The Role of Standards in Smart Cities

Transcription

1 The Rle f Standards in Smart Cities Page 1 f 15

2 Acknwledgements In the preparatin f this reprt, BSI acknwledges the supprt f Mike Perry, BRE and Stephen Pattenden, Telemetry Assciates, wh cnducted much f the research and analysis n which this dcument is based. Page 2 f 15

3 Cntents 1 City Systems Mving t a Smarter City... 6 Hw will City Authrities set their bjectives fr Smart Cities and measure prgress?... 6 Hw will infrmatin be captured and shared between infrastructure and services?... 6 What risks are there in mving t Smart City services and hw can these be managed?... 6 Hw can cities create the shared understanding t deliver the visin? Hw will City Authrities set their bjectives fr Smart Cities and measure prgress? Objectives Metrics Current Standards Prgramme Future Activities Hw will infrmatin be captured and shared between infrastructure and services? The need fr cmmn cmmunicatins Standards implicatins PAS 180 Standard n Terminlgy What risks are there in mving t Smart City services and hw can these be managed and minimized? Sharing data between services Resilience f Smart City service delivery channels Accessibility f Smart City services Standards implicatins Future Activities Hw can cities create the shared understanding t deliver the visin? The need fr a shared understanding PAS 181 Smart City Framewrk Standard High-level structure f Smart City Framewrk A standards framewrk fr Smart Cities Crdinatin and ther activities Key Standards Prgramme Milestnes Page 3 f 15

4 Intrductin As City Authrities and their delivery partners strive t meet aspiratins f citizens, they face cmplex chices and decisins abut what type f City they are seeking t create. Different Cities will have different visins r pririties fr develpment, reflecting the needs and circumstances f their ppulatins and ecnmic activities. Other issues such as resurce limitatins, risks and resilience may als play a part in the assessment f pririties, t enable the City Authrity t take a hlistic view f the City s future path. Cities natinally and internatinally are main drivers f ecnmic activity: grwth and, in the current cntext, recvery, but this utput depends n a cmprehensive infrastructure t deliver physical and scial resurces the fuel f a City s ecnmic engine. The ecnmic perfrmance f a City is inextricably linked t its physical and cmmunicatins infrastructures, and the delivery f resurces thrugh these infrastructures. Cities ccupy nly arund 2% f land mass and are ccupied by 51% f the wrld s ppulatin and they cnsume an estimated 80% f its resurces. The current glbal ppulatin is 7+ billin, and is frecast t grw t 9+ billin by 2050, by which time it has been predicted that apprximately 80% f the glbal ppulatin will be urbanised. The strain n traditinal delivery mechanisms and supply f resurces due t increasing ppulatins pses a significant challenge t the sustainable grwth f Cities. This applies nt nly t physical resurces, such as energy, water r waste management, but als t scial and ecnmic resurces, such as healthcare, traffic management and City lgistics. As traditinal resurce delivery systems apprach the limits f their capability, there is an urgent need fr innvative delivery systems t effectively manage and cntrl resurce use in Cities. Smart City 1 technlgies based n digital infrastructure and digital services ffer a ptential way f mnitring and managing physical and scial resurce in the city. Digital technlgies can cllect sufficiently large amunts f data t supprt very clse matching f supply availability against demand requirements. The use f histric infrmatin t crrelate with actual events can als infrm immediate reactin where the data sets match thse f a previus histric event. The new cmmunicatins ptential frm sensrs n buildings, rads and ther elements f the City and the sharing f data between service delivery channels, if integrated, will enable the City t imprve services, mnitr and cntrl resurce usage and react t real-time infrmatin. T help address the issues invlved in cmmissining smart cities, the UK Department fr Business, Innvatin and Skills (BIS) has cmmissined the British Standards Institutin (BSI) t develp a standards strategy fr Smart Cities in the UK. The strategy identifies the rle f standards in accelerating the implementatin f Smart Cities and prviding assurance t citizens that the risks are being managed apprpriately. This dcument prvides an verview f the strategy. 1 Fr the purpses f cnsistency, the term Smart Cities is used in this reprt, althugh there are a number f similar terms fr verlapping cncepts in general use, including Future Cities and Intelligent Cities. Page 4 f 15

