Zobozdrav Vestn 2004; 59: UDK Strokovni prispevek. M. Petelin, R. Gašperšič, U. Skalerič

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1 Zobozdrav Vestn 2004; 59: UDK Strokovni prispevek Pekoča bolečina v ustni votlini M. Petelin, R. Gašperšič, U. Skalerič Izvleček Znaki: Sindrom pekočih ust je opredeljen kot pekoča bolečina v ustni votlini brez opaznih bolezenskih sprememb na ustni sluznici. Pekoča bolečina se največkrat pojavi na konici jezika, pogosto na trdem nebu, ustnicah, zobiščnem nastavku, redko pa na lični sluznici, žrelu ali ustnem dnu. Pekoča bolečina je navadno neprekinjena, lahko se podnevi stopnjuje ali pa je njena jakost ves čas enaka. Večinoma obolevajo ženske med 55. in 60. letom. Vzroki: Vzročni dejavniki pekoče bolečine v ustih so lokalni, sistemski in psihološki. Med lokalne spadajo alergično-toksična reakcija na dentalne materiale in sestavine hrane, neustrezno oblikovana zobna proteza ter kandidiaza. Med sistemske vzročne dejavnike uvrščamo pomanjkanje določenih vitaminov in mineralov, hormonsko neravnovesje (klimakterij) in sladkorno bolezen. Psihološki vzročni dejavniki vključujejo depresijo, anksioznost, kancerofobijo in stresen dogodek. Zdravljenje: Da bi odkrili vzrok pekočih ust, potrebujemo dobro anamnezo, skrben klinični pregled bolnika in po potrebi bakteriološko preiskavo, alergološke teste in preiskave krvi. V blažjih primerih bolnika samo pomirimo, v težjih predpišemo vitamine B, zdravilo proti glivam in pomirjevala. Ključne besede: lokalni vzrok, pekoča bolečina v ustih, psihološki vzrok, sistemski vzrok, zdravljenje Burning mouth syndrome Abstract Symptoms: Burning mouth syndrome (BMS) is defined as a burning pain in the mouth without other signs of oral disease. The sensation occurs most commonly on the tip of the tongue, but other sites like the hard palate, lips or the alveolar process are also frequently involved. Less commonly affected areas are the buccal mucosa, floor of the mouth and the throat. The condition is found mainly in women between 55 and 60 years of age. Aetiology: Local, systemic and psychological factors can play a part in the aetiology of BMS. The most important local causes are allergic reactions to dental materials and food allergens, faulty denture design and candidiasis. Systemic causes include vitamin and mineral deficiencies, hormonal alterations (menopause) and diabetes. The principal psychological factors are depression, anxiety, phobic concern about cancer and stress. Treatment: In some patients, the aetiology of BMS can be established by a detailed history, careful clinical examination, bacteriological and allergological testing, and blood analysis. If the pain is mild, the patient only needs to be reassured that the condition is benign. Severe cases are treated with vitamin B complex replacement, anticandidal agents and antidepressants. Key words: burning mouth syndrome, local factor, psychological factor, systemic factor, treatment 39

2 Uvod V dvoletnem obdobju od 1999 do 2001 je 21,4 % bolnikov, napotenih na Center za ustne bolezni in parodontologijo, imelo eno od diagnoz ustnih bolezni; najpogostejša diagnoza je bila glossodynia ali glossopyrosis (Skalerič in sod., 2002). V prispevku zato opisujemo to bolezensko sliko in podajamo smernice zdravljenja. Sindrom pekočih ust je opredeljen kot etiološko nepojasnjena pekoča bolečina v ustih brez vidnih bolezenskih sprememb na ustni sluznici (Lynge Pedersen in sod., 2004). Bolezen imenujemo tudi glossalgia, stomatodynia, stomatopyrosis ali sindrom pekočih ust (angl. burning mouth syndrome). Pekoča bolečina se največkrat pojavi na konici jezika. Pri bolnikih, ki nosijo