An Introduction to Failure Modes Effects and Criticality Analysis FME(C)A

Transcription

1 An Introdution to Failur Mod fft and ritiality Analyi FM()A r Jan Marhall rodut xlln uing 6 igma Modul U 2011/2012 FMA ag 1 liability tool and thniqu Mthod for fault avoidan Mthod for arhittural analyi and amnt U 2011/2012 FMA ag 2 1

2 Mthod for fault avoidan art drating and ltion Limiting omponnt tr lvl to blow pifid maxima atio of applid tr to ratd maximum tr Applid tr takn a maximum likly to b applid during wort a oprating ondition tr-trngth analyi U 2011/2012 FMA ag 3 Mthod for arhittural analyi and amnt Bottom-up mthod vnt tr analyi (TA) FM()A Hazard and oprability tudy (HAZ) Top-down mthod Fault tr analyi (FTA) liability blok diagram (B) Markov analyi U 2011/2012 FMA ag 4 2

3 FM()A What i FM()A? Why FM()A? How to prform FM()A FM()A xri U 2011/2012 FMA ag 5 Failur Mod and fft Analyi (FMA) A qualitativ approah that i intndd to: ogniz and valuat th potntial failur of a produt or pro and th fft of that failur Idntify ation whih ould liminat or rdu th han of th potntial failur ourring oumnt th ntir pro Failur Mod fft and ritiality Analyi (FMA) xtnd FMA to inlud ritiality analyi Quantifi failur fft and vrity U 2011/2012 FMA ag 6 3

4 finition Failur mod fft and ritiality analyi (FMA) i a tp-by-tp approah for idntifying all poibl failur in a dign, a manufaturing or ambly pro, or a produt or rvi. Failur mod man th way, or mod, in whih omthing might fail. fft and ritiality analyi rfr to tudying th onqun of tho failur. U 2011/2012 FMA ag 7 Why i it Important? rovid a bai for idntifying root failur au and dvloping fftiv orrtiv ation Idntifi rliability/afty ritial omponnt Failitat invtigation of dign altrnativ at all tag of th dign rovid a foundation for othr maintainability, afty, ttability, and logiti analy U 2011/2012 FMA ag 8 4

5 Hitory/tandard Th FMA wa originally dvlopd by AA to improv and vrify th rliability of pa program hardwar. MIL-T-785, liability rogram for ytm and quipmnt vlopmnt and rodution-tak 204, t out th produr for prforming FMA MIL-T-1629 tablih rquirmnt and produr for prforming FMA Automotiv upplir may u A J1739 FMA, or thy may u th Automotiv Indutry Ation Group (AIAG FMA) Q-9000 tandard I Analyi thniqu for ytm rliability rodur for failur mod and fft analyi (FMA) U 2011/2012 FMA ag 9 Bnfit of FM()A FM()A i on of th mot important and mot widly ud tool of rliability analyi. Th FM()A failitat idntifiation of potntial dign rliability problm It an hlp rmoving au for failur or dvloping ytm that an mitigat th fft of failur. Hlp nginr prioritiz and fou on high-rik omponnt/failur U 2011/2012 FMA ag 10 5

6 Bnfit of FM()A It provid dtaild inight into th ytm intrrlationhip and potntial for failur. Information and knowldg gaind by prforming th FM()A an alo b ud a a bai for troubl hooting ativiti, maintnan manual dvlopmnt and dign of fftiv built-in tt thniqu. U 2011/2012 FMA ag 11 Bnfit and limitation ytmatially idntifi au and fft rlationhip Indiat ritial failur mod Idntifi outom from au Framwork for idntifying mitigating ation utput may b larg vn for impl ytm rioritiing may bom diffiult with ompting failur mod May not aily dal with tim qun, nvironmntal ondition and maintnan apt U 2011/2012 FMA ag 12 6