5 1 City Systems The utput f Cities depends n a cmprehensive infrastructure t deliver physical and scial resurces, withut which bth the effectiveness f the City as an ecnmic unit and its ecnmic perfrmance will be impaired. Fr example, the ease with which peple cmmunicate, travel and meet plays a key part in the City s ability t fster a thriving business cmmunity, creating requirements fr develpment f the transprt and cmmunicatins infrastructure and services. The physical and scial resurce systems can be thught f as delivery channels, enabled by supprting infrmatin flws. Figure 1 belw shws sme f the surces f infrmatin and data that are derived frm infrastructure and systems (hrizntal bars) and the service delivery channels (vertical bars) that depend n the infrmatin and data. At present service delivery thrugh the vertical channels tend t perate in islatin frm each ther - they are sils f infrmatin, activity, and gvernance. Hwever, there are many areas where infrmatin gathered thrugh the City s infrastructure fr ne service is relevant t anther service. Digital infrastructure prvides a medium fr delivery f digital services and taking infrmatin frm citizens, ffering the ptential f increased service integratin within and between delivery channels, enabling smarter Cities delivering imprved services t citizens and businesses, and making much mre efficient use f physical and scial resurces. Fr example, tele-health delivered thrugh applicatins in the Healthcare delivery channel may rely n data abut a patient s daily activities generated frm sensrs in the hme and n infrmatin frm scial resurce management systems integratin f infrmatin acrss different key inputs. Figure 1 Sme elements f the Future City Page 5 f 15

6 2 Mving t a Smarter City In the develpment f the standards strategy fr smart cities, BSI cnducted a review f existing standards and gap analysis and a wide ranging public cnsultatin t identify the prblems cities face in implementing smart city slutins. Fur key issues emerged frm the study: Hw will City Authrities set their bjectives fr Smart Cities and measure prgress? Hw will infrmatin be captured and shared between infrastructure and services? What risks are there in mving t Smart City services and hw can these be managed? Hw can cities create the shared understanding t deliver the visin? 2.1 Hw will City Authrities set their bjectives fr Smart Cities and measure prgress? Objectives A key plicy aim fr City Authrities is t ensure that ecnmic develpment is sustainable in the lngterm. The City s ecnmic perfrmance is interlinked with issues such as the strength f the cmmunity, and the types f ecnmic develpment that are pssible depend upn the aspiratins f the cmmunity. The availability f a pl f talented peple may depend n the quality f life a City can ffer, which is related t utcmes in areas such as health and justice. Smart City bjectives will need t link int these verall aims fr a City. While Smart Cities clearly play a rle in delivering the utcmes Cities are lking fr, at present there is n clear definitin f what it means t be a Smart City r hw t identify the specific cntributins they can make t the verall City bjectives Metrics At present it is nt straightfrward t assess what cntributin specific infrastructure, systems and services investments can make t Cities perfrmance. City Authrities need reliable and bradly cmparable data n the health f their City, s City-wide metrics are needed t determine the pririties fr imprvement and identify in which directin the City is mving. A linked set f perfrmance metrics is required t assess the infrastructure that underpins City services, and is essential fr the develpment f the City: these will cver the infrastructure that delivers water, electricity, gas and multimedia, remves and treats sewage, and creates physical cnnectivity by rad, rail, canal, path and park, and infrmatinal cnnectivity by fibre-ptic cable and cpper wire. A particular issue is hw t quantify the impact f smart city initiatives in a way that can supprt an investment appraisal. The lack f a cherent set f metrics makes it difficult t plan investment strategies with the cnfidence that the planned imprvements will actually be delivered. There are a number f impressive pilt prjects but n standard way f assessing their impact. Page 6 f 15

7 2.1.3 Current Standards Prgramme High-level principles-based standards can prvide a framewrk fr making chices abut sustainable develpment f Cities. The primary standard fr sustainable develpment is BS 8900, which advcates the use f principles as the basis fr setting plicy t get an rganisatin t think strategically abut its intended curse f actin. It als stresses the imprtance f balancing ecnmic, scial and envirnmental develpment. BS 8900 is currently under revisin, with the intentin f bth prviding explicitly strategic guidance and a generic management system standard fr sustainable develpment. In setting plicy fr the City, BS 8904 Guidance fr cmmunity sustainable develpment helps the respnsible authrities think strategically abut what srt f City it is their citizens and businesses want. The rute t finding ut exactly what their citizens require is thrugh stakehlder engagement, which allws fr a deep understanding f the cncerns f the City. BS 8904 als allws grass-rts cmmunities t better cntrl their wn develpment. An ISO standard n cmmunity sustainable develpment is in the early stages f develpment, currently prpsed t be a management system standard fr lcal authrities, embedding a similar methdlgy t BS Anther imprtant part f the standards framewrk, in which activity is already underway, cvers metrics. This wrk includes an ISO based n the Glbal City Indicatrs prject t embrace almst every aspect f human activity, including husing, educatin, health services, crime and plicing. One indicatr f critical imprtance is the level f greenhuse gas emissins (GHGs), and a prfessinal standard (PAS 2070) is under develpment t allw cnsistent assessment f GHG emissins at the City level. Anther ISO prject is in develpment t set agreed metrics fr data abut this infrastructure. This prject will als attempt t standardise the metrics used t specify the infrastructure itself, and any cntrl and cmmunicatin technlgy. Standardised data frmats and cmmunicatin prtcls will allw services t share infrmatin and give specifiers greater cnfidence in the cmpatibility and lngevity f the infrastructure equipment they purchase. UK standardisatin wrk that will cntribute t the verall picture includes wrk n Smart Grids and Smart Meters Future Activities BSI is planning t hld an industry wrkshp t scpe further standards activities in relatin t perfrmance assessment methdlgies and investment appraisal in the smart city cntext. This wrkshp will be held in Summer Page 7 f 15

