A scintillating fibre detector for the Crystal Barrel experiment at ELSA
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1 Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research A 538 (25) A scintillating fibre detector for the Crystal Barrel experiment at ELSA G. Suft a,, G. Anton a, R. Bogendo rfer a, A. Ehmanns b,a.fo sel a, J. Ho Xl a, H. Kalinowsky b,c.ku ppersbusch a, D. Walther c a Physikalisches Institut der Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, D-958 Erlangen, Germany b Helmholtz-Institut für Strahlen- und Kernphysik, Universität Bonn, D-535 Bonn, Germany c Physikalisches Institut, Universität Bonn, D-535 Bonn, Germany Received 6 March 24; received in revised form September 24; accepted 2 September 24 Available online 29 October 24 Abstract A scintillating fibre detector with high spatial granularity was built for the Crystal Barrel experiment at ELSA (CB-ELSA) in Bonn. It consists of 53 scintillating fibres with 2 mm in diameter, arranged in three layers with cylindrical geometry inside the Crystal Barrel detector surrounding the target cell. Two layers are wound in opposite directions, the third is parallel to the incident beam direction, resulting in an unambiguous hit reconstruction and a position resolution better than.6 mm for charged particles. The read-out is done with 6-channel multi-anode photomultipliers. The detector was designed to cover the full angular acceptance of the Crystal Barrel detector with an angular range of 2 pyp68 and pfp36 in the lab frame. r 24 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. PACS: 25.2.Lj; 29.4.Gx; 29.4.Mc; 85.6.Ha Keywords: Scintillating fibre; Vertex detector; Hodoscope; Multi-anode photomultiplier. Introduction Corresponding author. address: gaby.suft@physik.uni-erlangen.de (G. Suft). To get a deeper comprehension of the baryon spectrum photoproduction experiments are performed at the electron stretcher accelerator ELSA [] in Bonn (Germany) (see Fig. ). Combined with various forward detectors the Crystal Barrel detector [2] is the ideal instrument to search for resonances in multi-photon final states because of its almost 4p coverage and high energy resolution for high energetic photons. For an efficient analysis of the decay channels one aims to distinguish neutral from charged particles /$ - see front matter r 24 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. doi:.6/j.nima
2 G. Suft et al. / Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research A 538 (25) Fig.. The electron stretcher accelerator ELSA in Bonn (Germany). The experimental concept realised in the Crystal Barrel experiment at ELSA (CB-ELSA) covers two main features: generation of a photon beam by means of bremsstrahlung tagging and detection of charged and neutral decay particles of the photon-induced meson production reaction. For the available forward detectors the distinction between photons and charged particles is possible by means of time-of-flight (TOF) or energy deposit discrimination while the Crystal Barrel detector for itself is incapable of this distinction. Therefore, an additional inner-detector, surrounding the target-cell and suited to fit into the Crystal Barrel detector, was developed. The inner-detector is built with the scintillation fibre technique in order to include this component into the fast first level trigger of the experiment. The purpose of the inner-detector within the CB-ELSA experiment is: fast event selection in the first level trigger, vertex reconstruction of charged particles. With rapid development the scintillating fibre technique has been well established in the past years especially for tracking detectors in highenergy physics [3,4]. The advantage of easy handling and operating is combined with high reliability and a relatively low risk of radiation damage. The flexibility of scintillating fibres allows complex structures in detector geometry. Together with a read-out done by multichannel photomultipliers, highly efficient detectors with excellent time and position resolution could be realised. The multi-anode type used in this work is already implemented in different set-ups [5]. 2. Detector geometry The Crystal Barrel experiment [6] (Fig. 2) has been installed at the electron stretcher ring ELSA in Bonn. Electron beam energies up to 3.2 GeV are possible. Photons are produced by bremsstrahlung
