WHITE PAPER Citrix XenApp 6.5. Design and Scalability Considerations for Enterprise XenApp Deployments

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1 WHITE PAPER Citrix XenApp 6.5 Design and Scalability Considerations for Enterprise XenApp Deployments

2 Contents 1.0 Introduction Application deployment Remote office connectivity Workforce mobility Business continuity Product and solution overview Citrix XenApp server Simulated environment XenApp configuration Data store Data collector XML server License server Citrix AppCenter Console Web Interface configuration Worker group configuration Citrix policy configuration Performance results and analysis Farm environment Network configuration Farm-wide IMA bandwidth consumption XenApp performance results Page 2

3 3.2.1 Data collector performance Data collector bandwidth Data store performance Worker Groups Test environment Hardware and software configuration Server configuration XenApp farm properties Conclusion Page 3

4 1.0 Introduction Citrix XenApp 6.5 provides advanced management and scalability, a rich multimedia experience over any network, and self-service applications with universal device support from PC to Mac to smartphone. With full support for Windows Server 2008 R2 and seamless integration with Microsoft App-V, XenApp 6.5 provides session and application virtualization technologies that make it easy for customers to centrally manage applications using any combination of local and hosted delivery to best fit their unique requirements. XenApp 6.5 introduces significant enhancements that simplify application management and bring unprecedented levels of scalability to increase cost savings and datacenter efficiency. XenApp gives corporations the ability to centrally manage heterogeneous applications and deliver Software as a Service (SaaS) to their workforce. This report documents the Citrix solution to maximize the business requirements to provide a scalable and high availability infrastructure while delivering on-demand access to applications and information for the enterprise. The requirements and associated solutions are consistent with the business needs and challenges that are common to most large scale organizations. 1.1 Application deployment In a business world transformed by globalization, IT staff is presented with the challenge to satisfy their user community with services that incorporate the fundamentals of access at anytime from anywhere, with any-device through any-connection, all the while, ensuring secure access to business-critical applications and information. Continuous access to realtime information is integral to success of a business. Accomplishing this across the network requires robust, centralized application delivery and management capabilities. The solution must be scalable, reliable, manageable, and secure. Businesses can count on Citrix solutions to achieve this goal and to maintain their competitive advantage. XenApp 6.5 provides the ability to: o allow rapid application deployment what used to take months now takes minutes o accelerate delivery of a full range of business applications including ERP, CRM, and office productivity software o enable rapid technology integration following mergers and acquisitions o increase ROI by extending the life of existing technology investments without rewriting applications or changing existing computing architectures o reduce IT infrastructure costs up to 50% over five years o maximize the productivity of IT staff and reduce IT costs by centralizing data center operations Page 4

5 1.2 Remote office connectivity Designing an infrastructure that effectively and efficiently supports remote office connectivity can be an overwhelming task. Most infrastructures consist of offices and remote locations and, it is equally important to account for the needs of those users through the variety of supported applications, the diverse network environments and assorted user devices. Integrating new branch offices and supporting mergers and acquisitions with disparate systems and resources brings additional complexity and challenges. Providing a high level of support to these remote workers is critical to keep employee productivity and satisfaction high. XenApp simplifies these requirements thorough its inherent ability to streamline the secure deployment and maintenance of applications and information to remote offices, over any network and device. XenApp 6.5 provides the ability to: o configure, manage, and enable application access from one centralized location, reducing the cost of provisioning branch offices individually o improve time-to-value for business expansion with accelerated delivery of ERP, CRM, SFA, and office productivity applications o eliminate the need to dispatch IT staff to service remote locations with centralized applications management o use the Internet to deploy applications securely with less bandwidth at lower telecommunication and network costs o enhance customer service with centralized business-critical databases o protect data with a built-in disaster recovery system, and help eliminate costly downtime 1.3 Workforce mobility Employees can be anywhere when the need arises to access information and applications. XenApp provides access to a company s networked resources beyond the traditional office environment to anywhere, on any device, over any connection. XenApp 6.5 provides the ability to: o provide the mobile workforce with real-time remote access to business-critical applications and data o increase productivity by giving telecommuters a familiar desktop-to-go accessible from anywhere o empower the workforce with high-performance wireless access on a platform that works today o reduce costly bandwidth and telecommunications charges and eliminate traditional compromises for secure remote access Page 5

6 And accomplish all of this without redeveloping applications or changing current application-serving hardware. XenApp 6.5 is an effective workforce mobility solution that allows mobile users to access applications and data as they would if they were in a traditional office. Whether tracking a customer order in an ERP system, accessing the corporate mail system, reviewing confidential patient health records, or just browsing the Internet, the Citrix workforce mobility solution provides the secure, reliable wireless access needed to keep business going while on the go. 1.4 Business continuity In preparing for natural, man-made or technological disasters, today s management must be able to maintain nothing less than uninterrupted connection for employees, customers, suppliers, and business partners. Normal service level agreements allow for little or no downtime. XenApp server enables this level of continued operations by protecting critical information and applications, providing secure Web access to essential business resources, and allowing users to continue working while remote. XenApp 6.5 provides the ability to: o resume serving customers quickly and allowing displaced workers to securely access key applications and data remotely over the Internet o empower employees to continue working from alternative locations, including home offices even if the main location is inaccessible o provide application redundancy through remote data centers XenApp 6.5 provides a critical component to an efficient and cost-effective business continuity plan. XenApp allows users to continue working even after an unplanned disruption. Losses such as network, power, or loss of the entire workplace due to fire or flood, can be mitigated with Citrix XenApp server. Citrix products can be implemented to permit employees and business partners to continue their work and securely connect to critical corporate resources from any anywhere, on any device, over any connection. The solutions provided by Citrix products assure the rapid secure access to business-critical data and applications, which is the cornerstone of any corporate business continuity plan. 2.0 Product and solution overview 2.1 Citrix XenApp server XenApp is the most commonly adopted and deployed technology for centrally managing heterogeneous applications and delivering their functionality as a service to the workforce. XenApp server is certified for Microsoft Windows 2008 R2 Server, and supports virtually Page 6

