An Overview of Practical Capacitance Bridge Functioning. by Paul Moses

Size: px
Start display at page:

Download "An Overview of Practical Capacitance Bridge Functioning. by Paul Moses"

Transcription

1 An Overview of Practical Capacitance Bridge Functioning by Paul Moses

2 INTRODUCTION The laboratory has a variety of bridges, both automatic and manual which can be used to measure the capacitance and dielectric loss of materials. The following discussion is applicable to the General Radio 1615 transformer ratio bridge, the Hewlett-Packard terminal bridge and all the Hewlett- Packard 4 terminal bridges: the 4192, 4194, 4274, 4275, and For primarily historical reasons bridges with 2 coaxial leads, like the General Radio 1615 and the HP 4270 are referred to as 3 terminal and bridges with 4 coaxial connections, like the newer HP s are referred to as 4 terminal bridges, even though this is not logically consistent. At a sufficient level of abstraction all the bridges can all be viewed as working in the same way. They apply a known voltage to the high side of the sample and a known current to the low side of the sample (fig. 1). Then the current is adjusted, either manually with the General Radio bridges or automatically by the HP LCR meters until a balance is reached at point A, which means that the voltage there is 0 with respect to the system common. At this point both the voltage across the sample and the current through it are know and the impedance can be calculated. This balanced condition is very important not only in finding the impedance but also because it creates a virtual ground which makes shielding possible. For more information please read the section on shielding. In the manual bridges the balance current is controlled by adjustable components which simulate the sample s capacitance and loss so the sample s capacitance and loss can be read off the front panel of the bridge. The HP bridges calculate a capacitance and loss based on the sample s impedance and a model. It is important to realize that the bridges don t measure dielectric constant or even capacitance, they measure the complex impedance and, one way or another, model to calculate capacitance. It is surprising but true that unless you have a sample of 0 dielectric loss it does not possess a unique capacitance and consequently no unique dielectric constant. If you don t understand this please read the section on impedance and capacitance. If you are not familiar with the use of complex numbers to describe the magnitude and phase of AC currents, voltages, and impedances please read the section on complex numbers. MANUAL BRIDGES The operation of the manual bridges is somewhat easier to understand than that of the automatic bridges. Our manual bridges use a center-tapped transformer to create a negative voltage which is applied to standard capacitors and resistors to make the balance current. Figure 2 is conceptually accurate although the actual construction is somewhat different. The transformer is broadband and extremely precise. An external generator is used to supply the measurement signal, which is usually between.1 to 10V and 60 Hz to 10 khz. The transformer has a total turns ratio of 2, but because of the center tap, the output is 2 voltages, each equal in magnitude to the generator signal with the signal in the reference arm exactly inverted with respect to the

3 generator. The person using the bridge looks at the signal present at the detector (the detector could be a lock-in amplifier, a tuned voltage detector, a current detector, or an ordinary AC voltmeter, depending on the sensitivity required) and adjusts the variable components until there is no signal at the balance point. The measurement circuit is then a voltage source connected to the sample high and a current source connected to the sample low. The current is determined by the inverted generator voltage divided by the impedance of the variable standard capacitor and resistor. This current source is only correct when the bridge is in balance, because it is only then that the voltage across the sample is equal to the (inverted) voltage across the standard components, see figure 3. Although, for technical reasons, this is not the actual scheme used in the bridges, it is possible to think of the standard capacitor and resistor as being constructed from discrete precision components as in figure 4. In this scheme the standard capacitance would be set by selecting one capacitor for each decade and the total capacitance would be the sum of all the decades, since the capacitors are connected in parallel. The standard resistors would be set similarly except that the resistances are connected in series. While this approach is perfectly reasonable it is difficult to achieve in practice for several reasons. First, in order to be able to read capacitance and loss to an adequate precision an excessive number of precision components are required and they have to be connected by an excessive number of switches. For example, to be able to read pf one would need 9 standard capacitors plus precise open circuits for each decade for a total of 54 standard capacitors and 6 zero stray open circuits. There is a similar problem with the standard resistors. Second, the values required for the standard components are difficult. A precision capacitor as small as the resolution of the measurement is required and one might want to measure less than.001 pf. Such small capacitors are very difficult to manufacture precisely. Also, the resistance values required for loss measurements are impractical. For a D step of.1 at 100Hz with a sample of 1 pf a resistor of about 10^9 ohms is required. It is difficult to obtain such large and accurate resistors and when they can be found they have parallel capacitance which causes their impedance to deviate from purely resistive. To circumvent the first problem the properties of the transformer are exploited. Remember that the purpose of the standard components is to supply a current to the sample. Since the measurement is only taken when the bridge is in balance (0V at the detector) there is more than one way to supply current to the sample. For instance, suppose the sample were a lossless capacitor of 1 pf and the generator signal were 1 V. This sample current could be balanced by a signal of -1V applied to a standard capacitor of 1pF or a signal of -.1V applied to a capacitor of 10pF or any voltage applied to a capacitor as long as C*V = 1pFV. This property is used to reduce the number of standard components. The reference arm of the transformer is tapped for 0., -.1, -.2,..., -1. and one standard capacitor is used for each decade. Each capacitor is switched onto one of the taps and it allows its own CV current to flow, the total balance current is then the sum of the various decades. This