7 FM()A Appliation - 1 To idntify failur whih, alon or in ombination, hav undirabl or ignifiant fft; to dtrmin th failur mod whih may riouly afft th xptd or rquird quality. To idntify afty hazard and liability problm ara, or non-omplian with rgulation. To fou dvlopmnt tting on ara of gratt nd. U 2011/2012 FMA 13 FM()A Appliation - 2 To ait th dign of Built-in-Tt and failur indiation. To ait th prparation of diagnoti flow hart or fault-finding tabl. To ait maintnan planning. To idntify ky ara in whih to onntrat quality ontrol, inption and manufaturing ontrol. U 2011/2012 FMA 14 7

8 FM()A Appliation - 3 To provid a ytmati and rigorou tudy of th pro and it nvironmnt. To upport th nd for tandby or altrnativ pro or improvmnt to urrnt pro. To idntify dfiini in oprator and uprvior training and prati. U 2011/2012 FMA 15 FMA -- Typ onpt FMA ign FMA ro FMA ytm ub-ytm omponnt Ambly Manufaturing ytm ub-ytm omponnt ytm ub-ytm omponnt U 2011/2012 FMA ag 16 8

9 ign FMA -- Tam ign nginr Manufaturing / ro nginr Tam upport Tam prntativ from: utomr rvi upplir Global Tt pration orporat Quality U 2011/2012 FMA ag 17 FMA ro U 2011/2012 FMA ag 18 9

10 FMA rodur Idntify all potntial itm failur mod and dfin thir fft on th immdiat funtion or itm, on th ytm, and on th miion to b prformd valuat ah failur mod in trm of th wort potntial onqun, whih may rank vrity laifiation Idntify failur dttion mthod and ompnating proviion for ah failur mod Idntify orrtiv dign or othr ation rquird to liminat th failur or ontrol th rik oumnt th analyi and idntify th problm, whih ould not b orrtd by dign U 2011/2012 FMA ag 19 tting Th Lvl f Analyi U 2011/2012 FMA 20 10

11 How i it on? What ar th fft of box failur on th ytm? What ar th fft of board failur on th box? What ar th fft of part failur on th board? ot: Thi i a bottom up xampl. Top down xampl ar poibl. U 2011/2012 FMA ag 21 FMA aad - Gnral ytm ub-ytm omponnt ro fft Failur mod au fft Failur mod fft au Failur mod au fft Failur mod au U 2011/2012 FMA ag 22 11

12 FMA aad - Fliphart tand Flip hart tand (ytm) fft Failur mod mbarra rntr apr fall out lamp (ub-ytm) fft apr fall out rw Ambly (Ambly) rw (omponnt) au Inuffiint lamping for Failur mod Inuffiint lamping for fft Inuffiint lamping for au rw failur Failur mod rw failur fft rw failur au Thrad failur Failur mod Thrad failur au ro failur U 2011/2012 FMA ag 23 Bonnt la xampl What an go wrong with th bonnt rla on your ar? U 2011/2012 FMA ag 24 12

13 BT LA YTM FMA FUTI FAILU M AU FFT To rla Bonnt for opning whn rquird To prvnt Bonnt rlaing or opning whn not rquird to opn To rtain Bonnt in rquird lod poition (hut lin, athti) without vibration or flxing annot rla bonnt 1.annot oprat lvr utomr annoyan anlld journy 1..H. or L.H. do not rla urtaild journy rptiv plungr 1.ondary ath do not oprat iffiult to rla bonnt iffiult to oprat lvr 1.utomr annoyan 1.Bonnt opn whn not rquird to opn 1.Bonnt rla to afty ath whn not rquird 1.Bonnt vibrat 1.ondary ath diffiult to oprat 1.Bonnt linr dtah from bonnt 1.rimary & ondary ath failur 1.rimary ath failur 1.Inadvrtnt opration of lvr 1.L.H. or.h. plungr not fully ngagd in rptal 1.L.H. or.h. plungr dtah from linr 1.L.H. or.h. plungr an mov in rptal afty (aidnt lo of viion) Hazard (rdud afty) Vibration or flxing High utomr annoyan 1.Bonnt flx A utomr di-atifation 1.Look awful 1.Inorrt loation of L.H. and 1.High utomr annoyan U 2011/2012 FMA.H. plungr ag 25 BT LA YTM FMA FUTI FAILU M AU FFT 1.To prvnt Bonnt bing opnd by xtrnal man 1.Bonnt an b opnd xtrnally 1.xtrnal a to primary rla mhanim High utomr annoyan Thft 1.To nabl Bonnt to lo and lok in rquird poition uing minimal for annot lo bonnt 1.lungr annot ntr rptal 1.ondary ath annot ntr ondary rptal 1.anlld journy annot lo bonnt in rquird poition 1..H. and/or L.H. plungr inorrtly adjutd 1.utomr annoyan annot lok bonnt 1..H. and/or L.H. plungr inorrtly adjutd (lngth) anlld journy 1..H. and/or L.H. rptal failur iffiult to lo bonnt.h. and/or L.H. plungr inorrtly adjutd 1.High utomr annoyan Inorrt plungr pring fittd iffiult to lok bonnt ptal tiff to oprat 1..H. and/or L.H. plungr inorrtly adjutd utomr di-atifation 1.ptal fail opn (intrmittnt) U 2011/2012 FMA ag 26 13

