European Commission. Detailed typological description of different mechanisms and systems for the training of young athletes

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1 European Commission Study on the training of young sportsmen and sportswomen in Europe Detailed typological description of different mechanisms and systems for the training of young athletes June 2007

2 Table of contents 1. Description of the youth elite sports training system A) The system and structures B) Population C) Talent identification system D) Funding 2. Development of young athletes A) Development of sporting skills and training programmes B) Academic education C) Other athletes services Appendix : fact-sheets per country, including summaries 2

3 1. Description of the youth elite sports training system A) The system and structures Main models of organisation Key subjects Throughout our study, we have identified two main axes which impact the organisation of the training of young athletes : 1) The funding and supervision of training centres : is it rather public or private? Private funding and supervision mainly : It is mostly the case for professional sports (Chart 1. is a representation of the funding of training centres in professional sports); Chart 1. Funding of training centres in professional sports TV rights Ticketing Sponsoring Sports Clubs Local governments National associations Funding + operation Training centres Funding only Supervision + Funding Public funding and supervision mainly : It is mostly the case for Olympic sports (Chart 2. is a representation of the funding of training centres in Olympic sports); the funding mostly comes from the state and local governments ; it goes most of the time through the national associations ; the main difference being the grade and the methods of supervision/control from public institutions, which depends on national regulations and can include different types of organisations (NGOS such as NOC for example). Chart 2. Funding of training centres in Olympic sports Direct relationship State / Ministry / Local governments Indirect relationship Supervision + Funding* Supervision only Funding only Supervision + Funding Funding GSO or Semi GSO NGSO* such as NOC Funding only Supervision + Funding Funding only Supervision + Funding National associations Funding + operation Training centres 3

4 2) The management of the training centres : who mainly operates the training centres? National associations : they can either manage their own training centres (for part or whole of the development programme) or be only involved in the talent identification system or in the management of youth national teams; Sports clubs : they are always part of the system but their role can be very different from one sport to another and from one country to another; some are running the best training centres of the country for the whole process while others are only focusing on some categories of ages; Other private bodies: at the European level, there are very few private bodies others than sports clubs involved in the training of young athletes; nevertheless, in some sports, they play a significant role, together with sports clubs and/or national associations. Chart 3. Representation of the main models for the operation of training centres Public MODEL N 1 MODEL N 2 MODEL N 3 operations Mixed (sports clubs & other private) Sports clubs mainly Mixed (sports clubs & national associations) National associations mainly Mixed (national association & other private) MODEL N 4 MODEL N 5 Private MODEL N 6 Funding / supervision MODEL N 7 On the basis of those two axes, we can identify 7 main models of organisation, which we present in Chart 3. : Model n 1 : public funding and sports clubs being the main operators of training centres ; this model is not the most common ; Model n 2 : public funding and a mix between sports clubs and national associations to operate the training centres ; this model is the main model for Olympic sports; Model n 3 : public funding and national associations being the main operators of training centres; this is the other main model for Olympic sports ; Model n 4 : private funding and a mix between sports clubs and private bodies to operate the training centres ; this model exists in some individual professional sports ; Model n 5 : private funding and sports clubs being the main operators of training centres ; this model is very common in professional team sports ; Model n 6 : private funding and a mix between sports clubs and national associations to operate the training centres ; this model exists in some cases for professional team sports ; Model n 7 : private funding and a mix between national associations and private bodies to operate the training centres ; this is not a common model but it can happen in some individual professional sports. 4