zobno protezo, so pogosto prizadeti še trdo nebo, ustnice ali zobiščni nastavek. Redkeje se pekoča bolečina pojavi na lični sluznici, žrelu ali ustnem dnu. Pekoča usta lahko spremljajo tudi drugi znaki, kot so suha usta ter spremembe okusa in vonja (Main in Basker, 1983; Grushka, 1987; Forman in Gregg, 1989). Pekoča bolečina v ustni votlini prizadene ženske 7-krat pogosteje kakor moške, pojavi se predvsem med 55. in 60. letom starosti. Bolezen se ne pojavlja pri otrocih. Dnevna dinamika znakov pekoče bolečine v ustih in vzroki Večinoma naj bi pekoča bolečina v ustih nastala zaradi medsebojnega prepletanja več vzročnih dejavnikov (Tabela 1). Bolnike s pekočo bolečino v ustih lahko glede dnevne dinamike znakov in vzrokov razdelimo v tri skupine. V prvo skupino spadajo bolniki, ki občutijo pekočo bolečino v presledkih in na neobičajnih mestih ustne votline, kot so lična sluznica, ustno dno ali žrelo. Vzrok te vrste bolečine je običajno lokalen; največkrat je to slabo prilagojena proteza, alergično-toksična reakcija na dentalni material ali sestavine hrane in kandidiaza (Forman in Gregg, 1989; Forman in Settle, 1990). V drugi skupini se bolečina pojavi zjutraj in se stopnjuje čez dan. Pri večini teh bolnikov naj bi bolečina nastala zaradi sistemskega vzroka (Lamey in Lamb, 1988). Pri tretji skupini bolnikov je bolečina prisotna že, ko se zbudijo, njena jakost pa se čez dan ne spreminja. Bolečina verjetno nastane zaradi psihološkega vzroka, npr. anksioznosti in depresivnosti (Reeve in sod., 1987). Tabela1: Najpogostejši vzročni dejavniki pekoče bolečine v ustih Lokalni Sistemski Psihološki neustrezna zobna proteza klimakterij depresija in anksioznost alergično-toksična reakcija diabetes kancerofobija kandidiaza hipovitaminoza in pomanjkanje mineralov stres Lokalni vzročni dejavniki Pri ljudeh, ki nosijo zobno protezo, se pekoča bolečina pojavi pogosteje kot pri ljudeh brez protez. Main in Basker (1983) sta ugotovila, da je kar polovica njihovih bolnikov s pekočo bolečino v ustih nosila zobno protezo. Kot najpogostejšo napako pri izdelavi protez navajata nepravilno okluzijsko uskladitev, kar povzroči premikanje 40

3 proteze in s prostim očesom nevidne poškodbe sluznice pod njo. Nekateri avtorji menijo, da prevelik pritisk proteze na ustno sluznico spremeni tudi njeno oživčenost in zato nastanek pekoče bolečine (Murty in Fawcett, 1990). Pekočo bolečino na jeziku lahko sproži nepravilno oblikovano jezično krilo spodnje proteze, ki omeji jezikov prostor. Zaradi nepravilno oblikovanega ličnega krila proteze se pekoča bolečina lahko pojavi tudi v licu ali ustnici (Grushka, 1987). Alergično-toksična reakcija na materiale v protezi je možen vzrok pekoče bolečine v ustih. Ali s sodelavci (1986) je ugotovil toksično reakcijo na akrilatno monomero pri četrtini bolnikov, ki so nosili protezo in imeli pekočo bolečino v ustih. Posebno je nevarna prevelika količina proste monomere v protezi (McCabe in Basker, 1976). Tudi nekatere druge sestavine protez, kot npr. kadmij, nikljev sulfat ter kobaltov klorid, lahko delujejo alergensko. V vseh primerih, pri katerih je vzrok pekoče bolečine proteza, se bolečina pojavi na mestih dotika proteze z ustno sluznico in se zmanjša ali izgine, če bolnik proteze ne nosi oz. če se proteza popravi ali se zamenja material. Ni povsem jasno, ali pekočo bolečino v ustih sproži tudi živo srebro oz. amalgam (James in sod., 1985). V dosegljivi literaturi nismo našli omembe, da bi galvanski tokovi v ustih povzročali pekočo bolečino. Glive družine Candida so kot saprofiti prisotne v ustni votlini približno polovice ljudi. Domnevajo, da te glive pri mnogih bolnikih povzročijo pekočo bolečino