14 FMA Thniqu Th FMA an b implmntd uing a hardwar or funtional approah, and oftn du to ytm omplxity, b prformd a a ombination of th two mthod. Hardwar Approah : Firtly thi mthod lit individual hardwar itm analyz thir poibl failur mod. Thi mthod i ud whn hardwar itm an b uniquly idntifid from th dign hmati and othr nginring data. Th hardwar approah i normally ud in a bottom-up mannr. U 2011/2012 FMA ag 27 FMA Thniqu Funtional Approah : Thi approah onidr th funtion of ah itm. ah funtion an b laifid and dribd in trm of having any numbr of aoiatd output failur mod. Th funtional mthod i ud whn hardwar itm annot uniquly idntifid. Baially, thi mthod hould b applid to whn th dign pro ha dvlopd a funtional blok diagram of th ytm, but not yt idntifid pifi hardwar to b ud. U 2011/2012 FMA ag 28 14

15 Funtional Blok iagram A funtional blok diagram i ud to how how th diffrnt part of th ytm intrat with on anothr to vrify th ritial path. It i rommndd to brak th ytm down to diffrnt lvl. viw hmati and/or othr nginring drawing of th ytm to how how diffrnt part intrfa with on anothr by thir ritial upport ytm to undrtand th normal funtional flow rquirmnt. A lit of all funtion of th quipmnt i prpard bfor xamining th potntial failur mod of ah of tho funtion. prating ondition (uh a; tmpratur, load, and prur), and nvironmntal ondition may b inludd in th omponnt lit. U 2011/2012 FMA ag 29 Typial FM()A Workht Itm Funtion Failur Mod fft() of Failur v l a au()/ Mhanim() f Failur u r urrnt ign ontrol rvnt tt t ommndd Ation pon & Tragt Targt omplt at Ation ult Ation Takn V T U 2011/2012 FMA ag 30 15

16 Failur finition Failur Mod & au failur mod, for ah funtion, ar dtrmind by xamination of th funtional output ontaind on th ytm funtional blok diagram. A bottom-up approah i ud whr by analyi bgin at th omponnt lvl, followd by analyi of ubqunt or highr ytm lvl Failur fft Th onqun of ah potulatd failur mod i idntifid, valuatd, and rordd on th FMA workht. U 2011/2012 FMA ag 31 Gnral Itm Funtion Failur Mod fft() of Failur v l a au()/ Mhanim() f Failur u r urrnt ign ontrol rvnt tt t ommndd Ation pon & Targt omplt at Ation ult Ation Takn V T Aumption hould b inludd in th hadr. rodut/part nam and numbr mut b dtaild in th hadr All tam mmbr mut b litd in th hadr viion dat, a appropriat, mut b doumntd in th hadr U 2011/2012 FMA ag 32 16