7 any custom or commercially packaged Windows or Web application. XenApp provides an exceptional foundation to build highly scalable, flexible, secure, manageable access solutions that reduce computing costs and increase the utility of any information system. For the purposes of this document, a fictitious corporation will be created, named XYZ Corporation. The XYZ Corporation is faced with all of the challenges that have been mentioned in this report. Citrix XenApp 6.5 provides the means to satisfy all of the business requirements for XYZ Corporation. XenApp server addresses remote office connectivity, application deployment, workforce mobility, and business continuity requirements leading to a seamless, end-to-end solution. In order to satisfy the requirements for the company, XenApp server was architected and deployed with the following core XenApp components: o XenApp 6.5 o Web Interface, version Simulated environment XYZ Corporation is in the process of identifying a solution that will satisfy the requirements and challenges of their organization. Citrix products will be introduced to maximize the efforts of the company to achieve all of its corporate IT initiatives. The data compiled in this report will consist of real-time simulations and provide a valuable retrospective satisfying the infrastructure requirements of XYZ Corporation with scalable, secure and reliable Citrix products. The corporate infrastructure for the XYZ Corporation is based on Microsoft products and solutions. They have implemented an Active Directory based infrastructure. XYZ Corporation employs a hybrid administration model. The architecture group is based out of the Fort Lauderdale office. This group is responsible for company-wide IT infrastructure and the Citrix XenApp farm. They implement Active Directory group policies to meet the existing business needs and want the ability to configure and maintain the Citrix XenApp policies from the same Active Directory group policy console. XYZ Corporation has distributed operations with data centers on the east and west coast of the United States. Two data centers have been created for business continuity purposes. Fort Lauderdale, Florida hosts one, while Redmond, Washington hosts the other. XYZ Corporation uses an Active-Active Disaster Recovery model. Each site is fully redundant and has the capacity to service all the users for the entire organization. The data centers are responsible for serving the following business functions: o access to mission critical applications for 60,000 corporate users (30,000 at each site) o each site must have the capacity to service all of the users for the entire company, equating to a farm capable of servicing 60,000 users o access to applications for 1,000 remote users and traveling users Page 7

8 o access to partner applications for business partners It is important to note that XYZ Corporation is a fast growing company and has plans to expand their capacity at their existing sites and to add additional sites in the future. They want to ensure that their farm design is scalable and allows them to rapidly add new XenApp servers. The XenApp farm for the XYZ Corporation contains three types of server images: one server image hosts business essential applications delivered to all employees, the second server image contains applications delivered to engineering, and the third server image contains applications that are reserved for the finance department. Figure 1 XYZ Corporation Active Directory Model The Fort Lauderdale and Redmond offices have separate XenApp administrators responsible for maintaining the servers in their respective locations. The local XenApp administrators are responsible for tasks such as publishing applications, rebooting servers, and monitoring servers in their zones. These XenApp administrators only have rights to administer servers in their zones. The helpdesk is tasked with the responsibility of managing user sessions and being able to shadow in order to better support their employees. Page 8

9 2.3 XenApp configuration The following section outlines the architectural design for the XenApp farm. A review of the primary components of the XenApp farm has been outlined with details to its influence on the solution architected for XYZ Corporation Data store The data store is a central repository for all of the static information for the XenApp farm. This includes items like configurations, published applications, worker groups and load evaluators. Each XenApp server maintains a constant connection to the database server hosting the data store. During server startup, the IMA Service queries the data store for initialization. This is the most CPU-intensive action for the data store, as the IMA Service initialization process ensures the local host cache (LHC) is consistent with the data store. When multiple servers are booted, multiple requests for initialization information are made to the data store at the same time. During normal farm operation, the data store is accessed every 30 minutes by each server to ensure their local host cache is current. The data store is also accessed if the farm configuration is modified or static information is requested by tools such as the Citrix AppCenter Console or other Citrix query-based utilities. However, the data store is not accessed when a user logs in, disconnects, or reconnects to the farm. All the information needed for a client to establish a connection to a XenApp server is stored in the LHC. How much storage is needed for the data store? In order to estimate the storage requirements to satisfy the XYZ Corporation, it is important to have a clear understanding as to how much disk space is consumed for some common XenApp objects. This will aid in the determination of the initial size of the IMA data store to reduce the frequency of database file size increases once the farm is configured. This estimate is crucial because by reducing the frequency of database file size increases, the performance of the IMA data store database will be stabilized. XenApp object Size Estimate (KB) Initial farm creation 1184 Add one server to the farm 88 Application publication 296 o 10 hosting servers o 500 users o default icon Page 9

10 Application publication 40 o 10 hosting servers o 5 user groups o default icon Application publication 24 o 32-bit color icon Application publication 48 o 256-bit color icon Create one worker group 2 Create one load evaluator 8 Apply the load evaluator 16 o 10 servers Table 1 XenApp common object sizes Table 1 displays the object sizes commonly used XenApp objects. The XYZ Corporation will create a farm with 1,000 servers and 1,000 applications published applications, 100 worker groups to serve as applications silos, and 10 load evaluators. To satisfy this design, the IMA data store size requirement will be approximately 500MB. What type of database should be used to host the data store? To accommodate a farm of this scale, an enterprise-capable database server should be selected. The database selection should be made based on administrative expertise among the existing farm administrators. The XYZ Corporation will deploy the XenApp environment utilizing Microsoft SQL Server 2008 R2. The database selected will match the expertise provided by the IT organization. Since XYZ Corporation utilizes Microsoft technology for their infrastructure, SQL Server was selected for implementation. However, if the company had Oracle database expertise, Oracle could have been used for the deployment. What type of hardware is needed to support 1,000 servers? The database server should be dedicated to the data store, and should not be used for any other applications. The processing power of the database server determines the speed of administrative activities such as: o starting IMA Service o enumerating servers via the Citrix AppCenter Console o adding a published application XenApp 6.5 can efficiently handle up to 1,000 servers using Intel Pentium 4 class dual processor database servers. Page 10