5 The kind of model in place largely impacts the general organisation of the training of young talents in one country (talent identification, number and geographical situation of training centres, existence of quality standards, etc.). The models we identified are the most common models, which does not mean that there are not some exceptions (example : a training centre operated by a NGSO such as a NOC or by a GSO or a semi GSO). Analysis per sports Our general analysis shows that it is only in a limited number of sports that other private bodies than sports clubs are directly operating the training of young athletes (mainly in tennis). Even in those cases, a mix between private academies, national associations and clubs exists and may be different from one country to another. In most cases, the national association still deals with the training of a majority of the best talents. Generally speaking, in professional team sports, clubs play a more important role than in other sports. Athletics In athletics, all three main models with public funding are represented: In the majority of countries, there is a mixed role played by the clubs and the national associations : clubs train young talents until they reach the required level and age to get into national or regional training centres (which does not happen too soon as athletics is a late maturity sport) model n 2/6 : Bulgaria, France, Hungary, Ireland, Lithuania, Poland, Portugal, Spain. In some smaller countries, the national association is the main player and gathers the best young talents from a rather young age in a sole national training centre (model n 3 : Estonia, Latvia, Luxemburg ) while in some larger countries, the national association also gathers the best talents but in several training centres (model n 3 : Germany, Italy, Belgium ). In a limited number of countries, most of the work is done at the clubs level, most of the times with the indirect support of the national associations (model n 1: Greece, Slovenia, Malta ). Football In football, except in Luxemburg where clubs are not professional, there is no country where clubs do not play a significant role in the training of young athletes. In the majority of the countries, the national associations also play a significant role in the training of players, gathering on a permanent basis some of the best players of the country, either at a specific age or over the full training path model n 2/6: Austria, Belgium, Finland, France, Poland, Romania, Slovenia, Estonia, Luxemburg. In some countries, especially the smaller ones, funding does not only come from private money (e.g. : Luxemburg). In other countries, the national association is mainly dealing with national teams, organising training camps and the training of coaches, but does not directly train players all year long model n 5 : England, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Italy, Latvia, Portugal, Spain. Basketball In basketball, the model with a mixed role of clubs and national associations, the latter setting out the applicable rules, is the most represented. In most countries, both clubs and the national associations are training young athletes depending on ages and levels model n 2/6 : Austria, Belgium, England, Finland, France, Hungary, Lithuania, Poland, Portugal. In some countries (rather small countries), the national association is key in the training of young athletes model n 3 : Malta, Luxemburg, Estonia. In a limited number of countries, mostly where basket-ball economy is strong, clubs are the main actors model n 1/5 : Spain, Greece, Slovenia, Latvia, Bulgaria, Italy. 5

6 Cycling In cycling, all different models were represented in our study. Belgium presents a mix between the clubs and the national association - Model n 2/6. The national association is in charge of the training through its national training centres in Estonia and Luxemburg Model n 3. In Italy the main actor is the national association through a system of 40 regional training centres but clubs do also train young talents Model n 3. In both Portugal and Bulgaria, clubs are the main actors Model n 1/5. Fencing Pursuant to our study, in fencing, the mixed model (clubs / national association Model n 2) is the dominant organisation (Hungary, Lithuania, Poland). It is different for a very small country like Luxemburg (Model n 3). Gymnastics Pursuant to our study, in gymnastics, the mixed model (clubs / national association) is the sole organisation (model n 2 Bulgaria, Greece, Portugal, Romania). Handball In handball, there is a mix of models : In some countries, both the national association and the clubs are key in the training of young athletes Model n 2/6. In Latvia, sports training of best young talents is focused on Sports Gymnasium of Murjani, where the national association gathers the best talents Model n 3. In countries where handball has a strong economy, clubs may be the main actors in the training of young athletes Model n 5 : Spain. Swimming Pursuant to our study, in swimming, the mixed model (clubs / national association) is the sole organisation (model n 2/6 Greece, Poland). Tennis Tennis is a sport where some private academies run training centres. That is the case in Spain where there are around 10 high performance private academies. It is nevertheless in most cases still the national association which plays the main role. Model n 6: Belgium / model n 7: Spain. Golf In Denmark and UK, the training of young golf athletes is mainly performed by the clubs and the national association - Model n 2/6. Ice hockey In Latvia, Ice hockey training of top young athletes is mainly organised by the national association through the Riga Ice hockey School (Model n 3). Judo In Hungary and Slovenia, it is a mix of actions from clubs and national associations (model n 2), while in France, the national association, through its pôles, is the leader (model n 3). Rugby Pursuant to our study, in rugby, the mixed model (clubs / national association) is the sole organisation (model n 2/6 France, England, Romania). Alpine skiing In Austria, the national association runs the main training centres (model n 3). In Slovenia, it is a mix between the clubs and the national association (which runs 4 regional training centres including the best athletes from the age of 14) (model n 2/6). 6

7 In Italia, clubs are the main actors (model n 1/5), nevertheless they can benefit from specialised high school in skiing. Cross-country skiing In Estonia, the national association gathers the best young athletes at Audentes, the multi-sports national training centre (model n 3). General analysis per country Obviously, the organisation of sports in the different countries has a direct impact on the organisation of the training of young athletes. We can observe the following trends : Most of the countries present a mix between the clubs and the national associations. In some countries, national associations have the main role in a number of sports: Estonia (through Audentes School of Sport), Belgium (for individual sports), Luxemburg (for all sports as the local market is not big enough for clubs to be able to reach the required level). In a few countries (Spain, Slovenia, Greece), the national association leaves or helps the clubs to do the training on their own in a few number of sports. Latvia is a very specific country where, depending on sports, either the national associations or the clubs will play the main role. 7