17 Funtion Itm Funtion Failur Mod fft() of Failur v l a au()/ Mhanim() f Failur u r urrnt ign ontrol rvnt tt t ommndd Ation pon & Targt omplt at Ation ult Ation Takn V T Funtion hould b writtn larly and mut b pri o thr i no hang of miintrprtation. ah funtion mut hav an aoiatd maurabl mtri. XAML HVA ytm mut dfog window and hat or ool abin to 70 dgr in all oprating ondition (-40 dgr to 100 dgr) within 3 to 5 minut A pifid in funtional p # ; rv. dat U 2011/2012 FMA ag 33 Failur Mod Itm Funtion Failur Mod fft() of Failur v l a au()/ Mhanim() f Failur u r urrnt ign ontrol rvnt tt t ommndd Ation pon & Targt omplt at Ation ult Ation Takn V T Failur mod b writtn larly and mut b pri o thr i no hang of miintrprtation. Thr ar 5 typ of failur mod: omplt failur, partial failur, intrmittnt failur, funtion out of pifiation unintndd funtion XAML HVA ytm do not hat vhil or dfog window HVA ytm tak mor than 5 minut to hat vhil HVA ytm do hat abin to 70 dgr in blow zro tmpratur HVA ytm ool abin to 50 dgr HVA ytm ativat rar window dfoggr U 2011/2012 FMA ag 34 17

18 fft() of Failur Itm Funtion Failur Mod fft() of Failur v l a au()/ Mhanim() f Failur u r urrnt ign ontrol rvnt tt t ommndd Ation pon & Targt omplt at Ation ult Ation Takn V T fft mut b litd in a mannr utomr would drib thm fft mut inlud (a appropriat) afty / rgulatory body, nd ur, intrnal utomr manufaturing, ambly, rvi XAML annot out of front window Air onditionr mak ab too old o not gt warm nough Tak too long to hat up U 2011/2012 FMA ag 35 vrity laifiation A qualitativ maur of th wort potntial onqun rulting from th itm/funtion failur. It i ratd rlativly ald from U 2011/2012 FMA ag 36 18

19 Mil-td-1629 vrity Lvl atgory I - atatrophi: A failur whih may au dath or wapon ytm lo (i.., airraft, tank, miil, hip, t...) atgory II - ritial: A failur whih may au vr injury, major proprty damag, or major ytm damag whih will rult in miion lo. atgory III - Marginal: A failur whih may au minor injury, minor proprty damag, or minor ytm damag whih will rult in dlay or lo of availability or miion dgradation. atgory IV - Minor: A failur not riou nough to au injury, proprty damag or ytm damag, but whih will rult in unhduld maintnan or rpair. U 2011/2012 FMA ag 37 vrity Itm Funtion Failur Mod fft() of Failur v l a au()/ Mhanim() f Failur u r urrnt ign ontrol rvnt tt t ommndd Ation pon & Targt omplt at Ation ult Ation Takn V T vrity valu hould orrpond with AIAG, A, t. If vrity i bad upon intrnally dfind ritria or i bad upon tandard with pifiation modifiation, a rfrn to rating tabl with xplanation for u mut b inludd in FMA XAML annot out of front window vrity 9 Air onditionr mak ab too old vrity 5 o not gt warm nough vrity 5 Tak too long to hat up vrity 4 U 2011/2012 FMA ag 38 19

20 laifiation Itm Funtion Failur Mod fft() of Failur v l a au()/ Mhanim() f Failur u r urrnt ign ontrol rvnt tt t ommndd Ation pon & Targt omplt at Ation ult Ation Takn V T laifiation hould b ud to dfin potntial ritial and ignifiant haratriti ritial haratriti (9 or 10 in vrity with 2 or mor in ourrn uggtd) mut hav aoiatd rommndd ation ignifiant haratriti (4 thru 8 in vrity with 4 or mor in ourrn uggtd) hould hav aoiatd rommndd ation laifiation hould hav dfind ritria for appliation XAML annot out of front window vrity 9 inorrt vnt loation ourrn 2 Air onditionr mak ab too old vrity 5 - Inorrt routing of vnt ho (too lo to hat our) ourrn 6 U 2011/2012 FMA ag 39 au() of Failur Itm Funtion Failur Mod fft() of Failur v l a au()/ Mhanim() f Failur u r urrnt ign ontrol rvnt tt t ommndd Ation pon & Targt omplt at Ation ult Ation Takn V T au hould b limitd to dign onrn Analyi mut tay within th dfind op (appliabl ytm and intrfa to adjant ytm) au at omponnt lvl analyi hould b idntifid a part or ytm haratriti (a fatur that an b ontrolld at pro) Thr i uually mor than on au of failur for ah failur mod au mut b idntifid for a failur mod, not an individual fft XAML Inorrt loation of vnt Inorrt routing of vnt ho (too lo to hat our) Inadquat oolant apaity for appliation U 2011/2012 FMA ag 40 20