11 The SQL database server for XYZ Corporation has Intel Xeon E5310 Quad-Core 1.6 GHz Processor and 16GB memory. Optimizing your data store performance with Session-only mode XenApp 6.5 introduces a new model for XenApp servers, referred to as Sessiononly mode to help improve on IMA and data store performance during farm joins and Local Host Cache (LHC) synchronization. Session-only mode is targeted to assist in fast server provisioning and cloud-burst scenarios where servers need to be brought online quickly for expanding farm capacity. While not concerned with the runtime data of the entire farm, servers running in Session-only mode act as workers and are strictly dedicated for hosting XenApp sessions only. With new optimizations, during a join farm, IMA creates fewer objects to the data store, resulting in fewer database transactions. The downloaded LHC is limited to only their instance and does not contain the data of the rest of the farm. In return, these save on roundtrips to the data store resulting in faster IMA start times and reduced bandwidth. These savings are crucial for servers joining over a WAN or synchronizing the LHC for a single or simultaneous set of XenApp servers. Servers running in Session-only mode: o Primarily host XenApp sessions o Allows member servers to quickly join a farm or synchronize the LHC from the data store o Cannot be used as data collectors or back-up data collectors o Cannot participate in the data collector election process o Do not run the XML service, therefore cannot be used by Web Interface for application enumeration o Cannot be used to run management tasks such as discovery or Citrix powershell commands By default, Session-only mode is disabled. Configuration of a XenApp server for Session-only mode is done at the time of joining the farm. Once the server is joined to the farm, the mode cannot be changed. The only way to change the mode of a server is to leave and re-join the farm. For the XYZ Corporation, each zone will have at least 2 dedicated servers, also known as Controllers, reserved for the data collector and back-up data collector, while the remaining member servers will be configured in Session-only mode to speed up the IMA start times and to reduce the amount of bandwidth when communicating with the data store. Page 11

12 How should the data store be deployed? In previous releases of XenApp, database replication was often deployed in large, enterprise deployments to decrease network traffic across the WAN and improve on IMA performance. However, by designing your farms to leverage Session-only mode, the bandwidth savings and performance improvements eliminate the need for a dedicated SQL replica at each site. Instead, the SQL data store need only be deployed at the main site with the other remote sites connecting to it over the WAN. The XYZ Corporation is looking to deploy their data store at the Fort Lauderdale site and have the Redmond member servers connect to it over the WAN. Figure 2 below illustrates the recommended data store deployment. Figure 2 Data store infrastructure Data collector The data collector is responsible for managing all of the dynamic information in the farm. Dynamic information consists of items that change often such as connected sessions, disconnected sessions, and server loads. Each zone contains one data collector. Data collectors are responsible for knowing the global state of the farm, by maintaining the list of connected sessions, not only for their own zone, but also for the entire farm. Since the global state of the farm is stored in the data collector, all changes, except for load information, that are sent to a data collector in one zone are forwarded to all other data collectors in the farm. Page 12

13 The other main responsibility of the data collector is to perform resolutions. A resolution is the process where the data collector determines the least-loaded server that is hosting the requested load-balanced published application. If the application spans multiple zones, the data collector asks the other data collectors to resolve the application as well. When all responses are returned, it selects the least-loaded server, and directs the client to connect to that server. Reminder: Data Collectors cannot be configured to run in Session-only mode. Servers running in Session-only mode cannot function as Data Collectors or backup Data Collectors and are not capable of participating in elections. In order to reduce the impact of performing resolutions across zones, Server group preference and failover should be configured for the users. Server group preference and failover sets an affinity based on username, client name, or client IP address to determine the zone that is optimal for the user to connect to as defined by the administrator. During resolution time, the data collector filters the list of available servers hosting the published application based on the client s preference setting, and only performs the resolution in the primary zone. If the primary zone is not available, the client fails over to the next preferred zone. Figure 3 Data collector infrastructure Page 13

14 How many zones are needed to support 1,000 users? The number of zones required for a farm is dependent on the topology of the site in which the farm is being deployed. A quick analysis of the number of servers at each site will help in the determination of the optimal configuration for combining sites into zones. Having sufficient network support to maintain the data collector replication is pertinent to the performance of the farm. If bandwidth and network reliability are a concern, a hub and spoke architecture can be used. For optimal performance, it is best to keep the number of zones in a large enterprise farm below 5 zones. This can best be accomplished using the hub and spoke design as shown in Figure 3. Otherwise multi-zone farm should be considered. Figure 4 outlines key decision points when architecting the zone design based on the topology of the infrastructure. Figure 4 Zone design decision considerations In the case of XYZ Corporation, two zones of 500 servers would be optimal due to the environment consisting of two distinct data centers which host an equal number of XenApp servers. The number of zones in the farm should be kept to a minimum. The fewer zones in a farm, the more scalable the farm. The reason is that every time a dynamic event occurs, such as a logon, logoff, or disconnect, an update is sent to the data collector. The data collector must then forward the update to all other data collectors in the farm, which consumes bandwidth and CPU. This is an important consideration because data collectors must keep up with the events in other zones as well as their own. Page 14

15 In the near future, XYZ Corporation plans to expand operations to a small, remote site in San Francisco which would house 50 XenApp servers in the same farm with approximately 500 users. Would the same strategy of one zone per site apply? The following analysis will demonstrate why in this case, it would be optimal for the servers in San Francisco to join the Red Zone. Figure 5 Proposed corporate expansion to another zone Assume the San Francisco location needs to be added to the current topology. In this proposed design, the bulk of the users are in Fort Lauderdale and Redmond with 30,000 users at each location. Meanwhile, the site in San Francisco has 500 users. In this scenario, because all data collectors have to replicate all session information to all other data collectors in the farm, the San Francisco data collector will receive 60,000 updates although it only generates 1,000 replication updates, resulting in 60.5 MB of bandwidth utilization. Page 15

16 Figure 6 Expansion of RED zone with multiple sites If the Redmond and San Francisco servers are combined in the Red Zone, member server requests will still traverse the WAN between San Francisco and Redmond for resolutions, load updates, etc., however, Fort Lauderdale replication traffic will not be sent across the wire to San Francisco. Since IMA traffic does not need to be replicated from Fort Lauderdale and Redmond to San Francisco, the bandwidth consumption is cut in half. In the event the WAN link between Redmond and San Francisco goes down, a data collector will be elected in San Francisco and users will still be able to connect to resources both within the San Francisco and Redmond sites. For this reason, it is important to configure at least one server in San Francisco in non-session-only mode so it could participate in elections and designate itself as the data collector for the San Francisco site. When the WAN link is restored the zone will consolidate back down to a single data collector. Is a backup data collector needed for this farm? It is recommended to have a second XenApp Controller in your zone to act as a BDC (Backup Data Collector), in case the primary DC goes down. Similarly, for each site in your environment, you should have at least one XenApp controller in the case the link between the sites fails. The XenApp controller will then assume the role of the DC for that zone. When the link is restored, the sites will converge back to a single Data Collector, based on the highest election preference. Page 16