8 Existence of a national training centre Key subjects In a majority of sports, most of the countries run national training centres. The reasons why some countries are not organised with national training centres are that they are set up around regional training centres or have adapted their structure to the specificity of the sport (e.g. strong role played by the clubs in football, no fixed facilities for skiing ). There is nevertheless a big difference between national training centres which have young athletes training on a permanent basis and training centres which offer services to young athletes, especially through training camps. We hereafter in Chart 4. describe the main typologies of organisations related to national training centres. Chart 4. Typologies of organisations related to national training centres All kinds of ages focused on some age categories National training centre with permanent training National training centre for training camps No national training centre at all multisports focused on one sport only By national training centre, we hereafter mean the existence of a permanent training centre where young athletes train all year long. We do not include in our definition national training centres which are used for regular training camps involving best national athletes. The existence of such national training centres is key in the organisation of the training of young talents. When a permanent national training centre exists, it generally means that best young talents of the country are gathered in one place / in a few places, most of the time after the age of 15. National training centres are mainly multi-sports training centres, except for sports with a strong economy (football in a lot of countries, rugby and ice hockey in some others ). National associations play a key role in the organisation of training, while the management of the training centre can refer to different types of bodies (Ministry of Education, Olympic Committee, private company ). By gathering the best young talents, national associations usually make sure that their best young athletes benefit from high quality standards for sports training, medical survey, education, etc. They also make sure that the best talents get competitive training. At the same time, the existence of a national training centre may sometimes be seen as a disadvantage for sports clubs and local training centres, where the level of training decreases as best talents leave. The existence of a national training centre also often has consequences on the talent identification system, which is then built around this national training centre. 8

9 Analysis per sport Athletics In athletics, there are national training centres in most of the countries (15 out of 18 answers). Depending mainly on the size and geography of the countries, there can be only one training centre (e.g. Estonia, Latvia, Portugal) or various (e.g. 2 in Hungary, 5 in France, 5 in Germany ). When there are various national training centres, some of them can be specialized in some kinds of disciplines. National training centres most of the time deal with athletes aged at least 15. Football In football, a number of national associations run national training centres (6 out of 19 answers). They mostly exist in rather small countries (e.g. Tallin Common High School in Estonia, Eerikkilä Sports Institute in Finland, Luxemburg) where there is only one national training centre. As for athletics, national training centres most of the time deal with athletes at least aged 15. Basketball There are less national training centres in basketball than in athletics (8 out of 19 answers), mainly because the economy of athletics depends more on national associations funding. As for athletics and football, national training centres, most of the time, deal with athletes aged at least 15. In other team sports, there is a rather high proportion of national associations (3 out of 7 answers for handball, ice hockey and rugby) which run national training centres. In dual sports (1vs.1), most of the national associations (7 out of 9 answers from fencing, tennis and judo) run national training centres as it is necessary to gather the best athletes in order to offer good training conditions to the athletes. Alpine skiing is probably an exception, with very few national training centres and athletes being mostly trained in sports clubs at a young age. In other sports, the situation does not seem to be linked to the specific requirements of sports (5 out of 5 answers for cycling ; 3 out of 4 for gymnastics; 1 out of 3 for swimming; 0 out of 2 for golf; 1 out of 1 for cross-country skiing). Analysis per country The existence of national training centres is not really linked to the size or the population of the country (e.g. Slovenia has no national training centres, but national associations organize regular training camps, while Luxemburg gathers all main sports in national training centres). 9

10 Existence of regional training centres Key subjects As for national training centres, there is a difference between regional training centres with permanent training and regional training centres which are used for gathering best regional athletes during training camps, tests We hereafter in Chart 5. describe the main typologies of organisations related to regional training centres. Chart 5. Typologies of organisations related to regional training centres All kinds of ages focused on some age categories Regional training centre with permanent training Regional training centre for training camps No regional training centre at all multisports focused on one only sport By regional training centre, we hereafter mean the existence of a permanent training centre where young athletes train all year long. Our definition will not include regional training centres which are used as regular training camps involving the best regional athletes. The existence of regional training centres depends on a number of factors, including obviously the geography of the countries. In the bigger countries, those regional training centres are key to allow young athletes to remain as long as possible close to their family environment. Depending on sports, regional training centres can also be key in order to offer high quality training to talents aged between 12 and 15 years old. Regional training centres represent an alternative or a complementary solution to other systems (sports clubs or national training centres). Regional training centres, as national training centres, are mostly multi-sports training centres, except mainly for richest sports. Analysis per sport Athletics In athletics, there are very few regional training centres (only 5 out of 18 answers), and most of them are in the big countries of the EU (France, Germany, Spain). Other countries run national training centres, as seen before, and collaborate at the local level with clubs. Most of the time, regional training centres deal with younger athletes compared to national training centres. Football In football, some national associations run regional training centres (7 out of 19 answers). They exist in some big countries (e.g. France, Poland) but also in smaller ones (e.g. Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Slovenia). The main difference between those regional training centres is that some countries run them for all ages (e.g. Slovenia), while some other run them only for younger players (e.g. players aged years old in France). 10