21 urrn laifiation ription 10 >= 50% (1 in two) 9 >= 25% (1 in four) 8 >= 10% (1 in tn) 7 >= 5% (1 in 20) 6 >= 2% (1 in 50) 5 >= 1% (1 in 100) 4 >= 0.1% (1 in 1,000) 3 >= 0.01% (1 in 10,000) 2 >= 0.001% (1 in 100,000) 1 Almot vr U 2011/2012 FMA ag 41 urrn Itm Funtion Failur Mod fft() of Failur v l a au()/ Mhanim() f Failur u r urrnt ign ontrol rvnt tt t ommndd Ation pon & Targt omplt at Ation ult Ation Takn V T urrn valu hould orrpond with AIAG, A If ourrn valu ar bad upon intrnally dfind ritria, a rfrn mut b inludd in FMA to rating tabl with xplanation for u urrn rating for dign FMA ar bad upon th liklihood that a au may our, bad upon pat failur, prforman of imilar ytm in imilar appliation, or prnt nw ontnt urrn valu of 1 mut hav objtiv data to provid jutifiation, data or our of data mut b idntifid in ommndd Ation olumn XAML Inorrt loation of vnt ourrn 3 Inorrt routing of vnt ho (too lo to hat our) ourrn 6 Inadquat oolant apaity for appliation ourrn 2 U 2011/2012 FMA ag 42 21

22 urrnt ign ontrol Itm Funtion Failur Mod fft() of Failur v l a au()/ Mhanim() f Failur u r urrnt ign ontrol rvnt tt t ommndd Ation pon & Targt omplt at Ation ult Ation Takn V T rvntiv ontrol ar tho that hlp rdu th liklihood that a failur mod or au will our afft ourrn valu ttiv ontrol ar tho that find problm that hav bn dignd into th produt aignd dttion valu If dttiv and prvntiv ontrol ar not litd in parat olumn, thy mut inlud an indiation of th typ of ontrol XAML nginring pifiation () prvntiv ontrol Hitorial data () prvntiv ontrol Funtional tting () dttiv ontrol Gnral vhil durability () dttiv ontrol U 2011/2012 FMA ag 43 ttion rating A numrial ranking bad on an amnt of th probability that th failur mod will b dttd givn th ontrol that ar in pla. It i ratd rlativly ald from U 2011/2012 FMA ag 44 22

23 ttion Itm Funtion Failur Mod fft() of Failur v l a au()/ Mhanim() f Failur u r urrnt ign ontrol rvnt tt ommndd Ation pon & Targt omplt at Ation Takn Ation ult ttion valu hould orrpond with AIAG, A If dttion valu ar bad upon intrnally dfind ritria, a rfrn mut b inludd to rating tabl with xplanation for u ttion i th valu aignd to ah of th dttiv ontrol ttion valu of 1 mut liminat th potntial for failur du to dign dfiiny t V T XAML: nginring pifiation no dttion valu Hitorial data no dttion valu Funtional tting dttion 3 Gnral vhil durability dttion 5 U 2011/2012 FMA ag 45 at th ik lativly A ytmati mthodology i ud to rat th rik rlativ to ah othr. Th i th ritial indiator for ah failur mod. Th i a funtion of thr fator: Th vrity of th fft, th frquny of urrn of th au of th failur, and th ability to tt (or prvnt) th failur or fft. = vrity rating X urrn rating X ttion rating Th an rang from a low of 1 to a high of 1,000 Highr highr priority to b improvd. U 2011/2012 FMA ag 46 23