17 In order to satisfy the business requirements for XYZ Corporation it is important to have a dedicated backup data collector for each zone and at each site. In the event the primary data collector goes offline, a new dedicated server is available to assume the data collector role. If the data collector role is assumed by a server that is not dedicated, resource contention between application users and the data collector operations can result in data collector events getting queued. This occurrence can have a ripple effect to the rest of the data collectors in the farm as updates are not sent and received properly. What type of hardware is recommended for the data collector? The data collectors store all dynamic information in memory; therefore, it is important that the data collector has enough RAM to store all of the records. Memory usage will vary based on the number of published applications, number of servers and number of user sessions in the farm. The CPU plays an important role in determining the number of resolutions the data collector can process in conjunction with managing dynamic information. The data collectors for the XYZ Corporation are built using a server with an Intel Xeon X3360 Quad-Core 2.83 GHz processor with 4GB of memory. Figure 7 displays the published application memory usage on the data collector. An application with 32-bit application icon consumes about 65KB of memory. Figure 7 IMA memory consumption for number of applications Page 17

18 Figure 8 shows the memory usage based on the number of sessions. The average session consumes approx. 1.6 KB of memory on the data collector. Figure 8 IMA memory consumption for number of sessions Figure 9 references the memory usage bsed on varying numbers of servers. The average server consumes approx. 210 KB of memory on the data collector. Figure 9 IMA memory consumption for number of servers Based off the data above, for the XYZ Corporation to host 2,000 applications, 100k sessions in a 1,000 server farm, the data collector will consume approx. 380 MB of memory. It is important that all data collectors in the farm are sized to accommodate the largest zone. Since data collectors must manage the global state of the farm, they Page 18

19 require the same processing capability of the other data collectors in the farm regardless of the size of their particular zone. Likewise if the data collector needs to be dedicated for one zone, all data collectors in the farm should be dedicated XML server The XML service is a component of XenApp that runs on all XenApp servers not configured in Session-only mode. The XML service communicates published application information to servers running the Web Interface. When a user connects and logs on to Web Interface server, they will be presented with a list of published applications in the web browser as provided by the XML service. When the user selects one of the published applications, the XML service will then respond with the address of a server on which the application is published. Is a dedicated server needed for the XML server? The XML Service must contact the data collectors when enumerating and resolving published applications. To reduce this network communication, the XML service should be configured on the data collector. In the event the primary data collector, and thus XML server go offline, a backup XML server should also be configured. For XYZ Corporation, the XML service was placed on each of the data collectors, and the backup XML service was placed on the backup data collectors for each zone. Additionally, the Web Interface site can be configured to allow for XML load balancing in which multiple XML servers will be used for enumeration to offset any load being put on the XML service. Remember, the XML Server cannot be a XenApp server running in Session-only mode. The XML service only runs on XenApp Controllers. Based on your environment, you may consider dedicating a XenApp Controller server to service XML requests from Web Interface License server The license server is responsible for storing and managing Citrix licenses. The first time a client device connects to a XenApp server, the XenApp server will check out a license from the license server on behalf of the client device. Subsequent connections from the same client device share the same license. Page 19

20 Figure 10 License server infrastructure How many license servers are necessary? A single license server can adequately handle the load placed on it by a thousand servers and tens of thousands of users. Multiple license servers can also be deployed for a single farm. However, the drawback to having multiple license servers is that licenses are not shared between license servers. Where in the farm should the license server be located? The license server should be placed at the site that hosts the most users. Whenever a client connects to a XenApp server, a connection license is retrieved from the license server. Figure 10 shows that a single license server has been placed in the FTL zone, the Citrix XenApp Servers in the Redmond data center need to request licenses across the WAN. What type of hardware is recommended for the license server? One of the most important considerations in determining license server requirements is the processor speed of the hardware running the license server. Although CPU usage is not usually high, CPU time increases as license check-out requests are made and License Management Console activity increases. The time it takes to execute these transactions is dependent on the speed of the CPU. In Page 20

21 general, the size of the farm and the number of simultaneous client connections dictate the power of the server needed for the licensing feature. To appropriately size the license server it is important to determine the number of client logins per second in the farm deployment. This can be accomplished using the Performance Monitor counters available within XenApp and the load evaluator logging feature. This analysis will determine the processor speed needed for optimal license server performance. Another consideration when sizing the license server is that multiple processors do not provide performance increases because the license server process is single threaded. CPU speed is the most important aspect to consider for sizing the license server. The license server uses approximately 4.5KB of memory for every session license and 39KB of memory for every start-up license that is in-use. The license server is capable of processing 248 license check-out requests per second. In a given scenario with all users logging in over the course of 30 minutes, a single license server would be able to handle 446,400 users. How much bandwidth is used during license consumption? The following describes the communication paths between the XenApp server and the license server and the associated bandwidth utilization. o When a XenApp server is brought online, it establishes a static connection to the license server and checks out a Citrix startup license. This action consumes 1.68 KB of bandwidth and occurs for every server in the farm. Once a startup license is checked out, the server holds this license until it is taken offline or the license server location is changed. o When a client logs in, the XenApp server requests a license from the license server on behalf of the client. The amount of bandwidth consumed for a license check-out request or check-in request is 1.04 KB. o Every 5 minutes, each XenApp server exchanges a heartbeat with the license server to determine if the license server is still available. The amount of bandwidth in this transaction is 366 bytes for each server. The timing of the heartbeat is based on the start time of the IMA Service. Therefore, when deploying a license server, it is important to know and understand the communication paths and bandwidth costs associated with licensing, especially when communication is over a WAN. Is the license server a single point of failure? If a XenApp server cannot contact the license server, the servers enter into a grace period and will allow user connections for 720 hours. After the 720 hour grace period expires, and the XenApp server still has been unable to contact the license Page 21

