Neuro-developmental Treatment of Adults with Hemiplegia. Kathryn R. Shaab, PT, DPT Sheltering Arms Hospital May 2008
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1 Neuro-developmental Treatment of Adults with Hemiplegia Kathryn R. Shaab, PT, DPT Sheltering Arms Hospital May 2008
2 History of NDT Developed by Berta Bobath Physiotherapist Gymnast Assisted by her husband, Karel,, a neurologist Main audiences Adults with hemiplegia Children with cerebral palsy
3 History of NDT Holistic Approach Quality and coordination of movement patterns Not simply individual muscle function and impairments Main components: Normal movement patterns cannot be imposed upon abnormal ones Sensory-motor experiences Velickovic, TD, Perat, MV. (2005) Basic Principles of the Neurodevelopmental Treatment Medicina Vol 42 (41):
4 History of NDT Historical Approach Potential for recovery vs. compensation Bobath believed That patients with hemiplegia had the potential for recovery That recovery of function would occur if the patient placed demand on the involved side
5 History of NDT Historical Approach Potential for recovery vs. compensation Problem-solving approach vs. protocol Treatments must be individualized to fit the needs and impairments of the patient Understanding the components of normal movement to compare with abnormal patterns of patients
6 History of NDT Historical Approach Potential for recovery vs. compensation Problem-solving approach vs. protocol Key elements to NDT Alignment Cannot impose normal movement on mal- aligned joints Handling Inhibition, Facilitation, Key points Placing Reflex inhibiting postures (RIPs( RIPs) Practice functional, sensory-motor experiences Velickovic, TD, Perat, MV. (2005) Basic Principles of the Neurodevelopmental Treatment Medicina Vol 42 (41):
7 History of NDT Historical Approach Hierarchical Utilized developmental sequence Movement was expected to spontaneously carry over into function 4 key elements Current Approach Systems Emphasis is no longer on specific sequence Task-specific specific practice Individualized treatment Improved evidence 4 refined key elements
8 Neuro-Developmental Treatment Current Approach Potential for recovery vs. compensation Compensation is the natural response to injury Neuroplasticity The brain s s ability to change and reorganize based on experiences Recovery of function of the involved side is possible given neuroplastcity Nudo, RJ, (1998) Role of Cortical Plasticity in Motor Recovery After Stroke Neurology Report, Neurology Section, APTA, Vol. 22, No. 2 Fisher, BE, Sullivan, KJ. (2001) Activity-Dependent Factors Affecting Post Stroke Functional Outcomes Topics in Stroke Rehabilitation Vol. 8 (3): 31-44
9 Neuro-Developmental Treatment Nudo: Neuroplasticity during motor learning in squirrel monkeys Mapped M1 for the finger/thumb, wrist/forearm, elbow/shoulder Explored changes in the M1 representations pre- & post-training training Healthy and post-cortical injury Conclusions: Strength of synaptic connections use vs. non-use Spontaneous recovery (non-use) M1 representation decreased Post-injury trained (forced-use) M1 representation remained and expanded Over-use time-dependent, may result in increased damage Nudo, RJ, (1998) Role of Cortical Plasticity in Motor Recovery After Stroke Neurology Report, Neurology Section, APTA, Vol. 22, No. 2
10 Neuro-Developmental Treatment Fisher & Sullivan: Compensation vs. neuro-recovery recovery Therapist vs. patient-focused practice Increased representation in M1 cortex (neuroplasticity( neuroplasticity) Current strategies: Constraint-Induced therapy Body-weight supported gait Fisher, BE, Sullivan, KJ. (2001) Activity-Dependent Factors Affecting Post Stroke Functional Outcomes Topics in Stroke Rehabilitation Vol. 8 (3): 31-44
11 History of NDT Current Approach Potential for recovery vs. compensation Problem-solving approach vs. protocol Grossly remained the same Continue to adhere to individualized treatment based on movement analysis
12 Neuro-Developmental Treatment Current Approach Potential for recovery vs. compensation Problem-solving approach vs. protocol Key elements to NDT Alignment Cannot impose normal movement on mal- aligned joints Handling Inhibition, Facilitation, Key points Placing Assisting patients in achieving the appropriate position through alignment and handling Practice team approach; functional, sensory-motor experiences
13 Principles of NDT Individualized Functional Outcomes Know the patient Life roles Support system Home environment Patient s s goals for therapy Know the patient s s impairments Resulting from CVA Co-morbidities Functional Activity Abilities and Limitations (FAA & FAL) Treat the whole person
14 Principles of NDT Individualized Functional Outcomes Motor Control Systems approach Take advantage of synergies
15 Principles of NDT Individualized Functional Outcomes Motor Control Challenge the Involved Side Increase the demand on the involved side Activity-dependent neuroplasticity Logical progression of tasks
16 Principles of NDT Individualized Functional Outcomes Motor Control Challenge the Involved Side Increase Motor Learning Performance vs. learning Components of movement & entire movement
17 Principles of NDT Individualized Functional Outcomes Motor Control Challenge the Involved Side Increase Motor Learning Increase Carry-over & Retention Practice Teach according to individualized capacity and needs Interdisciplinary Approach 24-hour management Consistent practice
18 Principles of NDT Movement Analysis Understand normal alignment & movement Based on understanding of normal,, able to assess abnormal alignment & movement Determine missing components of alignment & movement 4 core elements and 10 essential factors Effect movement Manipulated during interventions
19 Principles of NDT 4 Core Elements Base of Support Body segment alignment Muscle activity Weight shift 10 Essential Factors 4 core elements Gravity Levers Time Distance Speed Environment
20 Neuro-Developmental Treatment Main Aspects of NDT treatment: Starting Posture Missing Components of Movement Manual Cues Facilitation Inhibition Stretch
21 Neuro-Developmental Starting Posture Treatment Most efficient position from which to move Improved muscle balance and alignment to achieve optimum length-tension tension relationship Re-orient to midline Neutral alignment of body segments Sitting or Standing Posture from which to compare normal and abnormal alignment and movement
22 Neuro-Developmental Treatment Missing Components of Movement Assessment of alignment and movements in comparison to normal Determine systematic reason for MCM (ROM, Neuro- muscular, etc) Drive the treatment session to obtain more normal alignment or movement
23 Neuro-Developmental Manual Cues Treatment Key points of control Facilitate effective alignment/movement Inhibit ineffective alignment/movement Stretching of tight structures 4 primary uses: Establish the BOS Align body segments Activate the muscle activity Assist with the weight shift
24 Neuro-Developmental Facilitation Treatment Using manual cues to assess muscle activity Determine client s s ability to initiate and sustain muscle activity for function Assist with muscle activity to control a posture or for transition Neuromuscular impairments
25 Inhibition Neuro-Developmental Treatment Inhibit ineffective movement strategies Maintain or control a posture which the client is unable to do on their own Stretch Assess ROM Techniques to increase available ROM Musculoskeletal impairments
26 Neuro-Developmental Treatment Integrating NDT techniques Bed mobility Transfers Gait ADLs IADLs
27 Conclusion Problem-solving Approach Movement Analysis Individualized, holistic treatments Promote functional recovery New technological interventions Increasing research
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