4 not only reduces the number of standard components (by a factor of 10) but also increases the size of the problematic smallest standard capacitor required by an order of magnitude. The problem of the resistors is solved by replacing the simple reference arm by the circuit of figure 6. I haven t noticed anything instructive about this trick so I am only going to state the result. This T network has no effect on the capacitance balance but the loss value at balance is given by D=ω*R(C t +C d ) This is extremely convenient because it reduces the size of the reference resistor required and because it makes the D balance independent of the value of the capacitance balance. This means that, at least at one frequency, the front panel can be labeled so that the reference resistor switches read out in terms of D. The balance condition of the bridge results several beneficial effects for the experimenter. First, because the balance point is held at exactly 0V, the high and low sides of the measurement circuit can be shielded from each other by ordinary metal shieding as long as the shielding is connected electrically to the system common. Also an electrode held at 0V (grounded) can be used as a guard for high impedance samples. For more information please see the section on virtual grounds and shielding. Second, loading of the transformer is not a first-order error because when the sample is loading the transformer this reduction in voltage is reflected into the reference arm of the transformer secondary and so it doesn t affect the bridge balance. In other words a pf sample will still be balanced by the standard capacitor in the bridge when it is set to pf. The only first order effect is that the measurement signal used will be reduced, for example to.95v instead of the 1V the generator might have been set to before the sample was plugged in. There is still a second order error resulting from resistance in the transformer winding and in the cable connecting the sample to the bridge which can have some effect on the answer. This can be minimized by keeping the cables as short as possible. In fact minimizing cable length is important for most measurements most of the time and should always be considered carefully (check the 1615 manual for more information) when attempting to measure larger samples at higher frequency. You should never use longer wires than necessary and you should always at least estimate the effect of cabling on your measurement either by calculating the impedances involved or by some direct measurement of the cable effect. Regardless of the bridge in use there are always effects from the cabling alone. As long as there is current flowing in a wire there is inductive impedance present. To some extent this impedance always appears in a measurement but at frequencies below 1 MHz with ordinary sample sizes (1 nf and less) it is not typically a problem. At higher frequency and with larger samples it can be serious. Another effect that is always present results from the distributed capacitance, resistance, and inductance in a coaxial cable. Please see figure 7. In any coaxial cable the distributed impedances act as a low pass filter. Once again the magnitudes of these impedances are such that they are not normally a large problem at low frequency but for the most accurate