11 Basketball In basketball, there is a limited number of countries with regional training centres (4 out of 19 answers). In some countries, those regional training centres have young athletes (e.g years old in Belgium, years old in France, from the age of 10 in Lithuania). In other sports : There are rather few regional training centres in most of the sports : Cycling : 0 out of 5 ; Fencing : 1 out of 4 ; Gymnastics : 0 out of 4 ; Handball : 0 out of 3 ; Swimming : 0 out of 3 ; Tennis : 2 out of 2 ; Golf : 0 out of 2 ; Ice hockey : 0 out of 1 ; Judo : 2 out of 3; Alpine skiing : 1 out of 3 ; Cross-country skiing : 0 out of 1. Rugby is different with regional training centres being quite common : 3 out of 3 answers (knowing that regional training centres in UK are under the responsibility of the clubs). Analysis per country Pursuant to our study, France seems to be the sole country where there are regional training centres for all sports studied. On the contrary, in most small countries, for the sports studied, there is no regional training centre (e.g. Estonia, Latvia, Malta). In the medium and other big countries, the situation is different from one sport to another. It is interesting to notice that Hungary has the project of creating regional training centres for a large number of sports. The creation of those regional training centres for younger athletes could be a new trend for the future. Some countries with no national training centres, run regional training centres in a number of sports (e.g. Slovenia). Austria runs a regional sports policy for high level training (like in Football, Alpine Skiing). In the sports we studied there are no national training centres. The Lander geographical and administrative policy explains this situation. 11

12 Existence of quality standards Key subjects In some countries / sports, training centres have to comply with some specific quality standards, generally specified in a book of specifications. Various bodies may issue those specifications. Sometimes, the law which makes mandatory for training centres to respect a book of specifications (either a Ministry or a national association may be responsible for issuing the book of specifications), sometimes, national associations decide to go for it. When it is provided by law, the objective of the book of specifications is mainly to protect young athletes and to make sure that they can combine both sports training and education. When the national association is fully responsible for it, the development of the quality standards of sports training is often the first objective. Books of specifications can be very different from one country / sport to another. They usually deal with the staff of the training centres (especially the diplomas of the coaches), facilities, the relation with schools, the medical survey and the paramedical services. Here after in Chart 6. is a description of the scope and main actors involved in the definition of quality standards and books of specifications. Chart 6. Scope and main actors related to quality standards Law Ministry National associations Clubs Staff Facilities Academic education Books of specifications Quality standards Medical surveillance Personal development 12

13 Analysis per sport Athletics In athletics, nearly half of the countries run quality standards / books of specifications (8 countries out of 18 answers). But these quality standards can be very different from one country to another : in some cases, they are about facilities (e.g. Poland); in some others, they are about the qualification of coaches (e.g. Belgium) and in a number of countries, there are full quality standards / books of specifications (e.g. France). Football In football, more than half of the countries (12 out of 19 answers) run quality standards / books of specifications. All clubs playing UEFA competitions must also get the UEFA license, which includes some basic criteria. In some cases, quality standards are higher than for other sports due to the motor role of the national associations. They can include some classifications (e.g. Dexia Foot pass in Belgium, Foot pass in Finland, DTN classification in France). Basket-ball In basket-ball, the number of countries which have quality standards / books of specifications is quite similar to athletics (7 out of 19 answers). In other sports : it is also quite common to find some kinds of books of specifications in other sports : Cycling : 2 out of 5 answers ; Gymnastics : 2 out of 4 ; Handball : 1 out of 3 ; Swimming : 2 out of 3 ; Tennis : 2 out of 2 ; Ice hockey : 1 out of 1 ; Judo : 2 out of 3 ; Rugby : 1 out of 3 ; Alpine skiing : 1 out of 3 ; In some sports we did don t find books of specifications in our study : Fencing : 0 out of 4 answers; Cross-country skiing : 0 out of 1 ; Golf : 0 out of 2. Analysis per country There is a group of countries which run quality standards / books of specifications in all the sports we studied : Belgium, France, Latvia and Slovenia. Only a few countries have no quality standards / books of specifications for the studied sports (except for facilities) : Luxemburg, Estonia, Malta. They are mainly small countries. Some countries/national associations are working on some new quality standards / books of specifications (e.g. Polish Basket-ball Association) In England, the clubmark system (all sports) ensures that funding of clubs is related to the level of development of the organisation of a given club. It is a way to introduce some quality criteria but the clubmark system is not specific to the training of elite athletes and is more about ensuring a safe environment for all young athletes. In the Identification, evaluation and comparison of quality criteria document, we study in more details some of those quality standards / books of specifications. 13