8 2.2 Hw will infrmatin be captured and shared between infrastructure and services? The need fr cmmn cmmunicatins A defining feature f Smart Cities is the ability f the cmpnent systems t interperate. The ptimal use f resurces acrss a cmplex urban envirnment depends n the interactin between different city services and systems. T identify the mst effective use f resurces therefre requires cmmunicatin between the different cmpnent systems (e.g. energy use mnitred by Smart Metering cmbined with external temperature mnitring n the building t reduce the energy cnsumptin f a family). It is likely that ver the next few years, Cities will have t install cmmunicatins infrastructure (wned and managed by multiple vendrs) that will allw infrmatin t be gathered in real time and in intervals. There will need t be strategies fr ptimised data cllectin and assimilatin and dcumented gd practice in this area wuld help in the creatin f these strategies. In many cases the frmat f the infrmatin - and ften the media and prtcls n which it is carried - will be different and the cmmunicatins envirnment will be highly hetergeneus. As Smart slutins are develped in different sectrs, there will be a need fr infrmatin captured in varius infrastructure elements t be shared between service delivery channels. The infrmatin will need t be nrmalised (and perhaps translated), classified and stred Standards implicatins The findings f the gap analysis in the standards strategy are that there are plenty f standards cvering interperability within the cntext f particular service delivery systems, but there is a lack f verall interperability framewrk standards that wrk acrss systems. BSI held an Interperability scping wrkshp n 1st March 2013 which identified the fllwing ptential standardisatin tpics: Prviding a General Guide t cver infrastructure and data use in cities. Defining the requirement at the Framewrk Level fr an Interperability Ecsystem. Creating a data cncept mdel t give a cmmn understanding f infrmatin in the Smart City. Setting ut a Cde f Practice fr Open Data cvering definitin and access. Defining the technical specificatins fr a Digital Cnsumer Unit. BSI has set up an interperability cmmittee t help scpe and develp an interperability standardisatin radmap. Page 8 f 15

9 2.2.3 PAS 180 Standard n Terminlgy An immediate need that was identified in the standards strategy was the lack f cmmn terminlgy arund the area f smart cities. BSI is therefre develping a new publicly available specificatin t establish a shared understanding f smart cities terms and definitins. This will help t build a strng fundatin fr future standardizatin and gd practices. The main aims f the standard are: Imprve cmmunicatin and understanding f the smart cities field by enabling develpers, designers, manufacturers and clients t use a cmmn language when talking abut smart cities. Reduce the likelihd f cnfusin between parties in the supply chain and add clarity in cases f legal dispute. Create industry awareness f cmmn smart city cncepts thrugh a rigrus, independent cnsensus-building prcess invlving a wide grup f UK stakehlders. This PAS defines terms fr smart cities, including smart cities cncepts acrss different infrastructure and systems elements and used acrss all service delivery channels. It als cvers materials, prcesses, methdlgies and applicatins and is intended fr city authrities and planners, buyers f smart city services and slutins as well as prduct and service prviders. 2.3 What risks are there in mving t Smart City services and hw can these be managed and minimized? Sharing data between services As data is shared between services, cncerns will emerge ver infrmatin security, data prtectin and privacy. Fr example, sharing data in the clud may raise cncerns ver the use f data fr a different purpse than that fr which it was first btained and whether persnal data is being accessed, stred and prcessed apprpriately and securely (as is required by legislatin). Cntrls may be necessary t identify what data can be prcessed in which cuntries. Withut clear safeguards in place, public cnfidence in the services being develped is likely t be lw and this will pse a significant risk t the acceptability f Smart Cities prjects t the citizens n whse behalf they are being cmmissined. Prvided the data is prperly classified under a taxnmy it shuld be pssible t flag ptential risks, helping t reduce them. Much f the infrmatin will be relatively annymus since the City will need t bserve the infrmatin as a whle, as peple r traffic flws, derived frm multiple hmes and surces. As the systems reach dwn twards specific buildings, dwellings and peple, the privacy risk becmes greater as des the need fr trust and security Resilience f Smart City service delivery channels The success f a Smart City will be critically dependent n a digital infrastructure that is rbust. If critical services becme dependent n Smart infrastructure and systems, service interruptins and failures f equipment are likely t have an imprtant impact. Issues Page 9 f 15

