Biomass Cofiring Overview
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1 Biomass Cofiring Overview Larry Baxter Brigham Young University Provo, UT Second World Conference on Biomass for Energy, Industry, and World Climate Protection May 10-14, 2004 Rome, Italy
2 Biomass Energy Economics Typical Cost of Energy from Conventional Co-firing Combustion Cost of Electricity compared to feedstock prices, with various conditions, incentives, or subsidies Typical biomass Cost (US$ per ton) PTC proposed production tax credit Incentive, e.g., Green Pricing Premium Acknowledgement: Graph provided by Antares Group Inc
3 US Commercial Experience Over 40 commercial demonstrations Broad combination of fuel (residues, energy crops, herbaceous, woody), boiler (pc, stoker, cyclone), and amounts (1-20%). Good documentation on fuel handling, storage, preparation. Modest information on efficiency, emissions, economics. Almost no information on fireside behaviors, SCR impacts, etc.
4 Major Technical Cofiring Issues Fireside Issues Pollutant Formation Carbon Conversion Ash Management Corrosion SCR and other downstream impacts Balance of Process Issues Fuel Supply and Storage Fuel Preparation Ash Utilization Lab and field work indicate there are no irresolvable issues, but there are poor combinations of fuel, boiler, and operation.
5 Fuel Properties Cellulose H:C Molar Ratio Lignite Subbituminous Coal Bituminous Coal Semianthracite Lignin Wood Grass Average Biomass anthracite bituminous coal subbituminous coal semianthracite lignite biomass 0.0 Anthracite average values O:C Molar Ratio
6 NO x Behavior Complex (No Surprises) NO Axial distance (cm) Axial distance (cm) Radial distance (cm) Radial distance (cm) NH 3 Straw ( = 0.6) Coal ( = 0.9) 70:30 Straw:Coal ( = 0.9
7 Combustion History: Switchgrass 1 Volume (mm 3 ) Heat & Dry Devolatilization Char Oxidation Time (s) Initial nominal diameter = 3 mm
8 Particle Shape Impacts Mass Loss, daf flake-like exp. flake-like model cylinder-like exp. cylinder-like model near-spherical exp. near-spherical model Residence Time, s
9 Reaction Time vs. Yield Conversion Time, s aspect ratio: flake-like (width/thickness) cylinder-like near-spherical-1.65 flake-like cylinder-like near-spherical Equivalent Diameter, mm
10 Cofiring Deposition
11 Deposition Rates Vary Widely Cofiring biomass can lead to either decrease or increase in deposition rates. Cofiring decreases deposition relative to neat fuels Wood Switchgrass Pittsburgh #8 Deposition Rate (gm deposit/kg fuel) Eastern Kentucky Straw Wheat Straw 0.01
12 Commercial Stoker Secondary Superheater Primary Superheater Boiler Generator Bank Slag Screen 1 5 Fuel Bin 2 3 Overfire Air Stoker Grate 4 Stokers
13 Deposits Dissimilar to Fuel 60 Mass Percent [-] Fuel Ceiling/Corner Deposit 10 0 SiO2 Al2O3 TiO2 Fe2O3 CaO MgO Na2O K2O P2O5 SO3
14 Composition Maps Support Corrosion Hypothesis 100% Imperial Wheat Straw Cl S Fe 85% E. Kentucky 15% Wheat Straw
15 Fuel Properties Predict Corrosion Increasing Time
16 Oxygen Isosurfaces
17 BL mechanisms Inertial deposition flux [g/m 2 /h] BL deposition flux [g/m 2 /h]
18 Vapor deposition Vapor deposition flux [g/m 2 /h]
19 Flyash Impacts on Setting Time Penetration Resistance (psi) Penetration Resistance vs. Time Pure Concrete Class F Wood Wood C Wood F Biomass 1 Biomass 2 Class C Time (min)
20 Freeze Thaw Cycles Relative Dynamic Modulus of Elasticity (%) vs Freeze- Thaw Cycles Relative Dynamic Modulus of Elasticity (%) Class F1 Wood 1 Wood C1 Wood F Number of Cycles
21 Required Aerating Agent oz/100 lbs cement Pure Cement Class C Fly Ash (25%) Class F Fly Ash (25%) Co-fired Fly Ash (25%) (10% switchgrass) Co-fired Fly Ash (25%) (20% switchgrass) 0.5 0
22 Surface Conditions of Catalyst Normalized Concentration 0 CaO S SO3 Na2O V2O3 Fresh(1) Fresh(2) Exposed(1) Exposed(2) Detection Limit
23 Basic Compounds Poison Catalysts Catalyst Activity vs. Na Poison Amount Activity (k/k0) Poison Ratio (Na:V) BYU wet BYU dry Chen et al.
24 Field Tests Indicate Little Poisoning Fractional Conversion, X X NO fresh I X NH3 fresh I X NO fresh II X NH3 fresh II X NO exposed front X NH3 exposed front Space Velocity (hr -1 )
25 Conclusions Major technical issues include fuel handling, storage, and preparation; NO x formation; deposition; corrosion; carbon conversion; striated flows; effects on ash; impacts on SCR and other downstream processes. Importance of these issues depends strongly on fuel, operating conditions, and boiler design. Proper choices of fuels (coal and biomass) and operating conditions can minimize or eliminate most impacts for most fuels. Ample short-term demonstrations illustrate fuel handling feasibility. Paucity of fireside and long-term data.
26 Summary Cofiring Statements Cofiring has been demonstrated succesfully in over 150 installations worldwide for most combinations of fuels and boiler types. Cofiring offers among the highest electrical conversion efficiencies of any biomass power option. Cofiring biomass residues in existing coal-fired boilers is among the lowest cost biomass power production options. Well-managed cofiring projects involve low technical risk. Cofiring biomass in existing coal-fired boilers provides an attractive approach to nearly every aspect of project development.
27 Outline Introduction Success stories Statements R&D&D for improvement Long term experience Fireside measurements in commercial scale facilities SCR deactivation Fly ash utilization Deposition and corrosion Striated flows Fuel specifications, preparations and limitations Public awareness/image Increasing cofiring percentages
28 Acknowledgements Financial support provided by the DOE/EE, EPRI, NREL, BYU, a dozen individual companies. Work performed by research group including four other faculty members, two post docs, ten graduate students, 30 undergraduate students.
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