14 Table of contents 1. Description of the youth elite sports training system A) The system and structures B) Population C) Talent identification system D) Funding 2. Development of young athletes A) Development of sporting skills and training programmes B) Academic education C) Other athletes services Appendix : fact-sheets per country, including summaries 14

15 1. Description of the youth elite sports training system B) Population Pyramid of ages and percentage of young athletes who become top level athletes Key subjects The pyramid of ages presents the number of athletes being part of the youth elite system depending on ages. The study of this pyramid of ages makes it possible to better understand the type of organisation of each sport / country. It underlines the main selective steps in development programmes and provides the percentage of young athletes reaching the elite level. There are very different situations in Europe depending on sports / countries / training centres regarding the proportion of young athletes who become top level athletes. Our first comment is that in sports / countries / training centres where the proportion is weak, there should be a specific emphasis on the development of non sporting skills, which is not always / often the case. There are different dimensions to explain the differences in the pyramid of ages between sports and countries, as reflects Chart 7. : Chart 7. Origin of the pyramid of youth training centres The population of the country The importance of sports in the country The talent identification system The organisation of the training age The required number of athletes in training groups The «market» The population of the country: it has of course a strong impact on the basis of the youth elite pyramid, which is usually much smaller in small countries as the number of athletes with the required abilities is not high. The importance of sports in the country: if a sport is very important in a country, it attracts more young talents which allows to increase the basis of the youth elite pyramid, and, at the same time, it will bring more money into the sport, which increases the size of the market. The talent identification system: the talent identification system is very important in the definition of the youth elite pyramid as it impacts the number of athletes at each level. The organisation of training of young athletes: depending on the existence of national or regional training centres and on the role of the clubs, the pyramid can be very different. 15

16 The required number of athletes in training groups : it makes a strong difference between team sports, where a minimum of players is needed and individual sports, where the training group can be much less numerous, even if there is a difference between dual sports (1vs1) and other individual sports. The market : The market represents the number of elite athletes, and mainly depends on the kind of sport and on the national environment. It is important to notice that being an elite athlete does not always mean that you can make your living out of it. Depending on the countries and sports, the proportion of young talents who will be able to live out of sports can be very different. It is also important to keep in mind that, depending on the sports and countries, even young talents who will be able to make a living out of sports will mostly need to take up an occupation after their sporting career. The main existing scenarios regarding the pyramid of ages in youth elite training are presented in Chart8. Chart 8. Main models for pyramids of ages Model n 1 Model n 2 Model n 3 Model n 4 age Model n 1: high number of athletes involved in youth elite training / low number of athletes reaching the elite level. Model n 2: high number of athletes involved in youth elite training / rather high number of athletes reaching the elite level. Model n 3: little number of athletes involved in youth elite training / low number of athletes reaching the elite level. Model n 4: little number of athletes involved in youth elite training / rather high number of athletes reaching the elite level. 16

17 Analysis per sport If we do not consider the specificities of the countries, we can make a first cartography of main types of youth elite pyramids (cf. Chart 9.). Chart 9. First cartography of youth elite pyramids Large market Model n 4 Model n 2 Football Rugby Small market Ice hockey Cycling Model n 3 Handball Basket-ball Model n 1 Gymnastics Golf Nordic Fencing skiing Judo Athletics Swimming Tennis Alpine skiing Small youth elite population Large youth elite population The main difference is between professional team sports and individual sports. In main team sports, there are professional leagues in most of European countries. Each league generally features one or two levels, each level including between 10 and 20 teams. As each team needs between 12 (in basketball) and 30 players (in rugby), it means that the market of professional team sports usually features at least more than 100 professional players per country and up to more than for football in England (92 professional teams in England). Depending on sports, the market for home-grown players is nevertheless limited by the number of foreign players. Athletics Athletics is a very competitive sport, where very few athletes can make it to senior elite level. Being a late maturity sport, there is a huge number of national junior champions who will never reach the senior level. Even between those who reach the senior elite level, very few of them can make a living out of it. The only positive aspect about the market is that there are several disciplines. Football Football represents a huge market at the professional level (at least two professional levels in big countries), but is at the same time a very competitive sector as most of professional clubs in big countries run football academies. 17