24 (ik riority umbr) Itm Funtion Failur Mod fft() of Failur v l a au()/ Mhanim() f Failur u r urrnt ign ontrol rvnt tt t ommndd Ation pon & Targt omplt at Ation ult Ation Takn V T ik riority umbr i a multipliation of th vrity, ourrn and dttion rating Lowt dttion rating i ud to dtrmin thrhold hould not b ud a th primary triggr for dfinition of rommndd ation XAML annot out of front window vrity 9, inorrt vnt loation ourrn 2, Funtional tting dttion 3, - 54 U 2011/2012 FMA ag 47 ommndd Ation Itm Funtion Failur Mod fft() of Failur v l a au()/ Mhanim() f Failur u r urrnt ign ontrol rvnt tt t ommndd Ation pon & Targt omplt at Ation ult Ation Takn V T All ritial or ignifiant haratriti mut hav rommndd ation aoiatd with thm ommndd ation hould b foud on dign, and dirtd toward mitigating th au of failur, or liminating th failur mod If rommndd ation annot mitigat or liminat th potntial for failur, rommndd ation mut for haratriti to b forwardd to pro FMA for pro mitigation U 2011/2012 FMA ag 48 24

25 ponibility & Targt ompltion at Itm Funtion Failur Mod fft() of Failur v l a au()/ Mhanim() f Failur u r urrnt ign ontrol rvnt tt t ommndd Ation pon & Targt omplt at Ation ult Ation Takn V T All rommndd ation mut hav a pron aignd rponibility for ompltion of th ation ponibility hould b a nam, not a titl ron litd a rponibl for an ation mut alo b litd a a tam mmbr Thr mut b a ompltion dat aompanying ah rommndd ation U 2011/2012 FMA ag 49 Ation ult Itm Funtion Failur Mod fft() of Failur v l a au()/ Mhanim() f Failur u r urrnt ign ontrol rvnt tt t ommndd Ation pon & Targt omplt at Ation ult Ation Takn V T Ation takn mut dtail what ation ourrd, and th rult of tho ation Ation mut b ompltd by th targt ompltion dat Unl th failur mod ha bn liminatd, vrity hould not hang urrn may or may not b lowrd bad upon th rult of ation ttion may or may not b lowrd bad upon th rult of ation If vrity, ourrn or dttion rating ar not improvd, additional rommndd ation mut to b dfind U 2011/2012 FMA ag 50 25

26 ritiality Mil-td-1629 Approah urrn i a maur of th frquny of an vnt. May b bad on qualitativ judgmnt or May b bad on failur rat data (mot ommon) U 2011/2012 FMA ag 51 ritiality Analyi Qualitativ analyi: Ud whn pifi part or itm failur rat ar not availabl. Quantitativ analyi: Ud whn uffiint failur rat data i availabl to alulat ritiality numbr. U 2011/2012 FMA ag 52 26

27 Quantitativ ritiality Analyi fin th rliability/unrliability for ah itm, at a givn oprating tim. Idntify th portion of th itm unrliability that an b attributd to ah potntial failur mod. at th probability of lo (or vrity) that will rult from ah failur mod that may our. alulat th ritiality for ah potntial failur mod by obtaining th produt of th thr fator: Mod ritiality = Itm Unrliability x Mod atio of Unrliability x robability of Lo alulat th ritiality for ah itm by obtaining th um of th ritialiti for ah failur mod that ha bn idntifid for th itm. Itm ritiality = UM of Mod ritialiti U 2011/2012 FMA ag 53 Quantitativ Analyi alulat th xptd numbr of ourrn ovr a pifi tim intrval. Many diffrnt mthod ar ud U handbook rliability data U pat xprin U variou Bayian ombination of pat xprin data and xprt judgmnt U othr analyi mthod (B, FTA t.) U 2011/2012 FMA ag 54 27