na jeziku (Osaki in sod., 2000). Glive se v ustni votlini razrastejo in na sluznico bolezensko delujejo pogosteje, če bolnik jemlje kortikosteroidne hormone, citostatike in druga zdravila, ki zmanjšujejo imunski odziv organizma. Glive se pri bolnikih razrastejo tudi ob zmanjšanem izločanju sline, ob virusnih okužbah, slabi ustni higieni in nošenju zobne proteze. Pekoča bolečina v ustni votlini verjetno lahko nastane tudi zaradi lokalnega delovanja nekaterih sestavin hrane, kajenja in alkoholnih pijač (Basker in sod., 1978; Glass, 1989). Van der Ploeg in sodelavci (1987) so ugotovili, da je pri polovici bolnikov pekočo bolečino povzročila ali povečala začinjena hrana. Sistemski vzroki Sistemska stanja, ki bi lahko povzročala nastanek pekoče bolečine v ustih, so predvsem klimakterij, sladkorna bolezen in pomanjkanje nekaterih vitaminov ter mineralov. Pri proučevanju povezanosti med pekočo bolečino v ustih in klimakterijem so dobili avtorji različne rezultate. Basker s sodelavci (1978) je ugotovil pekočo bolečino v ustih pri 19 % žena v obdobju klimakterija, ena novejših epidemioloških študij pa navaja od 0,7 do 2,6-odstotno pogostost (Wolff in sod., 1991). Podobno pogostost pekoče bolečine kot Basker in sod. (1978) pri ženskah v klimakteriju so ugotovili pri bolnicah po odstranitvi jajčnikov (Ferguson in sod., 1981); po tem posegu pri ženskah takoj nastopi klimakterij. Zanimivo pa je, da nadomestno hormonsko zdravljenje z estrogeni ni zmanjšalo pekoče bolečine v ustni votlini (Ferguson in sod., 1981; Grushka, 1987). Nekateri avtorji sklepajo, da povzročajo pekočo bolečino v ustih psihološke spremembe pri ženskah, ki se pogosto pojavijo v klimakteriju (Ferguson in sod., 1981). 41

4 Pekoča bolečina v ustih je velikokrat povezana s sladkorno boleznijo. Prevalenca pri diabetikih je ocenjena od 10 do 40 % (Basker in sod., 1978; Forman in Settle, 1990; Lamey in sod., 1992; Collin in sod., 2000; Carrington in sod., 2001). Najverjetnejši vzrok pekoče bolečine v ustih pri diabetikih je napredovano izginevanje živčnih vlaken, ki se pojavi ob metabolni neurejenosti (Lamey in sod., 1992). Pekoča bolečina v ustih je lahko tudi posledica pomanjkanja vitaminov iz skupine kompleksa B in mineralov, predvsem železa in cinka. Ti so pomembni dejavniki pri obnovi epitelijskih celic ustne sluznice, zato se njihovo hudo pomanjkanje pokaže kot rdečina, izguba papil na jeziku, bolečina ob požiranju, otekanje jezika in tanjšanje ustne sluznice. Pekoča bolečina v ustih se pojavi pred temi spremembami. Ocenjujejo, da je 8 do 28 % primerov pekoče bolečine v ustih posledica pomanjkanja vitaminov in mineralov (Main in Basker, 1983; Ali in sod., 1986; Lamey in Lamb, 1988; Field in sod., 1995). Psihološki vzroki Pekoča bolečina v ustih, posebno huda pekoča bolečina, katere jakost se čez dan ne spreminja, je lahko povezana z depresijo, anksioznostjo, strahom pred rakavim obolenjem ali stresnim dogodkom v življenju (Reeve in sod., 1987). Pri tej povezavi je težje ločiti vzrok od posledice kakor pri povezavi med pekočo bolečino v ustih in lokalnimi ali sistemskimi dejavniki. Lamey in Lamb (1988) sta ugotovila psihično motnjo pri slabi polovici bolnikov s pekočo bolečino v ustih. Pri njih nista odkrila lokalnih ali sistemskih vzročnih dejavnikov. V svoji raziskavi pa nista ugotavljala, ali je pekočo bolečino v ustih sprožila psihična motnja ali je bilo obratno in se je psihična motnja pojavila kot reakcija na pekočo bolečino v ustih. Pregled in preiskave bolnika Osebni zobozdravnik ob prvem obisku naredi dobro anamnezo in skrbno pregleda bolnika. Tako lahko ugotovi in izključi nekatere lokalne dejavnike, ki so eden od možnih