10 relating t resilience and planning fr failure f critical systems are als likely t emerge. Any Smart City system must have built in redundancy and because f the expected massive number f data pints in the Smart City there will be elements f this inherent in any City. The cmmunicatins infrastructure must be designed t avid cmmn failure pints such as electricity utage acrss a whle area f the City Accessibility f Smart City services The prspect f a City sensing and acting n real-time infrmatin abut daily activities t deliver services hlds ut the prmise f mre respnsive services that better meet the needs f its citizens. Yet as the City mves twards the digital delivery f public services, there is als a risk f unwittingly excluding peple wh may have difficulty accessing services because f infirmity r impaired learning ability. This issue may be particularly pertinent fr Cities facing resurce cnstraints as they prvide fr an aging ppulatin. These issues will need t be addressed when service delivery channels are designed and cmmissined Standards implicatins There are already established standards fr infrmatin security management and data prtectin. The BS ISO series f standards embrace best practice in infrmatin security. It includes ISO/IEC which is a specificatin fr an infrmatin security management system (ISMS) which aims t ensure that infrmatin security management is established and maintained thrugh cntinual imprvement. Fr Smart Cities t functin effectively vast quantities f data need t be captured, stred, transferred and destryed n a timely basis. If such data is defined as persnal infrmatin, then the rganizatin respnsible fr cllecting it (whether directly r via an utsurced partner) is bliged t cmply with the UK Data Prtectin Act. This stipulates that fair prcessing and retentin take place and apprpriate security, transfer and destructin be carried ut. In 2009, BSI published BS which helps rganizatins establish and maintain a best practice persnal infrmatin management system s that they can better cmply with this legislatin. The newly-published ISO/IEC appraches privacy risk management issues frm a framewrk-level perspective. Such initiatives require an nging and clse cllabratin between standards makers and plicy makers, f increasing imprtance in the cntext f the new EU Privacy Directive and the grwing use f identity management technlgies (such as bimetrics). Existing standards can als be applied t imprve the resilience f Smart Cities. Business Cntinuity Management (BCM) is a prcess that helps manage risks t the smth running f an rganizatin r delivery f a service r services, ensuring cntinuity f critical functins in the event f a disruptin, and effective recvery afterwards. The Civil Cntingencies Act requires lcal authrities t wrk tgether with majr businesses, utility cmpanies and transprt prviders and address BCM needs via business impact analysis and risk assessment. Standards can prvide a structure fr BCM allwing rganisatins t demnstrate that they have taken the necessary measures. These standards include BS , a cde f practice which establishes BCM prcess, principles and terminlgy t assist with furthering the understanding and implementatin f business cntinuity within an rganizatin, and BS ISO 22301, which specifies hw t design and build an effective (and auditable) business cntinuity management system t meet regulatry, custmer and business requirements, thereby enhancing cnfidence. There may als be a need fr a new standard setting requirements fr resilience f the systems f the Smart City that will need t be cmplied with t ensure the Page 10 f 15

11 cntinued functining f the City under all but the mst extreme circumstances, e.g. n electricity anywhere fr lnger than a week Future Activities BSI is planning t hld an industry wrkshp t assess the issue relating t smart data risk and resilience. The fcus will be n data risk management in a smart city cntext. This wrkshp will be held in Autumn f Hw can cities create the shared understanding t deliver the visin? The need fr a shared understanding Success f any smart cities initiative depends n creating a cmmn understanding and shared gals between all stakehlders, inside and utside the city bundary: City authrity Public and private sectr delivery partners Natinal service prviders and cmmissining authrities Businesses Residents f the city and the surrunding area T address this key area, BSI is develping PAS 181, Smart city framewrk Guidance fr decisinmakers in smart cities and cmmunities PAS 181 Smart City Framewrk Standard This PAS establishes a gd practice framewrk fr city leaders (frm the public, private and vluntary sectrs) t develp, agree and deliver smart city strategies that can transfrm their city s ability t meet its future challenges and deliver its future aspiratins. The smart city framewrk (SCF) distils current gd practices int a set f cnsistent and repeatable patterns that city leaders can use t help them develp and deliver their wn smart city strategies. The PAS des nt intend t describe a ne-size-fits-all mdel fr the future f UK cities. Rather, the fcus is n the enabling prcesses by which new technlgies cupled with rganizatinal change can help deliver the diverse visins fr future UK cities in mre efficient, effective and sustainable ways. This means, in particular, a fcus n enabling cities t: make current and future citizen needs the driving frce behind all city systems; anticipate and respnd t emerging challenges in a systematic, agile and sustainable way; Page 11 f 15