18 Basketball Basketball is a difficult sport as there is an unlimited reservoir of high level US players, which renders very difficult for young national players to get opportunities to play in the national medium and big leagues. Between other sports, it is interesting to notice the specific case of tennis, with a small market and a very competitive environment as private training centres offer new opportunities to players who are not selected in national and regional training centres run by the national association. Analysis per country The situation can be very different from one country to another due to the local popularity of the sport and to the selected type of organisation. Chart 10. Geographical and cultural impacts on the youth elite pyramids Large market Model n 4 Model n 2 Football Rugby Small market Ice hockey Cycling Model n 3 Handball Basket-ball Model n 1 Nordic countries United Kingdom Countries without snow Gymnastics Golf Nordic Fencing skiing Judo Athletics Swimming Tennis Alpine skiing Small youth elite population Large youth elite population Countries where best talents get into national training centres from a young age present some kind of a double pyramid of ages (cf. Chart 11.) with: On one side, a limited number of athletes, selected as best talents, who are offered good conditions and presenting a high percentage of success, On the other side, a larger number of second rank young athletes, who do not get the same support. Very few of them will be able to make it to the elite level. Chart 11. Impact of national training centre son the youth elite pyramids Impact of national training centres involving best athletes from a young age 18

19 Table of contents 1. Description of the youth elite sports training system A) The system and structures B) Population C) Talent identification system D) Funding 2. Development of young athletes A) Development of sporting skills and training programmes B) Academic education C) Other athletes services Appendix : fact-sheets per country, including summaries 19

20 1. Description of the youth elite sports training system C) Talent identification system Key subjects The talent identification systems are key in the success of training programmes. Many bodies (national associations, Olympic committees, sports clubs, sports schools, specialized schools ) are involved in those programmes. Detailed contents of those programmes can be very different from one country / sport to another (cf. Chart 12. for main models). Most of the systems are based on the work of both the national associations and the sports clubs (see figure below). Nevertheless, very often, competition remains key for the selection, which, depending on the sports and taking into account the issue of biological vs. chronological age, is not always appropriate. Generally speaking, talent identification systems do not much take into account mental skills of the young athletes. Key issues to analyse the different practices in terms of talent identification are : the size of the country and the number of registered athletes, the sports with specific morphological criteria, the economy of the sport in a given country. Very few countries run some kind of multi-sports talent identification system or talent orientation system (Malta, Greece), most of the time towards school systems. Chart 12. Main models for screening and selection Clubs National associations State or National Multi sport programme Attract or orient talent to a discipline Mainly performed by clubs in most of sports and countries Few programmes, mainly performed by small national associations in order to promote their disciplines Very few programmes mainly performed by small countries in order to have an opportunity to get on the sporting map Screening & Selection process Professional sports clubs usually implement scouting actions. This scouting is often done during competitions at regional level (between clubs) or national level (between regional selections). In many sports, clubs are also asked to send their best talents to the first level of selection of national associations. Nearly 100 % of national associations are involved in a screening and selection programme of registered athletes. No direct action. Some multisports national training centre are used as support centres for sporting tests. 20