3 48 G. Suft et al. / Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research A 538 (25) Crystal-Barrel Inner-Detector LH 2 - Target 2 Fig. 2. Experimental set-up of the liquid H 2 target, the Crystal Barrel calorimeter and the inner-detector at ELSA. in the radiator of the tagging system. The photon energy is determined by measuring the energy of the scattered electrons. The target is placed inside the Crystal Barrel calorimeter [2], which consists of 38 CsI(Tl) crystals and provides highly efficient photon detection covering almost 4p solid angle. A scintillating fibre detector the inner-detector surrounding the target cell, was built to identify charged particles. The forward direction was covered in the first experimental set-up by a timeof-flight detector TOF, while presently the TAPS detector [7] consisting of a hexagonal wall of 528 BaF 2 crystals is used. To determine the photon flux a gamma veto detector made of PbF 2 with a 3 3 pixel structure is installed in forward direction. The inner-detector (see Fig. 3) covers the target cell in a cylindrical shape. Its active length is 4 mm, the maximum diameter is 3 mm. Five hundred and thirteen scintillating fibres are arranged in three layers; two of them are helical wound: the inner left-handed, consisting of 57 fibres; the middle right-handed, consisting of 65 fibres. The outer layer with 9 fibres is aligned parallel to the beam axis. The layers fit closely into one another. The inclination angles are 24:5 for the inner layer and þ25:7 for the middle layer. They result from the condition that each fibre is wound exactly round half of the cylinder. This allows an unambiguous reconstruction even if only two of three layers show a hit. Fig. 3. Photo of the inner-detector before its installation into the Crystal Barrel detector. Fig. 4. Photo of the outer layer of the inner-detector before all fibres were fixed on the support tube. In order to obtain geometrical accuracy and rigidity, the fibres are fixed on support tubes, made of carbon fibre enforced with epoxy, ensuring high stability combined with a high radiation length. Three cylinders with different radii (outside radii: 58, 63 and 645 mm) and.8 mm thickness of the type T 7-24K (Huber+Suhner, Switzerland) were used. For the precise positioning of each fibre grooves were millcut in the outer surface of each cylinder. To fix the fibres an epoxy glue (Epo-Tek 3) was used. Fig. 4 shows a photo of the outer layer of the inner-detector. The upper part of this layer is already covered by the scintillating fibres, while on the lower part the
4 G. Suft et al. / Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research A 538 (25) support structure of the carbon fibre tube is visible. 3. Fibre properties Fig. 5. Photo of the coupling of scintillating and light guide fibres. The high flexibility of scintillating fibres and their generally small diameter enables the development of detectors with high granularity, and therefore with good spatial resolution. Since the decay constant of organic scintillation material is generally short, detector components built with fibres of plastic scintillator, enable their inclusion in a fast experiment trigger. Various scintillating fibres with round and rectangular profiles were tested. Square scintillating fibres are more inflexible and stiff. Moreover, there have been reports of serious problems with the cladding homogeneity at the edges of rectangular fibres [5]. For practical reasons only a support structure with round profile millcuted in the carbon fibre cylinder enables a close fitting of two neighbouring fibres. Finally, round fibres from Bicron (Newsbury, Ohio), with 2 mm in diameter and a peak emission wavelength at l ¼ 435 nm (blue light), the socalled BCF-2 type fibres, were chosen. The core of the scintillator (n ¼ :6) is surrounded by an optical cladding made of polymethylmethacrylate (PMMA) [8], with lower refraction index (n ¼ :49; single-cladding), in order to increase the reflection of light inside the fibre. An extra mural absorber (EMA) prevents cross-talk between neighbouring channels as well as mechanical damage. Additionally, the open side face of each fibre was coated by aluminised Mylar forming a reflector to increase the photon collecting efficiency. Considering optical cladding, extra mural absorber and gaps between fibres, 8.5% of the effective fibre diameter is inactive material, reducing the geometrical efficiency of the detector. Results of Monte-Carlo simulations, demanding a hit in two of three layers of the inner-detector, predict 99.% efficiency. To transport the produced scintillation light to the phototubes the scintillating fibres are connected via light guide fibres (Bicron BCF-98, 2 mm diameter, average length 3 mm) to the cathodes of the photomultipliers. The BCF-98 light guide fibres are similar to the scintillating fibres however, they are made without scintillating material and without wavelength shifter. Because of the higher mechanical forces due to bending the light guides, an optical cladding of type multi-cladding was chosen. Its core (n ¼ :6) is surrounded with an optical cladding (n ¼ :49), thickness 3% of the fibre diameter and a second optical cladding (n ¼ :42) with an additional thickness of %. Both, scintillating fibre and light guide are tightened together with epoxy glue (Epo-Tek 3). The loss of scintillation light due to the coupling is approximately 3%. In order to protect and stabilise the connection part a 3 mm long, stainless-steel tube was used (see Fig. 5). The faces of fibres and light guides were polished to achieve a high-quality optical surface. 