vzrokov bolezni. Pomembni anamnestični podatki so: jakost in lokalizacija bolečine, s protetičnimi izdelki povezane težave, razvade in parafunkcije, postopki in pripomočki, ki jih bolnik uporablja za vzdrževanje ustne higiene, kajenje in uživanje alkohola ter jemanje zdravil. Bolnika moramo vprašati tudi o psihičnih težavah. V družinski anamnezi pa so pomembni podatki o morebitnih rakavih in psihiatričnih obolenjih. Natančno pregledamo ustno sluznico, ocenimo količino sline in ustno higieno ter ustreznost stomatoprotetičnih izdelkov. Če zobozdravnik oceni, da je vzrok lahko neprilagojena proteza, jo popravi. Če ni izboljšanja, napoti bolnika v specialistično ambulanto. Diagnozo sindrom pekočih ust lahko postavimo v specialistični ambulanti za ustne bolezni z izključitvijo vseh ostalih bolezni, ki povzročajo bolečine v ustih, zato do nje vodi sistematična obravnava bolnika, ki vključuje diagnostične postopke, s katerimi poskušamo odkriti vse možne lokalne, sistemske in psihične vzročne dejavnike. Ob vrednotenju rezultatov diagnostičnih postopkov pa se je potrebno zavedati, da pri bolezni lahko sočasno sodeluje več vzročnih dejavnikov (Drage in Rogers, 2003). Pri obravnavi bolnika sodeluje poleg zobozdravnika in specialista za ustne bolezni praviloma tudi skupina strokovnjakov s področij drugih medicinskih specialnosti. 42

5 V specialistični ambulanti za ustne bolezni se osnovnemu pregledu bolnika dodajo še nadaljnje preiskave. Priporočamo odvzem brisa sluznice jezika za oceno prisotnosti Candide. Laboratorijske preiskave bolnikove krvi naj ovržejo oz. potrdijo morebitno anemijo, pomanjkanje vitaminov kompleksa B, železa in cinka. Z merjenjem krvnih koncentracij glukoze in glikiranega hemoglobina preverimo morebitno prisotnost sladkorne bolezni ali metabolno urejenost sladkornega bolnika. Pri bolnikih, ki imajo bolečine le na eni strani, priporočamo oceno funkcije trigeminalnega živca, da se izključi njegovo nevralgijo. Ob bolečini, ki se pojavlja pod zobno protezo ali na neobičajnih mestih, pa bolnika napotimo na alergološko testiranje. Po potrebi bolnika napotimo k psihiatru. Zdravljenje pekoče bolečine v ustih Epidemiološke študije kažejo, da je pri približno 70 % bolnikov s pekočo bolečino v ustih možno s sistematičnim diagnostičnim pristopom odkriti enega ali več vzročnih dejavnikov in bolnike uspešno zdraviti. Že ob pregledu se z bolnikom pogovorimo o možnih vzrokih težav, saj bolnik med diagnostičnim postopkom opravi številne preiskave, ki še povečajo njegovo zaskrbljenost. Kadar vzročnega dejavnika ne moremo odkriti in je bolečina blaga, bolnika pomirimo z zagotovilom o benigni naravi njegove bolezni. Pri bolnikih, ki imajo hude ali neznosne bolečine, se lotimo zdravljenja po naslednjem vrstem redu, ki ga priporočata Drage in Rogers (2003): -- bolnikom svetujemo prenehanje kajenja, uživanja alkohola in zmanjšanje uporabe ustnih vod ter začimb; -- predpišemo preparat, ki deluje proti glivicam; -- predpišemo vitamine kompleksa B; -- predpišemo doksepin (75 mg na dan), ki deluje anksiolitično in antidepresivno; -- pri vztrajnih bolečinah predpišemo triciklične antidepresive, ki ob nizkih dozah uspešno zavirajo kronične bolečine; priporočajo zdravilo amitriptilin (10 do 75 mg dnevno). V literaturi so opisane tudi druge možnosti zdravljenja, na primer z benzodiazepinskimi preparati. V prihodnosti si mnogo obetamo od zdravljenja z antioksidantom alfalipoično kislino, zdravilom, ki se uspešno uporablja pri zdravljenju diabetičnih nevropatij. V poskusni študiji je izboljšalo znake kar pri dveh tretjinah sladkornih bolnikov s sindromom pekočih ust (Femiano in sod., 2000). Reference Ali A, Bates