Petroleum Generation & Accumulation and Geochemical Methods of Petroleum Exploration. Dr. V. Banerjie KDMIPE
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1 Petroleum Generation & Accumulation and Geochemical Methods of Petroleum Exploration Dr. V. Banerjie KDMIPE
2 Contents Geochemistry Petroleum geochemistry Origin of petroleum Composition of petroleum Classification of petroleum Generation of petroleum in sedimentary basin Migration and accumulation of petroleum Geochemical Methods Source rock evaluation Oil to oil and oil to source correlation Geochemical surface prospecting
3 Geochemistry Definition The name Geochemistry was first used by the Swiss Chemist C. F. Schonbein in Chemistry of earth. The science of occurrence and distribution of elements and their compounds in earth.
4 Geochemistry Tasks Determination of quantity and distribution of individual elements and their compounds in various parts of earth i.e., Atmosphere, Hydrosphere and Lithosphere. Discover the laws that govern the occurrence and distribution of elements and their compounds in the earth crust. Analysis of air, water and rock samples Inorganic and Organic analysis.
5 Geochemistry Two Branches Inorganic Geochemistry Determination of quantity and distribution of individual elements and their inorganic compounds in various parts of earth i.e., Atmosphere, Hydrosphere and Lithosphere. Organic Geochemistry Determination of quantity and distribution of organic compounds in various parts of earth i.e., Atmosphere, Hydrosphere and Lithosphere.
6 Petroleum Geochemistry Special Branch of Geochemistry Petroleum geochemistry deals with the composition and distribution of petroleum and related substances in sedimentary basins.
7 Petroleum Geochemistry Aim of Petroleum Geochemistry To understand the origin, migration, accumulation and post-accumulation alteration of petroleum in sedimentary basins.
8 Origin of Petroleum Since the dawn of civilisation we knew about petroleum through surface seepage of oil, gas and asphalt. Used as fuel and building material
9 Inorganic Origin Theory Methane polymerisation Origin of Petroleum During formation of earth, cosmic organic matter was trapped in deeper earth (mantle). This organic matter released gases that contain methane, ethylene etc. These gases while migrating vertically towards earth crust condensed or polymerised to form large and complex molecules to form petroleum.
10 Inorganic Origin Theory Origin of Petroleum Fischer Tropsch synthesis of hydrocarbons Fischer Tropsch reaction is catalytic hydrogenation and reductive polymerization of CO and CO2. Igneous or metamorphic decarbonation of sedimentary carbonates produces carbon dioxide. Periodotites alter to serpentinites in the presence of water at temperatures below 500 degree C. During serpentinisation, hydrogen is generated. This carbondioxide and hydrogen undergo Fischer Tropsch synthesis to form mixture of hydrocarbons.
11 Organic Origin Theory Origin of Petroleum Petroleum is generated from the transformation of plant organic matter deposited in the rock layers in sedimentary basins. Basis -overall chemical similarity of petroleum and plant organic matter. Globally accepted theory. Directing exploration programmes for search of petroleum.
12 Composition of Petroleum Forms of petroleum Based on the physical state of the mixture of hydrocarbons, petroleum is classified into three forms: Crude oil liquid form of petroleum Condensate gaseous in subsurface and liquid at surface Gas does not condense at STP
13 Composition of Oil Oil is a mixture dominantly of hydrocarbons that can be produced from sub surface through a drill pipe. Hydrocarbons are the compounds of hydrogen and carbon. Non hydrocarbon compounds also occur in petroleum. These are formed by the incorporation of sulphur, nitrogen, oxygen and some metals in the hydrocarbon skeleton. Oil contains hundreds of compounds which vary greatly in their structural types and molecular sizes. The hydrocarbons and non hydrocarbons have been classified as follows.
14 Composition of Oil Classification of compounds in oil Oil contains thousands of compounds. Compounds vary greatly in their structure and molecular size. To study these compounds, it is essential to classify them on some basis and study the group types.