12 create a step-change in the capacity fr jined-up delivery and innvatin acrss rganizatinal bundaries within the city. Althugh many f the principles and methdlgies recmmended by the SCF are relevant within specific vertical sectrs f cities - smart grids, smart mbility, smart health etc the fcus is very much n the issues and challenges invlved in jining all f these up int a whle-city apprach. Central t the SCF is therefre a strng emphasis n leadership and gvernance, business mdel innvatin, and the active rle played by all stakehlders in the creatin, delivery and use f city services. PAS 181 is aimed at city leaders (frm public, vluntary and private sectrs), althugh the emphasis will be n plicy develpers within city authrities, bth thse respnsible fr the authrity s service design, cmmissining and delivery rle and thse respnsible fr its cmmunity leadership rle. The dcument will make clear the relevance t ther sectrs. The PAS will be UK fcused, thugh the principles shuld be generally applicable t allw use beynd the UK High-level structure f Smart City Framewrk Figure 2 Structure f SCF Figure 2 shws the key building blcks f the Smart City Framewrk: a) Guiding Principles: an agreed and enduring statement f values which can be used n a cnsistent basis t steer business decisin-making by multiple city stakehlders ver the lng term; b) Key city-wide gvernance and delivery prcesses: hw-t guidance n the key prcesses that need t be managed in establishing and delivering a successful smart city strategy; Page 12 f 15

13 c) Benefit Realisatin Framewrk: aimed at ensuring that all elements f a smart city strategy are effectively fcused n delivering the desired utcmes; d) Critical Success Factrs: a checklist f issues cities shuld regularly mnitr t ensure that they are n track in the successful delivery f their smart city prgrammes, and that they are managing the majr strategic risks effectively. Guidance will be develped as a set f mdular and inter-related patterns that fllw a cmmn structure: cntext; the need being addressed; the recmmended apprach r slutin; linkages t ther patterns in the guide. 3 A standards framewrk fr Smart Cities T ensure Smart City technlgy fulfils its ptential, a range f standards are needed t address issues faced at different levels, frm the decisin-making at the city level t the interperability f particular devices. Principles-based standards can prvide guidance t help the City Authrity define its targets. Perfrmance standards can help the City Authrity prcure the infrastructure and services that will help achieve these targets. And interperability standards can ensure that the data captured in the City s infrastructure and systems is suitable fr use in a range f service delivery channels. Figure 3 shws the current standards hierarchy with assciated standardisatin wrk. Figure 3 Hierarchy f standards 4 Crdinatin and ther activities Standards crdinatin grups have been created as shwn in Figure 4 t address 3 aspects: An advisry grup cvering the verall strategic visin fr the BSI standards prgramme and the standards needs f City Authrities in particular. Page 13 f 15

14 An interperability Technical cmmittee fr the standards activities relating t the infrmatin and technlgy aspects f Smart Cities. A hrizntal cmmittee fr crdinating wrk within numerus existing standards cmmittees Figure 4 Standards crdinatin grups A number f ther activities are currently being undertaking which include the fllwing: Engagement with ther standards bdies in rder t crdinate and align relevant activities. Invlvement in varius smart city initiative in the UK such as the TSB funded demnstratr prjects in rder t bring learning int the standards prgramme. Building links with UK industry and academic centres f expertise. Page 14 f 15

15 5 Key Standards Prgramme Milestnes Table 1 belw shws sme f the key standards prgramme milestnes fr Perfrmance assessment methdlgies and investment appraisal industry wrkshp Risk management in a smart city cntext industry wrkshp PAS 180 Terminlgy Draft available fr Public Cmments PAS 181 Smart City Framewrk Draft available fr Public Cmments Table 1 Key Standards Prgramme Milestnes Summer 2013 Autumn 2013 Autumn 2013 Autumn 2013 Fr further infrmatin and t get invlved in ur standards develpment initiatives, please cntact: Saviur Alfin Prject Manager Smart Cities Standards Strategy T: saviur.alfin@bsigrup.cm Page 15 f 15