JF, Reynolds AJ, Walker DM. The burning mouth sensation related to the wearing of acrylic dentures: an investigation. Br Dent J 1986; 161: Basker RM, Sturdee DW, Davenport JC. Patients with burning mouths. A clinical investigation of causative factors, including the climacteric and diabetes. Br Dent J 1978; 145: Carrington J, Getter L, Brown RS. Diabetic neuropathy masquerading as glossodynia. J Am Dent Assoc 2001; 132: Collin HL, Niskanen L, Uusitupa M, et al. Oral symptoms and signs in elderly patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. A focus on diabetic neuropathy. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol Endod. 2000; 90:

6 Drage LA, Rogers RS. Burning mouth syndrome. Dermatol Clin 2003; 21: Field EA, Speechley JA, Rugman FR, Varga E, Tyldesley WR. Oral signs and symptoms in patients with undiagnosed vitamin B12 deficiency. J Oral Pathol Med 1995; 24: Femiano F, Gombos F, Scully C, Busciolano M, Luca PD. Burning mouth syndrome (BMS): controlled open trial of the efficacy of alphalipoic acid (thioctic acid) on symptomatology. Oral Dis 2000; 6: Ferguson MM. Oral complaints related to climacteric symptoms in oophorectomised women. J R Soc Med 1981; 74: Forman R, Gregg R. Burning mouth symptoms: a clinical review, part 1 and part 2. Compend Cont Educ Dent 1989; 11: 74-80, Forman R, Settle G. Burning mouth symptoms, Part II: A clinical review. Compendium 1990; 11: Glass BJ. Drug induced xerostomia as a cause of glossodynia. Ear Nose Throat 1989; 68: Grushka M. Clinical features of burning mouth syndrome. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol 1987; 63: James HM, Hilburn ME, Blair JA. Lead uptake in humans by whole-body counting of 203Pb: assessment of errors. Clin Phys Physiol Meas 1985; 6: Lamey PJ, Lamb AB. Prospective study of aetiological factors in burning mouth syndrome. Br Med J 1988; 296: Lamey PJ, Darwazeh AM, Frier BM. Oral disorders associated with diabetes mellitus. Diabet Med 1992; 6: Lynge Pedersen AM, Smidt D, Nauntofte B, Christiani CJ, Bjornsson Jerlang B. Burning mouth syndrome: Etiopathogenic mechanisms, symptomatology, diagnosis and therapeutic approaches. Oral Biosci Med 2004; 1: Main DM, Basker RM. Patients complaining of a burning mouth. Further experience in clinical assessment and management. Br Dent J 1983; 154: McCabe JF, Basker RM. Tissue sensitivity to acrylic resin. A method of measuring the residual monomer content and its clinical application. Br Dent J 1976; 140: Murty GE, Fawcett S. The aetiology and management of glossodynia. Br J Clin Pract. 1990; 44: Osaki T, Yoneda K, Yamamoto T, Ueta E, Kimura T. Candidiasis may induce glossodynia without objective manifestation. Am J Med Sci 2000; 319: Reeve PE, Lamey PJ, Lamb AB. Psychological aspects of burning mouth syndrome. J Dent Res 1987; 66: 851. Skalerič U, Gašperšič R, Gašpirc B, Grošelj D, Kovač-Kavčič M, Petelin M, Schara R. Napotnice za specialista ustnih bolezni in parodontologije - analiza in priporočila za splošnega stomatologa. Zobozdrav Vestn 2002; 57: Van der Ploeg HM, van der Wal N, Eijkman MA, van der Waal I. Psychological aspects of patients with burning mouth syndrome. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol. 1987; 63: Wolff A, Ship JA, Tylenda CA, Fox PC, Baum BJ. Oral mucosal appearance is unchanged in healthy, different-aged persons. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol 1991; 71: Doc. dr. Milan Petelin, dr. stom.; asist. mag. Rok Gašperšič, dr. stom.; prof. dr. Uroš Skalerič, dr. stom., Katedra za ustne bolezni in parodontologijo, Medicinska fakulteta, Ljubljana 44

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