21 Analysis per sport Athletics: clubs and national associations model. The very first stage of talent identification is mostly performed by clubs at a local stage. Some national associations are implementing actions of talent identification through schools (Portugal mega project school programmes, Greece or Poland). For the second stage, most of the countries are in a system where talents are screened by the national associations through regional or local youth competition (Belgium, Bulgaria, England, France, Spain, Slovenia, Italy). Athletics is very much confronted to the issue of biological age where most of the 12 to 16 years old best results are performed by children in an advanced biological age. This issue makes less efficient the screening exclusively based upon competition results. Interesting policies: Polish Athletics Association cooperates with school in the field of talent identification. PAA transmits standards of selection to Physical Education teachers in primary school. Football: central role of the clubs. Football, with a very high number of registered athletes and few specific morphological criteria, does not need to attract talents into the discipline. There is no countries where the clubs do not play an important role in the screening and selection of athletes. Especially in countries with a powerful football economy (England, France, Germany, Italy, the Netherlands, Portugal, Spain ), clubs do have the main role with scouting actions starting at a very young age to attract best talents. The staff dedicated to scouting is more important than in any other sport. Luxembourg is one of very few countries where the national association plays a very important role in the screening. Austria runs a specific policy regarding screening and training young talents : talented young players are directly integrated in regional centres from U12. The best players stay in such centres until they are 18, they still play for their own clubs during the week end. Then, the best of them can join a professional team reserve to finish their training before their professional career. Most of the national associations also organise tournaments involving regional selections with the aim of composing their national teams but clubs scouts have usually already identified main talents before those competitions take place. With football clubs looking for always younger talents, some national associations have decided to limit the risk of seeing young boys recruited by clubs based far away from their home. England, France, Italy or Austria are good examples on this subject by setting regional limits to the recruitment of young players. For Instance, in Austria, regional training centres are not allowed to recruit young players who live more than 50 km away from the centre. Basketball: clubs and national associations model Countries with a strong basketball economy (Spain, Greece) will see clubs play an important role in the talent identification system. Main European clubs do have scouts in their staff or use services of agents. Even in those countries, national associations use several means to implement talent identification and selection (actions towards schools, regional team competitions). Countries with a smaller economy will see an expanded role of the national association, but usually still need the implication of the clubs. Cycling: clubs and national associations model Talent identification seems very much oriented towards sports competition results on various age categories. From our results, it seems that clubs play a role in the early stage of the talent identification but national associations are strongly involved in the very first step of training and selecting talents (Italy, Luxembourg). 21

22 Fencing: clubs and national associations model Selection system in Fencing does give a great attention to competitions, because Fencing is all about fighting and its symbol (confront the opponent, know how to behave in a fighting situation) Mental criteria are often more important than biological or morphological criteria (apart the size). Consequently, in countries where fencing was part of our study, we acknowledged that screening and selection are mostly based on competition results organised by national associations. Nevertheless, fencing is a discipline where the relationship between the trainer and fencers is really important and clubs still play an important role. In our study, we did not notice any major action from the national associations to attract talents into the discipline. Most of the time, it relies on the clubs actions. Gymnastics: Clubs and national associations model In three of the countries studied, we have found actions of the clubs or the national association to attract potential talent to gymnastics at primary school age (Romania, Greece as part of a multi-sports programme and Bulgaria). The next screening and selection stages are mainly performed by the national association in order to select the best athletes in their training centres. Handball: Clubs and national associations model Handball is in a situation close to basketball. Clubs play the central role in the very first stage (attracting talent..), while national associations take part in the screening and selection process. Swimming: Clubs and national associations model Swimming is a very specific discipline where some specific physical abilities and mental capacities to stand against workloads play an important role. Nevertheless, the selection is mainly based on competitions results. In most of the countries, the swimmer has to perform some minimum times to enter swimming high level structures, Tennis: clubs and national associations model Talent identification can be the result of actions of both registered clubs or other private institutions. Whatever the country situation is, the national association will still implement talent identification or selection process. Golf : clubs and national associations model In England as well as in Denmark, clubs are in charge to attract talents to the sport with the support of the national associations. National associations are in charge of selecting the best talents for national teams. Judo: Clubs and national associations model One country is performing talent identification towards schools (Hungary). The selection process organised by the national associations remains mainly oriented towards competition results (France), as for fencing. Rugby: Clubs and national associations model Attracting talent is a responsibility of clubs. In France, screening and selection are made by a coordinated action of clubs and the national association through local training camps. From those camps, regional selections are built and are used as a starting point of the federal selection system. Clubs will obviously follow with attention individual performance in these competitions. In professional rugby countries such as England or France, clubs still try to attract best young talents but work mainly on a local basis. 22