4. Photomultipliers To read out the scintillation light at one end of each fibre, the fibre was coupled to a multi-anode photomultiplier (MA-PMT) from Hamamatsu Photonics, type H6568 [9]. This MA-PMT, with 2 stage metal channel dynodes provides 6 independent read-out channels. It has a rectangular photocathode surface of 7:5 7:5mm 2 ; divided in a 4 4 matrix with a pixel size of 4 4mm 2 : The spectral sensitivity ranges from 3 to
5 42 G. Suft et al. / Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research A 538 (25) Fig. 6. Photo of the holding structure for the photomultipliers. 65 nm with the maximum at l ¼ 42 nm close to the emission maximum of the BCF-2 fibres (l ¼ 435 nm), the rise time is 835 ps and the fall time 47 ps. At the operating high voltage between 8 and 9 V; a maximum rate of khz is allowed for each channel. The electronical cross-talk between adjacent channels of the model H6568 indicated by the manufacturer is %. It is determined primarily by the design of the dynode structure and the amplification process. In order to test the optical cross-talk, measurements depending on coupling, distance and alignment between light guide and photomultiplier, were performed. Four hundred mm long round scintillating fibres (BCF-2 with 2 mm in diameter, multi-cladding and EMA) were coupled with round light guides (BCF-98 with 2 mm in diameter, single-cladding and EMA) and fixed with a 4 4 matrix at the cathode of the photomultiplier. The gap between light guide and photocathode was. mm. One of the fibres was radiated by a 9 Sr source via its face surface, to avoid hits in the other fibres. 75 8% of the produced light is collected in the right channel, the remaining 2 25% are distributed on the other channels, while the cross-talk intensity reduces with increasing distance of the channels and is in most cases below the discriminator thresholds. In the analysis adjacent PMT channels are averaged to a fibre cluster. Using light guides without EMA a cross-talk of 25 3% was measured []. There are three media for coupling light guide fibres and photomultipliers: silicon pads, optical grease and air; all methods have been tested []. The coupling via silicon pads and optical grease show a slightly better light transmission. Nevertheless coupling via air was chosen because of its easier maintenance and the prevention of ageing processes. To ensure that the fibres are connected perpendicularly and closely to the entrance window of the photomultipliers, the light guides are arranged in a holding structure consisting of a 4 4 matrix made of aluminium, o-rings are fixing the light guides reliably at their position. An additional Teflon-mask, thickness. mm, avoids signals from discharge between the photomultiplier entrance window and the aluminium holding structure. In Fig. 6 a photo of the holding structure for the photomultipliers is shown. 5. Read-out ofthe inner-detector 5.. General read-out A schematic view of the read-out and trigger electronics of the inner-detector is shown in Fig. 7. The analog signal from each channel is fed to a leading-edge discriminator (6-fold discriminator SIS35, Struck, Germany). Its logical output signal is sent via delay-line to a Time-to-digital Converter (64-fold TDC, LeCroy 875A) and is used for generating the event trigger. Each discriminator module has an additional analog sum output which is sent to Analog-to-digital Converters (ADC, LeCroy). The trigger of the CB-ELSA experiment is built in two consecutive stages of increasing complexity and dead time. In the first level trigger all detectors with fast response time are included. The discriminator output signals from the inner-detector are sent to Majority Logic Unit modules (MALUs). Their output current is proportional to the number of registered fibre hits in this module. The MALUs are arranged according to the three layers of the inner-detector, the output signal of each layer is split and sent to two discriminator modules. By setting the discriminator