5 measurements some sort of compensation is necessary. The newer automatic bridges have built in compensation software which allows you to measure the total cabling in your system in both and open circuit and short circuit states and the bridge will digitally subtract most, but not all, of the effect of the cables. The manual bridge is capable of a number of other functions and ranges but with a grasp of the above the additional complexities will be easy to understand when you have to use the bridge. AUTOMATIC BRIDGES The automatic bridges use the same principles as the manual bridges but perform the functions using electronics rather than passive components. For the moment consider a hypothetical 3 terminal automatic bridge as shown in figure 8. At this level of abstraction the bridge supplies a known voltage to the sample and measures the current through it with a phase sensitive ammeter. If the ammeter input impedance is 0 (an ideal ammeter) then the low side if the circuit is a virtual ground and so shielding has its normal function. This is in fact a perfectly reasonable configuration but is not completely practical because it is difficult to construct an ammeter which has low input impedance and high accuracy over the range of current and frequency required. For example a 1 pf sample at.1 V signal level at 100 Hz will result in only 62 pa of current while a 100 nf sample at 1 MHz and 1V will cause about 1 A to flow, a difference of 11 orders of magnitude. For electronic reasons it is much easier to construct a precision current source than it is to construct a precision ammeter. So the first improvement is shown by figure 9. This is just the familiar voltage and current source with a detector as explained above but now the voltage and current are generated by electronics. Since this is not a paper in op amp circuitry I am not going to make any attempt to explain the goings-on inside the automatic bridges. You just have to trust Hewlett-Packard. Because the companies that make automatic bridges want to sell as many as possible they want their bridges to work with the widest range of samples as possible. Since the difference between a capacitor, resistor and inductor (at any one frequency) is just the phase of the current passing through it, by building a current source which is adjustable over the entire +/- 90 deg. phase range they can build one bridge which will measure any type of component, so the only remaining problem (aside from the bridge s programming) is to allow for the greatest range of impedance magnitude possible. This is a problem for the electronics but once again that is not the subject of this paper. The problem of interest to us is lead impedance. With high impedance samples (relatively low value capacitors at relatively low frequency) the impedance of the leads is not usually a problem because it is very small compared to the sample impedance. But with samples of relatively low impedance (small value resistors and inductors and large value capacitors) lead impedance can

6 contribute very significantly to measurement error. The solution to this problem is to use a 4 terminal technique. This is the exact AC analog of the 4 terminal DC resistance measurement which you may be familiar with. Please refer to figure 10. Terminals 1 and 4 supply voltage and current as before. Terminal 2 is new, it measures voltage and it is brought out to the front of the bridge. If the lead impedance is significant then terminal 2 should be connected to the sample as close as possible to the sample. Terminal 2 is constructed to approximate an ideal AC voltmeter. As such it draws negligibly little current, so even if there is lead resistance it is no longer significant. Since essentially no current is flowing into terminal 2 the lead resistance doesn t create a voltage drop. Resistance in the leads from terminals 1 and 4 don t contribute error because the resulting voltage drop isn t measured as long as terminal 2 is connected next to the sample. These two terminals themselves function only as generator and current source so voltage drops in them are inconsequential. Current loss from terminal 4 would be significant but basically current in this lead is not interested in going anywhere except to the sample because of the virtual ground which is explained in its own section. Terminal 3 is not really new, it is just the detector but it has now been brought out to the front panel of the bridge so that it can also be connected next to the sample, once again eliminating the effect of lead resistance. Interestingly since the voltage at this point is 0 (when the bridge is balanced) this terminal doesn t have to be an ideal voltmeter or current detector. Since the voltage at both ends of this cable should be 0 there will be no current flowing in this cable regardless of the nature of the detector so lead resistance won t create a voltage drop. In addition to the 4 terminal configuration newer automatic bridges can also reduce the effects of lead impedance by compensating for it digitally. The idea is that before you perform a measurement of your sample you measure the impedance of your test fixture and cables in both the open circuit and short circuit states and the bridge corrects for these impedances in the final measurement. However these corrections are never perfect since they can be perturbed by the presence of the sample, movement of the cables, thermal expansion in the cables or test fixture, change of resistance in the cables and text fixture due to temperature changes, and simple imperfection in the measurement of the cable impedance. Furthermore if the cable impedance becomes significant compared to the sample impedance then the bridge is forced to subtract two similar numbers to find the answer, which always leads to error. Since each of the impedances to be subtracted have some percentage error their difference will unavoidably have a larger or much larger percentage error. As a rule in any careful measurement you should obtain some estimate of the lead impedance and perform the automatic compensation if the effect is at all significant. But if the effect is too large you cannot expect it to vanish enough by digital compensation and you have to address the problem directly. There is a further consideration in using the multiterminal bridges. The shields of the 4 terminals are not connected together internally. This is for 2 reasons, to reduce lead inductance and to reduce noise pick-up. Consider