23 Alpine skiing : Clubs and national associations model The Italian national association does not run a specific talent identification programme. The selection process is based on competition results. In Austria, in some schools, there is an entrance examination every year which the candidates have to pass. The examination has three parts: fitness, skiing technique, physical health. Ice Hockey, Nordic skiing The answers we had from these sports did not include enough information. Analysis per country As one may see, the main model of talent identification in Europe is based on the work of each sport individually. Cooperation between clubs and national associations is also a dominant model. Regarding multisports programmes, you will find hereunder the few examples we were able to identify. National multisports talent identification programmes : Malta : The Malta Olympic Committee, has implemented a Talent Identification Scheme, to guide young athletes to develop into the right sport. It was co-ordinated by the Director of Youth, and guided through a number of schools in different areas of Malta, whereby sports teachers would make children go through a number of different exercises. Results of each child would then be analysed by scientists (Functional Diagnostic Laboratory), and then three sports would be identified as potential for the child who is encouraged to participate to one of them. Greece : The Ministry of Education runs an interesting programme. Each year, 9 years old school pupils participate in a set of physical tests within their school. Based on their performance, pupils are offered the opportunity to train with specialized coaches, three times a week in the city where they live. They are also offered to join a local club of their choice. Actions of national associations towards school (non exhaustive): Poland : the Polish Athletics Association cooperates in the field of talent identification with the Ministry of Education. The PAA provides Physical Education teachers with selection criteria in order to better identify potential talents. This example will be seen in an informal way in different sports and countries where Physical Education Teachers often have a specific link with a discipline and are tended to guide children towards this given discipline. 23

24 Table of contents 1. Description of the youth elite sports training system A) The system and structures B) Population C) Talent identification system D) Funding 2. Development of young athletes A) Development of sporting skills and training programmes B) Academic education C) Other athletes services Appendix : fact-sheets per country, including summaries 24

25 1. Description of the youth elite sports training system D) Funding Key subjects: The youth elite sports training system is mostly financed by the public sector (State, local governments). The share of the private investment depends mainly on the types of sports and the country. One will highlight that financing models in European countries are rather similar. Indeed, professional clubs are self-financing their structures with the help of local authorities grants, while national training centres are financed by national associations with direct or indirect input of the State and/or the Olympic Committee. Football clubs are by far the biggest spenders. FIFA has estimated the costs of the training of a football player enrolled in a professional club training centre at up to euros per year. The comparison of costs per country or per sport should be handled with care. Perimeters of services may be very different from a centre to another (boarding school, travel expenses etc..), while living costs may also be very different according to the country involved. Chart 13. Main funding models Professional club training centres National and Regional training Centres STRUCTURES Multi-sports One sport Programme Facilities Clubs Sports organisation State / Olympic Committee Sports organisation FUNDING State / Olympic Committee State / Olympic Committee 25

26 Analysis per sport: Professional team sports: the economy of youth training programmes in professional team sports could be understood as follows : Professional clubs training centres: They mainly exist in football and basketball. The centres are financed by the clubs themselves. In some countries, clubs will receive grants from the local authorities (e.g. France, Romania ). National Training Centres: national associations are generally financing their National Training Centres. In many cases, they do it within the framework of a financial agreement with the Government. In terms of indirect assistance from governments, football is the sport that will use the less multi-sports national training centres (e.g. France, Germany). Regional Training Centres: national associations are generally financing their Regional Training Centres with aids granted by the Government (under a general financial agreement) and, often, local authorities. Governmental (France) or Olympic movements structures (Italy, Germany, Romania), when they exist, will be used more often than in the case of national training structures. Football Football clubs are the biggest spenders in youth training programmes. In addition to annual costs, many professional clubs have realised strong investments in their training facilities (e.g. Standard - Belgium : 16 millions Euros, LOSC - France : 20 million Euros, Manchester City - England : 11 million euros). Those training facilities are not only used for youth training programs but also for the professional team. The fact that the economy of football allows to get money from future transfers of home-grown players and costs of bringing players from outside are some of main reasons for the strong investments made by the clubs in training of young players. Football associations are amongst very few national associations that are able to privately fund some of their programmes (through sponsoring, national team TV rights etc ) Examples of annual costs of professional clubs for their youth training structures: France: 3 to 6 million euros for best centres (1st category). Around 1.5 million Euros for 2nd category centres. England : from 1,1 million euros up to around 3,5 million euros (operating costs only) Italy: from 500,000 euros to 2 million euros Romania: an average of 100,000 euros Examples of annual costs of National Training Centres (NTC): Estonia: 57,500 euros for 60 players (1,000 euros per athlete) Romania: 300,000 euros Examples of annual costs of Regional Training Centres (RTC): Belgium: 450,000 euros for 8 Top Sports School (TSS do not take in charge all the training, there is a collaboration with clubs) Italy (football only) : 150,000 euros Basketball The economy of professional clubs youth centres is supported by the clubs themselves with sometimes aids granted by local authorities. Regional and National training centres are financed by public subsidies. In the case of countries without a professional Basketball sector, the financing of basket-ball training structures will be similar to the financing of the other Olympic sports. Examples of annual costs of professional clubs for their youth training structures: France: average of 300,000 euros per club. 26

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