6 G. Suft et al. / Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research A 538 (25) inner layer: #-57 fiber # fiber #2 fiber #57 fiber #58 fiber #59 middle layer: # outer layer: # fiber #322 fiber #323 fiber #324 fiber #53 Discriminator Discriminator Discriminator logical out logical out logical out logical out logical out logical out MALU inner layer MALU outer layer MALU outer layer analog out analog out analog out Discriminator Discriminator Discriminator threshold 2 threshold threshold 2 threshold threshold 2 threshold high low high low high low PLU multiplicities of the inner detector fiber # fiber #6 fiber #58 fiber #73 fiber #323 fiber #339 6 fold discriminator 6 fold discriminator 6 fold discriminator analog sum out logical out logical out analog sum out logical out logical out analog sum out logical out logical out 64-fold TDC 64-fold TDC 64-fold TDC ADC Fig. 7. Schematic view of the electronic read-out of the inner-detector. thresholds, for each layer a minimum and maximum number of responding fibres can be selected. Demanding an anticoincidence in the following Programmable Lookup Unit modules (PLUs) allows the adjustment of the number of minimum and maximum hits in the inner-detector which have to be detected to generate an event trigger. In this case the PLUs are used as computer controlled coincidence units Discriminator thresholds The discriminator thresholds are determined by using cosmic ray events and their adjustment is therefore independent from accelerator operation. For each channel the count rate depending on the threshold is measured, modifying the discriminator thresholds in steps of 5 mv between mv and 5 mv in a time-interval of s. The estimated cosmic ray count rate for one fibre of approximately.4 Hz is in good agreement with the measurements. The threshold of each fibre channel is measured and adjusted independently, and corresponds to approximately ten photo electrons. The threshold settings are checked by the ADC spectra, where the particle-induced signal should be separated from the noise (see Fig. 8). The dashed line is the sum of the single fibre hits registered by the TDCs, the full line the analog sum signal from all events of the corresponding discriminator. The analog sum out signal and the sum signal from single fibre hits should be identical for a proper discriminator threshold selection in the range of ADC channels where a signal from through-going particles shows up. 6. Performance 6.. Detection efficiency The efficiency of detecting charged particles was independently determined for each layer of the
7 422 G. Suft et al. / Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research A 538 (25) (a) θ (b) θ Fig. 8. ADC spectrum of the analog sum signal of a discriminator (full line) and the sum signal from single fibre hits (dashed line). inner-detector []. For the determination of the efficiency of the fibre-detector p photoproduction was used. The pions were identified by two hits in the Crystal Barrel detector ðp! ggþ and the associated proton hit was reconstructed by kinematical constraints ensuring a proper identification of the charged particle. A hit in the innerdetector was required at the same polar angle y and azimuthal angle f: From the presence or absence of a fibre hit in the examined layer its efficiency was determined. The polar dependence of the detection efficiency is shown in Fig. 9 for all three layers and for the trigger condition two of three layers (Fig. 9d). These measurements were performed at the tagged photon beam at ELSA using a liquid H 2 target and a maximum photon energy of 2.6 GeV. The protons from p photoproduction (gp! pp ) are mainly produced in forward directions. Therefore the detection efficiency could only be determined for scattering angles of y lab o78 : The slightly lower efficiency of the outer layer as well as the slow decrease for large scattering angles for the inner and middle layer can be explained by the higher probability of hitting a gap between the (c) θ fibres. In Table and Fig. 9 the measured efficiencies of the three layers are compared to results of Monte-Carlo simulations [2] for incoming photon energies in the energy interval between and 2 MeV Reconstruction efficiency and position resolution Ideally there is one responding fibre at each layer for a charged particle traversing the innerdetector. If there are more than one adjacent fibres, these fibres are averaged to a fibre-cluster. To reconstruct the interception point resulting from the fibres which show a hit, the three cylinders are unwound into flat layers (see Fig. ). Since the cylinders have different radii, the resulting layers have to be stretched. Finally the layers are stacked on top of each other. The incident point of a charged particle is then represented by the intersection point of three (d) θ Fig. 9. Polar angle dependence of the simulated (full line) and measured detection efficiency for the inner (a), middle (b) and the outer layer (c) of the fibre-detector, (d) shows the resulting detection efficiency when the experimental trigger two of three layers is selected.