15 Composition of Oil Classification of compounds in oil Basis of classification Molecular Types Variations Molecular Size Variations
16 Composition of Oil Molecular Types Variations Normal Alkanes Iso-alkanes Isoprenoids Cycloalkanes Aromatics
17 Composition of Oil Molecular Size Variations Normal Alkanes C1 to C60 Iso-alkanes C4 to C10 Isoprenoids C9 to C25 Cycloalkanes 1 ring to 5 ring Aromatics 1 ring to 5 ring Cycloalkano aromatics 1 ring to 5 ring
18 Classification of Oils S-SATURATE A-ASPHALTENE P-PARAFFIN N-NAPHTHENE
19 Composition of Gas Typical oil associated gas Methane 75 Ethane 10 Propane 7 i-butane 2 n-butane 3 i-pentane 1 n-pentane 1 Hexanes+ 1
20 Where we can find oil? Satisfy the following probabilities: 1. Probability of existence of a trap (Structure x Reservoir x Seal). 2. Probability that trap has received and retained oil (Source x Migration)
21 Generation of Oil and Gas 1. Deposition of source beds in sedimentary basins 2. Generation of oil and gas in source beds
22 Deposition of Source Beds Conditions for deposition of source beds: 1. Production of organic matter 2. Composition of organic matter 3. Accumulation of organic matter 4. Preservation of organic matter
23 Generation of Petroleum in Source Beds Essential conditions for generation petroleum: 1. Sufficient quantity of organic matter 2. Right type of organic matter 3. Adequate maturity of organic matter
24 Generation of Petroleum in Source Beds Essential conditions for generation of petroleum: 1. Sufficient quantity of organic matter Threshold value of organic matter content More quantity of organic matter more oil
25 Generation of Petroleum in Source Beds Essential conditions for generation petroleum: 2. Right type of organic matter Petroleum hydrocarbon C& H atoms C atoms in plenty in organic matter H atoms are scarce in organic matter limiting factor Larger the number of H atoms more oil
26 Generation of Petroleum in Source Beds Essential conditions for generation petroleum: 3. Adequate maturity of organic matter Sedimentation, Subsidence, Compaction Increasing temperature Organic matter gets transformed into oil and gas Generation of petroleum is a function of time and temperature - Maturity A threshold level of maturity is essential for generation of oil
27 Stages of Organic Matter Maturation 1.Diagenesis 2.Catagenesis 3.Metatgenesis
28 Generation of Petroleum in Source Beds Diagenesis - Shallow depth - Temperature upto around 50 deg C -Biochemical degradation of organic matter -Polycondensation - Insolubilisation - Formation of kerogen
29 Generation of Petroleum in Source Beds Catagenesis - Increasing burial depth -Temperature 50 to 175 deg C -Thermal cracking of bonds in kerogen -Formation of oil and gas
30 Generation of Petroleum in Source Beds Metagenesis - Increasing burial depth -Temperature beyond 175 deg C -Thermal cracking of bonds in Kerogen, oil -Formation of gas
31 Migration and Accumulation of Petroleum Primary migration Secondary Migration Tertiary migration Remigration
32 Methods in Petroleum Geochemistry Source Rock Evaluation Oil to Oil and Oil to Source Correlation Geochemical Surface Prospecting
33 Source Rock Evaluation Source rock analysis is carried out on well cuttings for determining the following parameters: 1.Quantity of organic matter 2.Quality of organic matter 3.Maturity of organic matter
34 Source Rock Evaluation Source rock analysis is carried by using : TOC Analyser Elemental Analyser Rock-Eval Analyser Kerogen isolation equipment Reflectance Microscope
35 Source Rock Evaluation Quantity of organic matter Total Organic Matter (TOC) by TOC Analyser TOC less than 0.5% TOC 0.5 to 1.0% TOC 1.0 to 2.0% TOC more than 2% No source rock Marginal source rock Good source rock Very good source rock
36 Source Rock Evaluation Quality of organic matter Atomic H/C and O/C by Elemental Analyser
37 Source Rock Evaluation Quality of organic matter Hydrogen Index (HI) by Rock-Eval Type I Oil generating source rock Type II Oil and gas generating source rock Type III Gas and oil generating source rock
38 Source Rock Evaluation Maturity of organic matter Atomic H/C and O/C by Elemental Analyser
39 Source Rock Evaluation Maturity of organic matter Tmax by Rock-Eval OM Type Mature source rock Type I 440 to 450 Type II 430 to 455 Type III 430 to 470
40 Source Rock Evaluation Maturity of organic matter Vitrinite Reflectance (VRo%) VRo% less than 0.5% Immature source rock VRo% 0.5 to 1.2% Mature source rock VRo% more than 1.2% Overmature source rock
41 Maturity of organic matter Source Rock Evaluation Source rock maturity Oil type Immature - No oil + Gas Early mature -Heavy oil + Gas Mature - Normal oil + Gas Overmature - Condensate + Gas
42 Source Rock Evaluation Source rock log of well 2 TOC S 2 HI Tmax S 1 PI Niravi Karaikal Depth (Km) 3 4 Kamalapuram Portonovo Nannilam Kudavasal Bhuvanagiri Sattapadi 5 Andimadam (0-10) (0-10) (0-300) ( ) (0-2) (0-1)
43 Source Rock Evaluation Mapping of source in basin
44 Source Rock Evaluation Petroleum System Modelling in basin