22 server, connections are denied. For XYZ Corporation, the 720 hour grace period provided more than enough time for recovery in the event of a failure. However, for some environments, this is not adequate. A hot or cold standby of the license server can be built into the farm. If the license server goes offline, the administrator can bring up a backup license server. In the cases where failover with no administrative interaction is required, Microsoft Clustering Services can be used in order to deliver hardware-based fault tolerance for the license server. For more information on setting up the license server in a clustered environment, please refer to the Citrix edocs Citrix AppCenter Console The Citrix AppCenter Console, as shown in Figure 11, provides XenApp administrators the ability to manage users, published applications, create worker groups, and perform a variety of other tasks associated to the XenApp farm from a common user interface. The console gathers farm information from two main sources: o the data store is used to collect static information o the data collector is queried to assemble dynamic information, such as user sessions Figure 11 Citrix AppCenter Console Page 22

23 How should the farm be managed from remote locations? The Citrix AppCenter console can be run from a XenApp server in the farm or from a standalone computer running either Windows 2003, Windows 2008, Windows 2008 R2, Windows 7 or Windows Vista. If administrator would like to administer the farm from a remote location, it is a best practice to configure the Citrix AppCenter Console as a published application or remotely to a server running local to the location of the data store. By connecting to the console through an ICA session, the static and dynamic information is queried from the data store locally, dramatically increasing the performance of the console. This is particularly useful in larger server farms where the data store contains larger amounts of objects. In the XYZ Corporation, the AppCenter console should be published on one of the XenApp servers in the Fort Lauderdale zone and remote administrators from the Redmond offices should access the console over a published ICA session. Can the AppCenter Console accommodate a hybrid administration model? The XYZ Corporation uses a hybrid administration model. Basically, various XenApp administrators have specific delegated authority on the XenApp farm. Administrators in Fort Lauderdale manage farm infrastructure settings for all servers. The administrators local to the site handle the day-to-day server operations and maintenance. Delegated administration is then used to set granular permissions at the folder level in the Citrix AppCenter Console. For the purposes of the XYZ Corporation, servers are placed in folders based on the site in which they reside (i.e., all Fort Lauderdale servers are placed in the Fort Lauderdale folder and all Redmond servers are placed in the Redmond folder). Redmond administrators are allowed custom permissions to administer all servers in the Redmond folder with the exception of the infrastructure settings. Helpdesk administrators only need the ability to manage sessions for the farm, so they are granted view-only permissions for all nodes except the ones allowing session management. 2.4 Web Interface configuration Web Interface is an application deployment system that provides users with access to XenApp applications through a standard Web browser. The Web Interface employs Java and.net technology executed on a Web server to dynamically create an HTML depiction of published applications for users. Each user is presented with all the applications published in the server farm for that user. Web Interface enables centralized application management capabilities and complete control over the application deployment process. Standalone Web sites for application access can be created and integrated into the enterprise s existing corporate portal. Page 23

24 The XYZ Corporation plans to deploy a dedicated Web Interface server to each of the zones and sites in the farm. In the case the WAN link goes down, users in the remote sites will still be able to access their Web Interface sites locally and access their applications. How many Web Interface servers are needed to support 30,000 users? The Web Interface used in this simulation is a Intel Xeon X3360 dual core 2.2 GHz server with 2GB of RAM and HyperThreading turned on. As shown in Table 2, this server was able to handle 9.2 user requests per second. A Web Interface server was placed at each site to service the 30,000 internal users at each location. Platform requests / second User scalability Windows Server 2008 R2 / IIS ,700 users / hour Table 2 Web Interface user scalability In general the number of users that a single Web Interface server can support is dependent on the processor speed rather than the number of processors in the system. 2.5 Worker group configuration The use of worker groups adds powerful administration capabilities for XenApp administrators and can easily integrate with Active Directory (AD). All user and server settings can be managed through AD policies, while applications and load balancing can be managed through a container known as a worker group. A worker group is simply a collection of XenApp servers in the same farm. Worker groups allow a set of similar servers to be grouped together and managed as one. Worker groups are closely related to the concept of application silos however, they streamline the creation of application silos by providing a way to synchronize the published applications and server settings across a set of XenApp servers. Workers groups and the integration with Active Directory greatly simplify farm management by streamlining application publishing, providing granular control of load balancing, and allow management of server settings across different groups of servers in the farm. Page 24

25 Figure 12 Worker groups and application silos The worker group container offers the following benefits: 1. A single server may belong to multiple worker groups. Unlike server folders, where a server can only belong to a single folder. Now servers can be grouped into worker groups for multiple reasons. For instance, servers may be grouped into worker groups both by their geographic region and by the applications they host. 2. Worker groups are more granular than zones. Worker groups can be created to control load balancing within a single site. A worker group may even consist of a single server. 3. Worker groups can be dynamic. For example, when AD containers are added to a worker group, changes in the AD container are automatically reflected in the server's worker group memberships. There are two ways to add servers to a worker group: 1. Servers may be explicitly added to a worker group by name. This allows administrators to add specific servers to a worker group and is the only option in non-ad environments. 2. Servers may be added by AD Organizational Units or Server Groups. This allows worker groups to be dynamically updated based on the servers AD memberships. That is, as servers are added or removed from the AD containers, they will be automatically added or removed from the respective worker groups. For this simulation, the XYZ Corporation administrators have chosen to manage their XenApp farm through Active Directory. Figure 13 shows the Active Directory Page 25

26 Organizational Unit (OU) for the XenApp farm and grouping structure of the servers. Figure 13 Active Directory Organization Unit (OU) In preparation for future expansion, the XYZ Corporation has created two sets of worker groups: one set to group servers by application and one set to group servers by geographic location. Given this approach, when the company adds a new site, they do not need to modify the servers list of all published applications. Instead, they simply add the site s OU to the appropriate worker groups for the applications. Figure 14 and Table 3 illustrate XYZ Corporation s worker group structure. Page 26

