. Time of Day did not have a significant effect on heart rate at any Exercise level. (ote: TOD = 1 = Morning, TOD = 2 = Afternoon, TOD = 3 = evening.) HRRES EXER TOD Total Total Total Total Total Total Total Total

14 K. Effects of Gender on BP in different positions considering the effect of WEIGHT. Before analyzing these data, I did a pre-analysis in which I statistically removed the effects of WEIGHT, AGE, CODITIO, and TIME OF DAY so that those variables are not confounding the results presented below. (OTE: GEDER = 0 = FEMALE; GEDER = 1 = MALE). BP does not differ signficantly between females and males in any position when body weight is taken into consideration. POSITIO Key: 101 = sitting, 102=prone, 103=stand10sec, 104=stand5min, 105=stand7min, 106=stand9 min. BPRES POSITIO gender Total Total Total Total Total Total

15 L. Effects of Gender on BP in different positions OT considering the effect of WEIGHT. Before analyzing these data, I did a pre-analysis in which I statistically removed the effects of AGE, CODITIO, and TIME OF DAY so that those variables are not confounding the results presented below. (OTE: GEDER = 0 = FEMALE; GEDER = 1 = MALE). BP only differs signficantly between females and males at standing for 10 sec (Position 103) when body weight is OT taken into consideration. POSITIO Key: 101 = sitting, 102=prone, 103=stand10sec, 104=stand5min, 105=stand7min, 106=stand9 min. BPRES POSITIO gender Total Total Total Total Total Total

16 M. Effects of Gender on HR in different positions considering the effect of WEIGHT. Before analyzing these data, I did a pre-analysis in which I statistically removed the effects of WEIGHT, AGE, CODITIO, and TIME OF DAY so that those variables are not confounding the results presented below. (OTE: GEDER = 0 = FEMALE; GEDER = 1 = MALE). HR differs signficantly between females and males in position 101 and 102 when body weight is taken into consideration. POSITIO Key: 101 = sitting, 102=prone, 103=stand10sec, 104=stand5min, 105=stand7min, 106=stand9 min. HRRES POSITIO gender Total Total Total Total Total Total

17 . Effects of Gender on HR in different positions OT considering the effect of WEIGHT. Before analyzing these data, I did a pre-analysis in which I statistically removed the effects of AGE, CODITIO, and TIME OF DAY so that those variables are not confounding the results presented below. (OTE: GEDER = 0 = FEMALE; GEDER = 1 = MALE). HR differs signficantly between females and males in position 102 when body weight is taken into consideration. POSITIO Key: 101 = sitting, 102=prone, 103=stand10sec, 104=stand5min, 105=stand7min, 106=stand9 min. HRRES POSITIO gender Total Total Total Total Total Total