45 Oil to Oil and Oil to Source Correlation Genetic correlation Oil is generated in source rock and thus inherits the properties of its mother source rock Source rocks differ in characteristics because of difference in quantity, quality and maturity of organic matter Oils generated from different source rocks are different
46 Oil to Oil and Oil to Source Correlation Genetic correlation Two or more oil pools originating from same source rock can be genetically correlated Oil can be genetically correlated to its source rock Oil to oil and oil to source correlation method helps in developing models of oil generation, migration and accumulation in a basin
47 Oil to Oil and Oil to Source Correlation Genetic correlation For oil to oil correlation oils are compared for the parameters that provide information on Organic matter type of mother source rock Environment of deposition of the mother source rock Maturity level of the source rock
48 Oil to Oil and Oil to Source Correlation Genetic correlation For oil to source correlation oils are compared with the extractable organic matter (bitumen) of the source rock for the parameters that provide information on Organic matter type Environment of deposition Maturity level of the source rock
49 Oil to Oil and Oil to Source Correlation Correlation techniques / parameters Gross level parameters API gravity of oil Sulphur content of oil Wax content of oil Correlation index of oil Saturates, aromatics, NSOs content
50 Oil to Oil and Oil to Source Correlation Correlation techniques / parameters Molecular level parameters Light hydrocarbons by Gas Chromatography Normal alkanes and Isoprenoids by Gas Chromatography Biomarkers by Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry Stable carbon isotopic of saturates, aromatics and NSOs by Stable Isotope Mass Spectrometry
51 Oil to Oil and Oil to Source Correlation Correlation techniques / parameters - Biomarkers
52 Oil to Oil and Oil to Source Correlation Correlation techniques / parameters - Biomarkers
53 Oil to Oil and Oil to Source Correlation Correlation techniques / parameters - Biomarkers Ro=>1.5% Ro= % MDI Ro= % Ro= <1.0% MAI Proposed m aturity windows for the condensates
54 Gas to gas correlaion Origin of gas Diagenetic-Dry Early catagenetic - Wet Mid catagenetic - Wet Late catagenetic - Wet Metagenetic - Dry
55 Gas to gas correlaion Origin of gas Composition delta 13C1 Diagenetic C1 less than -55 Early catagenetic C1-C5-55 to -50 Mid catagenetic C1-C6-50 to -40 Late catagenetic C1-C5-40 to -35 Metagenetic C1-35 to -25
56 Gas to Gas Correlation Correlation techniques / parameters Molecular level parameters Light hydrocarbons by Gas Chromatography Normal alkanes and Isoprenoids by Gas Chromatography Biomarkers by Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry Stable carbon isotopic of saturates, aromatics and NSOs by Stable Isotope Mass Spectrometry
57 Gas to Gas Correlation Correlation techniques / parameters Bernard's diagram for comparing gas wetness with Del 13 C of methane in Upper assam Basin Koraghat-1 Koraghat Borholla-30 Borholla-43 C1/C2+C Bacterial gas Mixed gases Thermogenic gas Nambar-1 Geleki #269 Geleki #272 Geleki#275 Geleki#279 Geleki#280 Geleki#287 Safrai-1 Safrai-1A Del 13 C methane (%o),pdb Banmali#4 Chanmaigaon# 14
58 Gas to Gas Correlation Correlation techniques / parameters Del 13 C methane(%o) C2+ hydrocarbons in relation to 13 C concentration in methane in Upper Assam gases C2+ (%) Bacterial Methane Mixed Gas Condensate Associated Oil Associated Non-associated dry gases from humic organic matter Koraghat-1 Koraghat-8 Borholla-30 Borholla-43 Nambar-1 Geleki #269 Geleki #272 Geleki#275 Geleki#279 Geleki#280 Geleki#287 Safrai-1 Safrai-1A Banmali#4 Chanmaigaon #14
59 Concept Geochemical Surface Prospecting Petroleum pool is an active mass of hydrocarbon molecules. No seal rock is completely impermeable. A network of microfracture system exists in the sedimentary layers above the petroleum pool. Small size hydrocarbon molecules like C1 through C5 move vertically through the microfracture system and reach surface.
60 Geochemical Surface Prospecting Microseep is defined as the migration of methane through pentanes (C1 to C5) hydrocarbon from a subsurface accumulation by a process of vertical ascent of colloidal size particles through microfracture system over petroleum deposit.
61 Geochemical Surface Prospecting Microseeps generate positive hydrocarbon anomalies on the surface that tend to overlie all or large part of the petroleum deposit from which they originate.
62 Geochemical Surface Prospecting Microseeping hydrocarbons are present in soil. Soil are sampled by various methods and analysed by different techniques. Identification of the areas with high concentration of hydrocarbons in surface soil are mapped and related to the subsurface accumulation.
63 Geochemical Surface Prospecting Soil samples are collected in a grid pattern of 0.5km x 0.5km from depth of 3-5m. Gas adsorbed on the soil is desorbed and analysed by Gas Chromatograph C1 to C5 hydrocarbons are detected and their concentration is calculated. Iso-concentration maps of C1 to C5 are prepared and anomalies delineated and ranked.
64 Geochemical Surface Prospecting
65 THANK YOU
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