27 Figure 14 Worker group layout Worker Group Apps\Business Essential Apps Apps\Engineering Apps Apps\Financial Apps Sites\Ft Lauderdale\FTL Business Essential Sites\Ft Lauderdale\FTL Engineering Sites\Ft Lauderdale\FTL Financial Sites\ Redmond \FTL Business Essential Sites\ Redmond \FTL Engineering Sites\Redmond\FTL Financial Sites\San Francisco\FTL Business Essential Organizational Units OU=Business Essential Apps, OU=San Francisco, OU=XenApp, DC=XYZCorp OU=Business Essential Apps, OU=Redmond, OU= XenApp, DC=XYZCorp OU=Financial Apps, OU=Redmond, OU= XenApp, DC=XYZCorp OU=Engineering Apps, OU=Redmond, OU= XenApp, DC=XYZCorp OU=Business Essential Apps, OU= Ft Lauderdale, OU= XenApp, DC=XYZCorp OU=Financial Apps, OU= Ft Lauderdale, OU= XenApp, DC=XYZCorp OU=Engineering Apps, OU= Ft Lauderdale, OU= XenApp, DC=XYZCorp OU=Engineering Apps, OU=Redmond, OU= XenApp, DC=XYZCorp OU=Engineering Apps, OU= Ft Lauderdale, OU= XenApp, DC=XYZCorp OU=Financial Apps, OU=Redmond, OU= XenApp, DC=XYZCorp OU=Financial Apps, OU= Ft Lauderdale, OU= XenApp, DC=XYZCorp OU=Business Essential Apps, OU= Ft Lauderdale, OU= XenApp, DC=XYZCorp OU=Engineering Apps, OU= Ft Lauderdale, OU= XenApp, DC=XYZCorp OU=Financial Apps, OU= Ft Lauderdale, OU= XenApp, DC=XYZCorp OU=Business Essential Apps, OU=Redmond, OU= XenApp, DC=XYZCorp OU=Engineering Apps, OU=Redmond, OU= XenApp, DC=XYZCorp OU=Financial Apps, OU=Redmond, OU= XenApp, DC=XYZCorp OU=Business Essential Apps, OU=San Francisco, OU= XenApp, DC=XYZCorp Table 3 Worker group structure Page 27

28 The following sections will show these worker groups are integrated with three XenApp features: application publishing, load balancing policies, and Citrix policy filters. Application publishing Each published application in XenApp contains a list of servers hosting that application. XenApp 6.5 supports adding worker groups to the application server list, which greatly simplifies management of application silos and capacity management. Without using worker groups, managing a silo of servers requires ensuring each application in the silo is published to all servers for that silo. For example, Figure 15 illustrates the application/server mappings of a 5-server silo hosting Microsoft Office applications. Figure 15 Published applications server support without worker groups In this case, each of the five servers has to be added to the servers list of each of the Microsoft Office applications. If a new server is brought online, the application s server list would need to be updated manually to account for the new server. However, this deployment can be simplified using worker groups. Instead of publishing each application to each server, a worker group is created containing the servers hosting the Microsoft Office applications. Instead of adding individual servers, the worker group is added to the servers list of each of the applications. Page 28

29 Figure 16 Published applications with worker group support In the future, to increase capacity in the application silo, a new server is added to the worker group. This eliminates the need to manually modify the properties of each published application hosted by the server. With dynamic provisioning, this step can even be automated using AD, by creating a base image for each application silo containing XenApp and all of the applications installed. To add capacity, simply create a new instance of the base image and add it to the desired OU. The server will receive its server settings from AD, join the appropriate worker groups, and begin hosting published applications. Load balancing based on worker groups Users are no longer required to have access to all servers that host the application and may be restricted to a subset of servers using load balancing policies. In many circumstances, this change eliminates the need to publish multiple copies of the same application. At XYZ Corporation, the administrators created three worker groups specifically for publishing applications: the Business Essential Apps, Engineering Apps and Financial Apps worker groups. The administrators configured the Business Essential Apps worker group to contain all the servers from the Business Essential, engineering and financial silos. With previous releases of XenApp, the administrators would have had to publish separate copies of all Business Essential applications, one for the engineering users, one for financial user and another one for all others, because the users use different servers. However, with XenApp 6.5, the administrators can publish the Business Essential apps to all servers and use load balancing policies to direct users appropriately. Page 29

30 Application Server Users Business Essential Applications Engineering Applications Financial Applications Worker Groups\Apps\Business Essentials Apps Worker Groups\Apps\Engineering Apps Worker Groups\Apps\Financial Apps XYZCorp\All Employees XYZCorp\Engineers XYZCorp\Finance Table 4 Worker groups Creating separate worker groups for application publishing gives XYZ Corporation the flexibility to expand their farm in the future. To add additional capacity to the existing sites, XYZ Corporation can simply add new servers to the appropriate OUs. When they expand their farm to another site, they can create OUs for the new site, and add these to the two worker groups above. There is no need to change individual application settings. Figure 17 Worker group load balancing policy When the administrator selects the checkbox Configure application connection preference based on worker group in a load balancing policy, they can configure a Page 30

31 prioritized list of worker groups. When a user defined by the policy launches a published application, load balancing will return servers in the order of the priorities configured. Servers at a lower priority level will only be returned if all servers at a higher priority level are offline or fully-loaded (10,000 load). This feature replaces the Zone Preference and Failover feature in previous releases of XenApp with the following major differences: 1. This feature is not tied to zones. While worker groups may be created based upon sites and contain the same servers as a zone, worker groups may also be more granular than zones. 2. Unlike the Zone Preference and Failover feature in previous releases, users are not directed to servers in worker groups that are not included in the worker group preference list, even if all servers in the preference list are unavailable. Load balancing policies are evaluated when a user logs in to Web Interface or refreshes applications in the Citrix online plug-in. For performance, the resultant settings are then cached on the Web Interface server or with the user s Citrix online plug-in and used during each application launch. In the case where multiple load balancing policies apply to a single user, the worker group preference list from the highest-priority policy will be used. Only servers in this preference list will be returned by load balancing. XenApp will not consider preference lists from lower-priority policies in the load balancing calculations. At XYZ Corporation, the administrators must ensure that engineering and financial users are always load balanced to one of the engineering or financial servers close to their offices and that all users are load balanced to servers at the nearest site and fail over to a remote site if the nearest site goes down. For this example, the site is selected by IP range: o /16: Ft. Lauderdale o /8: Redmond o /16: San Francisco The administrators then configure the Load Balancing Policies for engineering users: Policy Name Priority Policy Filter Worker Group Preference FTL ENG 1 Client IP: /16 User: XYZCorp\Engineer RED ENG 2 Client IP: /8 User: 1. FTL - Engineering 2. RED - Engineering 1. RED Engineering 2. FTL - Engineering Page 31