8 G. Suft et al. / Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research A 538 (25) Table Measured and simulated detection efficiencies of the three layers of the inner-detector MC simulation (%) Measured (%) Inner layer Middle layer Outer layer Trigger: 2 of 3 layers been developed. The position resolution of the Z-coordinate is.6 mm. These values correspond to an angular resolution of Df ¼ :4 and Dy ¼ : : 6.3. Invariant mass spectra In the meantime data at different incident electron beam energies (E e ¼ :4; 2.6 and 3.2 GeV) have been taken. Fig. shows the gg invariant mass spectra of pgg-events, with (bottom) and without (top) the identification of the charged particles in the inner-detector. Since the proton can be identified by the scintillating fibre detector the combinatorial background vanishes, a clear p (Fig. (left)) and Z peak (Fig. (right)) above a low background is observed, allowing the study of these or similar reactions nearly without background. 7. Summary and conclusion Fig.. Schematic view of the three layers of the innerdetector, they are treated as flat layers to calculate the intersection point. straight lines representing the responding fibres. With this method the Cartesian coordinates (X; Y; Z) of the intersection point is reconstructed. The precision of this method has been determined by Monte-Carlo simulations. For the X- and Y-coordinates, corresponding to the azimuthal angle f; a position resolution of.5 mm (one s error) is reached. The Z-coordinate, related to the polar angle y is afflicted with larger systematic uncertainties at the forward and backward ends of the inner-detector. This deviation results from the two-dimensional reconstruction method and may be corrected by an additional factor. Additionally a software package using a three-dimensional reconstruction method has A scintillating fibre detector consisting of 53 scintillating fibres was developed for the Crystal Barrel experiment in Bonn. The fibres are arranged in three layers surrounding the target covering the solid angle of the Crystal Barrel detector. Together with different forward detectors (the time-of-flight detector TOF, the TAPS detector) a large centre-of-mass solid angle (nearly 4p) is reached. This provides a powerful tool to study the photo- and electroproduction of neutral mesons. First results on photo-production of Z-mesons will be published soon. Other reaction channels are currently examined showing promising results. Additionally data with linearly polarised photons produced by coherent bremsstrahlung and with different targets have been taken (LH 2 ; LD 2 ; C, Ca, Pb, Nb). In future double polarisation measurements using a polarised solid-state target and a polarised electron beam should become possible. These experimental conditions lead to the unique possibility to measure several angular distributions of independent polarisation observables enabling a model-independent partial wave analysis.
9 424 G. Suft et al. / Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research A 538 (25) Fig.. Measured gg invariant mass spectra of pgg-events, with (bottom) and without (top) proton identification in the inner-detector. Acknowledgements This work was supported by DFG under Contracts AN257/3. We would like to express our gratitude to the members of CB-ELSA collaboration and the staff of the ELSA accelerator in Bonn. This work would have been impossible without the generous help and considerable skills of the staff of the workshop of the Physikalisches Institut Erlangen. References [] D. Husmann, et al., Proceedings of the European Particle Accelerator Conference 356 (988) J. Hormes, D. Husmann, Proceedings of the Workshop on FEL s and Storage Rings, vol. 4, 988. [2] E. Aker, et al., [Crystal Barrel Collaboration], Nucl. Instr. and Meth. A 32 (992) 69. [3] V. Agoritsas, et al., Nucl. Instr. and Meth. A 4 (998) 7 and references therein. [4] M. Altmeier, et al., Nucl. Instr. and Meth. A 43 (999) 428. [5] J. Bisplinghoff, et al., Nucl. Instr. and Meth. A 49 (22). [6] U. Thoma for the CB-ELSA Collaboration; 29th International Workshop on Gross Properties of Nuclei and Nuclear Excitations, Hirschegg, Austria, 2; published in Hirschegg 2, Structure of hadrons [7] R. Novotny, IEEE Trans. Nucl. Sci. NS-38 (99) 379; A.R. Gabler, et al., Nucl. Instr. and Meth. A 346 (994) 68. [8] Bicron Catalogue on Scintillating Optical Fibers, 993. [9] Hamamatsu Technical Information, Multianode photomultiplier Tube assembly, (catalog TPMH37E7), 998. [] A. Fo sel, Ph.D. Thesis, Universität Erlangen-Nu rnberg, 2. [] R. Bogendo rfer, Diploma Thesis, Universität Erlangen- Nu rnberg, 2. [2] K. Ku ppersbusch, Diploma Thesis, Universität Erlangen- Nu rnberg, 998.
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