28 Qualitativ ritiality analyi To u th mthod to valuat rik and prioritiz orrtiv ation, th analyi tam mut: at th vrity of th potntial fft of failur. at th liklihood of ourrn for ah potntial failur mod. ompar failur mod via a ritiality Matrix, whih idntifi vrity on th horizontal axi and ourrn on th vrtial axi. U 2011/2012 FMA ag 55 Qualitativ Analyi Bau failur rat data i not availabl, failur mod ratio and failur mod probability ar not ud. Th probability of ourrn of ah failur i groupd into dirt lvl that tablih th qualitativ failur probability lvl for ah ntry bad on th judgmnt of th analyt. Th failur mod probability lvl of ourrn ar: Lvl A - Frqunt Lvl B - robabl Lvl - aional Lvl - mot Lvl - xtrmly Unlikly U 2011/2012 FMA ag 56 28

29 FM()A hklit ytm dription/pifiation Ground rul Blok iagram Idntify failur mod Failur fft analyi Workht ( ranking) ommndation (orrtiv ation) porting U 2011/2012 FMA ag 57 Th rult of th FM()A Highlight ingl point failur rquiring orrtiv ation ank ah failur mod. Idntify rliability, afty ritial omponnt FMA i a living doumnt U 2011/2012 FMA ag 58 29

30 Intgratd FMA FMA ar oftn ud by othr funtion uh a Maintainability, afty, Ttability, and Logiti. oordinat ffort with othr funtion up front Intgrat a many othr tak into th FMA a poibl and a mak n (Ttability, afty, Maintainability, t.) Intgrating in thi way an av onidrabl ot ovr doing th ffort paratly and will uually produ a bttr produt. If poibl, u th am analyt to aomplih th tak for th am pi of hardwar. Thi an b a hug ot avr. U 2011/2012 FMA ag 59 FMA Fat and Tip FMA hould bgin a arly a poibl Thi allow th analyt to afft th dign bfor it i t in ton. If you tart arly (a you hould) xpt to hav to rdo portion a th dign i modifid. FMA tak a lot of tim to omplt. FMA rquir onidrabl knowldg of ytm opration nitating xtniv diuion with oftwar/hardwar ign nginring and ytm nginring. pnd tim dvloping ground rul with your utomr up front. U 2011/2012 FMA ag 60 30

31 xri : Flahlight Thi flahlight i for u by fir and ru oprativ involvd in mrgny opration to ru popl from fir, flood and othr diatr. rform an FMA on th torh. U 2011/2012 FMA ag 61 Flahlight (ont.) How an it fail? art Itm Failur Mod nd fft What i th fft? ot that xt Highr fft = nd fft in thi a. bulb dim light flahlight output dim no light no flahlight output with tuk lod ontant flahlight output tuk opn no flahlight output intrmittnt flahlight omtim will not turn on ontat poor ontat flahlight output dim no ontat no flahlight output intrmittnt flahlight omtim will not turn on battry low powr flahlight output dim no powr no flahlight output U 2011/2012 FMA ag 62 31

32 impl xampl: Flahlight (ont.) vrity vrity I Light tuk in th on ondition vrity II Light will not turn on vrity III gradd opration vrity IV o fft U 2011/2012 FMA ag 63 impl xampl: Flahlight (ont.) Itm Failur Mod nd fft vrity bulb dim light flahlight output dim III no light no flahlight output II with tuk lod ontant flahlight output I tuk opn no flahlight output II intrmittnt flahlight omtim will not turn on III ontat poor ontat flahlight output dim III no ontat no flahlight output II intrmittnt flahlight omtim will not turn on III battry low powr flahlight output dim III no powr no flahlight output II U 2011/2012 FMA ag 64 32

33 impl xampl: Flahlight (ont.) U 2011/2012 FMA ag 65 impl xampl: Flahlight (ont.) an irld itm b dignd out or mitigatd? (Thr may b othr that nd to addrd alo.) U 2011/2012 FMA ag 66 33

34 ummary find FMA iffrn btwn FMA and FMA tandard approah and pro-forma Appliation U 2011/2012 FMA ag 67 34