32 XYZCorp\Engineer FTL FINANCE 3 Client IP: /16 User: XYZCorp\Finance 1. FTL Finance 2. RED - Finance RED FINANCE 4 Client IP: /8 User: XYZCorp\Finance 1. RED Finance 2. FTL - Finance FTL BUSINESS 5 Client IP: /16 1. FTL Business Essential 2. RED Business Essential 3. SF Business Essential RED BUSINESS 6 Client IP: /8 1. RED Business Essential 2. SF Business Essential 3. FTL Business Essential SF BUSINESS 7 Client IP: /16 1. SF Business Essential 2. RED Business Essential 3. FTL Business Essential Table 5 Load balancing policies and associated priorities As shown in Table 5, users will receive the worker group preference list from the highest-priority policy with matching filters. Therefore, engineering users from the /16 IP address range will receive the FTL ENG policy while nonengineering users will receive FTL BUSINESS policy. With this configuration, XYZ Corporation can deliver separate sets of applications to the two different groups of users within the company and also ensure proper failover if a failure at one site occurs. Citrix policy filters All Citrix server policies can be filtered by worker groups, which allow administrators to restrict GPOs to a specific set of servers in the farm. For policies configured in the AppCenter Console, this is the only way to assign different settings to different groups of servers, since all policies are replicated to all servers, completely independent of AD. Since XYZ Corporation administrators have control over their XenApp OU, they use AD GPOs to manage the settings in the XenApp farm. For user and per-site settings, they can link the GPO to the appropriate site OUs without any filters. However, if they wish to deploy a setting specifically to the engineering servers or productivity servers, they can add a Worker Group filter to the policy to limit it to the appropriate server type. 2.6 Citrix policy configuration Nearly all server, farm, and user settings are governed by Citrix group policies, which can be configured in three different ways: Page 32

33 1. Local Machine Policy (gpedit) 2. Active Directory Group Policy (gpmc) 3. Policies node of the Citrix AppCenter Console The local machine policy can be used for managing small farms, but large farms will use either AD or the AppCenter Console to manage settings across multiple servers. AD offers the most powerful solution for administrators and supports managing settings across multiple XenApp and XenDesktop farms. Administrators create a GPO containing the desired Citrix policy settings and link the GPO to the appropriate OUs. However, for Citrix administrators who do not have control over their AD environment, XenApp 6.5 provides the policies node in the management console. Policies configured here are written to the XenApp data store and propagated to all servers in the farm. It is recommended to use smaller policies to allow for incremental updates. If Farm group policy is used, makes sure there is a replicated IMA data store on the remote site. If multiple types of policy are created, the priority of policy enforcement (from low to high) is as follows o Local GPO o Farm GPO o Domain GPO XYZ Corporation has decided to take full advantage of the AD group policies. The administrators create Citrix policies at different domain and OU structure levels. In this case, the priority of policies enforcement is as follows 1. Policy created at the Default Domain Policy 2. Policy created at the top OU level 3. Policy created at the middle level OU 4. Policy created at lowest level OU Page 33

34 Figure 18 Active Directory XenApp group policies As displayed in Figure 18, the administrators at XYZ Corporation create the Citrix group policies at different XenApp OU structure levels. The XenApp General is created to apply to the XenApp farm as a whole. The FTL Site GPO is created to apply to XenApp servers at the Fort Lauderdale location. The Business App GPO is created to apply to the servers that host the business critical applications. The resultant Citrix policies applied to the Business Essential Apps OU will be the merged settings from all three GPOs. If there is a policy settings conflict among these three GPOs, the settings in Business App GPO has the highest priority and will overwrite the settings in FTL Site GPO and XenApp General GPO. Policy refresh interval It is very important to understand how the configured policies are refreshed and applied to the XenApp server. This can help the Citrix administrator to troubleshoot the policy related issues. When Citrix policies are managed from the AD domain group policy, the sequence of policy refresh and update is as follows: 1. change is made on the GPMC 2. within 1½ to 2 hours, member servers pull and apply updates 3. every 3 hours, AD replication occurs between domain controllers 4. within 1½ to 2 hours, remote member servers pull and apply updates Page 34

35 Figure 19 Group Policy Management refresh intervals as managed by Active Directory When Citrix policies are managed from the XenApp management console (e.g., AppCenter Console), the sequence of policy refresh and update is as follows: 1. change is made in AppCenter Console 2. member server writes the policy change to the DS and updates its LHC 3. all servers pull policy information from the DS and updates their LHCs 4. within 1½ to 2 hours, member servers apply updates to the registry Figure 20 Group Policy Management refresh intervals as managed by the DSC If needed, IMA service can be restarted to refresh machine policies immediately. For user policies, logons and reconnects refresh them immediately. The gpupdate /force command can be executed to force the policy synchronization and update. Page 35

36 3.0 Performance results and analysis In determining the scalability of XenApp, two items were taken into consideration: farm scalability and single server scalability. Farm scalability determines the number of XenApp servers that can perform successfully together in a given environment. Farm scalability is determined by components like load balancing, manageability of the server farm, and data store load. Single server scalability measures the number of users that can be loaded onto a single server with acceptable performance. This section outlines the results from the 1000-server farm simulated for XYZ Corporation. After the farm was designed and deployed, the farm was loaded with thousands of client sessions to exercise the infrastructure well above the service level agreements of the most demanding environments. 3.1 Farm environment Network configuration Simulation of the XYZ Corporation environment required that two data centers which were at opposite ends of the country be configured using the Shunra Storm WAN Emulator. Half of the servers in the farm were placed on a x.x network while the other half of servers was placed on a 10.8.x.x network. All traffic between the networks went through the Shunra appliance. The WAN emulator was configured to apply 200ms round trip latency. The throughput was set to 10 Mbps Farm-wide IMA bandwidth consumption Analysis of the IMA service communication in the XenApp farm will help XYZ Corporation understand the bandwidth requirements needs, especially when it comes to the WAN link that connects the two data center. The following diagrams show the IMA communication bandwidth consumption in four typical scenarios: o XenApp startup o farm is in an idle state o user launch a session o a DC election happens Page 36

37 IMA Communication - XenApp Startup Figure 21 IMA bandwidth consumption XenApp Startup When the XenApp servers startup, they must establish a connection to the data store to read all of the configuration information needed to initialize IMA. Next the servers will go to the license server to check out a server license. This allows the XenApp servers to grant grace period licenses in the event the license server becomes unreachable. If the license server is unavailable at startup, as long as the XenApp server had been able to previously connect to it at least once, it will still be able to grant grace period licenses. Next the servers will be available to serve applications, so they will go and register with the data collector for their zone. Finally, the data collectors will replicate all of the registration information to the other data collectors in the farm. Page 37

38 IMA Communication Idle Farm Figure 22 IMA bandwidth consumption XenApp farm is idle After the XenApp server starts, every thirty minutes the local host cache will perform a consistency check to ensure it is in sync with the data store just in case it missed a directory change notification. If the data collector has not received an update from a member server within the last 60 seconds, it will send an IMAPing to ensure the server is still up and available to service user requests. Likewise, if the data collectors have not received updates from each other in the last 60 seconds they will perform an IMAPing to ensure the remote zones are still available. Finally every 5 minutes plus some randomized interval, the XenApp servers will contact the license server to ensure it is still available. Page 38

39 IMA Communication User Connection Figure 23 IMA bandwidth consumption user connection In this case, a user wants to connect to an application using Citrix Receiver. The data collector performs the resolution and directs the plug-in to connect to the least loaded server. When the user connects, the XenApp server will contact the license server to check-out a license on behalf of the user. Once the user is connected to the server, several things have changed on the server. The number of sessions on the server has changed and the server s load has changed. The member server will then update the data collector for its zone with that information. Since all data collectors must track the global state of the entire farm, it will replicate that information to all other data collectors in the farm. Page 39

40 IMA Communication DC election Figure 24 IMA bandwidth consumption new data collector election In the event that the data collector in Zone 1 has a failure, the member servers will recognize the server is offline by one of the many monitoring mechanisms and start the election process. When the new data collector is elected, all the member servers for the zone will rebuild all of their dynamic tables with the new data collector. The new data collector will then replicate that information to all other data collectors in the farm and will receive complete table rebuilds for the remote zones as well. Although the data collector went down, the user connection that was established in Figure 23 is unaffected, as once the resolution process completes, the data collector will only passively track the session. Page 40

41 3.2 XenApp performance results Data collector performance During the simulation, 10,000 unique static users were connected to the farm, shown in the figure below, while other users were dynamically logging on and off at a rate of 1300 users per minute in the Fort Lauderdale zone. This data was derived from the application resolutions/second in the second graph below, which shows an average of 22 resolutions per second. Static Users Load onto the Farm Figure 25 User sessions for simulation Page 41

42 FTL Zone Data Collector Application Resolutions/Second Figure 26 Data collector application resolution per second Figure 26 shows a snapshot of the application resolutions rate for the Fort Lauderdale zone. At this rate, it would be able to handle 30,000 user logons at the FTL site in less than 25 minutes while the CPU usage (see Figure 27) is only at about 50%. If this same logon rate is applied to the Redmond zone, the farm as a whole would be able to log on all 60,000 users in less than 25 minutes. If XYZ Corporation wants to logon 60,000 users in shorter time, it can deploy more Web Interface servers. The Data Collector would be able to handle the additional load. Page 42

43 Figure 27 shows the CPU utilization of the data collector while handling the 30,000 user application request. FTL Zone Data Collector - CPU Utilization Figure 27 CPU utilization while handling 30,000 user requests Figure 28 shows the data collector failover performance while serving user application request: it takes about 25 seconds for the failover to occur. Figure 28 Data collector failover performance Page 43

44 3.2.2 Data collector bandwidth The bandwidth usage during the logon/logoff stress between the Fort Lauderdale and Redmond data collectors can be seen in Figure 29. As shown by the graph, the bandwidth usage averages around 500 KBps, while logging in 1,300 users per minute to the Fort Lauderdale zone. If the Fort Lauderdale data collector and Redmond data collector were each handling 1,300 users per minute then the bandwidth usage would double to 1,000 KBps. Although XYZ Corporation has a 10 Mbps WAN link between the two data centers, the IMA service will only utilize a small piece of the available bandwidth. FTL Zone Data Collector IMA Bandwidth between Data Collectors Figure 29 IMA bandwidth between the FTL and RED data collectors Data store performance XenApp servers configured in Session-only mode consume considerably less bandwidth when communicating with the Data Store than in previous XenApp releases. Citrix elabs ran a series of tests to measure the IMA bandwidth usage and start times. The figure below illustrates the bandwidth usage of the IMA service communicating to the Data Store on a single server during start time. Page 44

45 Figure 29 IMA bandwidth usage during the IMA start process Additionally, the time for a server to join a farm or synchronize the local host cache has been significantly reduced. This is especially important for servers communicating to a data store over a low-bandwidth link. As shown in the figure below, XenApp 6.5 servers configured in Session-only mode show significant time savings during the join farm and LHC synchronization process over a WAN. Figure 30 single server IMA start time performance Page 45

46 Much of this time saving is due to the reduced number of SQL transactions the IMA service needs to perform on the data store. Compared to previous releases, XenApp 6.5 has made substantial optimizations to IMA to reduce the number of SQL transactions and speed up the IMA start time. The figure below illustrates the number of SQL transactions are significantly reduced in XenApp 6.5. Figure 31 SQL data store transactions during IMA operations 3.3 Worker Groups For XenApp 6.5, Citrix elabs ran a variety to tests to ensure scalability and performance in large farms of up to 1,000 XenApp servers. The addition of worker groups did not add a significant performance overhead, even in complex environments. Some of the key metrics found during testing: 1. Application publishing to worker groups and load balancing policies had no measurable impact on application enumeration or load balancing times. 2. The number of worker groups had minimal impact on discovery times for the management console. Adding 200 worker groups increased discovery time by 2.5 seconds, while 500 worker groups increased the time by 4.2 seconds. 3. Worker groups and their memberships are cached in memory in every IMA service for performance. This results in an increase in memory consumption of 8 KB for every worker group in the farm. Page 46

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