7 figure 11, for the moment ignoring the voltage terminals. Since they don t carry significant current they don t contribute to this effect. Because the shields of the cables are not connected together inside the bridge the signal current is transmitted and returned in the same coaxial cable. In this way there is essentially no net current flowing through a loop around the cable and so approximately no magnetic field external to the cable and not much inductive impedance. If there were an internal connection in the bridge then some or all of the measurement current would flow through the bridge connection so the current in the cables would not be balanced and there would be a non-zero magnetic field outside the cable shown in fig The 2 voltage terminals are also floated so that they can be connected to the measurement circuit at a point convenient to you. In general in any measurement set-up you should avoid joining conducting wires together at multiple points. This would be the case if the shields of the terminals were connected together in the instrument as illustrated in figure 12. This multiple connection makes a loop which can pick up environmental electromagnetic fields and add noise to your measurement. VIRTUAL GROUNDS AND SHIELDING One of the most important ideas to keep in mind when making low capacitance measurements is shielding. When any two conductors are held apart a geometrical capacitor is formed between them. More to the point, the 2 leads to the sample and the sample test fixture in a capacitance measurement also have a geometrical capacitance which will appear as additive error in your measurement unless steps are taken to eliminate the effect, figure 13. This stray capacitance will also affect the loss measurement in proportion to the ratio of stray capacitance to sample capacitance. In a philosophical sense this capacitance itself can never be eliminated but with a properly designed bridge and moderate attention to the sample set-up the stray capacitance can be harmlessly diverted. Contrary to popular belief simply interposing a piece of metal between the offending leads will not, by itself, reduce stray capacitance nor will grounding that piece of metal guarantee its shielding properties. The shielding property of conductors is not a fact of nature, it does not result directly from the laws of electromagnetics but is a consequence of the way that precision capacitance bridges are constructed and in sufficiently crude and inexpensive capacitance meters there may be no way to shield from strays without building external electronics. The ability to shield strays capacitance is a result of the virtual ground used in all sophisticated capacitance bridges (that I am aware of). Consider figure 2. I will illustrate this discussion with the transformer ratio bridge but exactly the same considerations apply to the automatic bridges. When the bridge is in balace point A is at 0V but is held there by the fact that the current flowing through the sample is precisely balanced by the current through the reference arm. Such a point, actively held at 0V, is called a virtual ground. Remember that the idea in a capacitance bridge is to know (at least in an abstract sense) the voltage applied to the sample and the resulting current flowing through the sample. Since point A (and the entire lead to point A) is at 0V, any capacitance existing between point A and a conductor held at 0V, like the bridge s shielding which is connected to the system common, will not cause

8 any current to flow from the low terminal, simply because there is no voltage across the capacitor, figure 14. Therefore this stray capacitance has no tendency to affect the measurement. In principle it is sufficient to shield only one side of the measurement circuit but practically speaking the other side is also always shielded both to help cover holes in the low side shielding and to reduce noise pick-up from environmental fields. Fortunately capacitance on the high side of the bridge can also be shielded without affecting the bridge balance. As shown in figure 15 capacitance in the high lead simply loads the system generator. As explained earlier this has no first-order effect on the manual bridges because the loading of the transformer is almost entirely reflected into the reference arm, and it has no serious effect on the automatic bridges because the applied voltage is measured seperately. Of course capacitance between the shields has no effect on the measurement because it affects neither the voltage nor the current being measured. IMPEDANCE It is important to understand that the natural property your sample possesses is not capacitance, dielectric constant, permitivity, or a probably anything else you are primarily interested in, but rather impedance. Dielectric loss is intrinsic and independent of the measurement but capacitance isn t. One way or another all measurement techniques (below the microwave frequency) measure bulk impedance and you must infer the capacitance in the presence of some loss. The usual technique involves asking the following question. Given a perfect capacitor and a perfect resistor, what values when connected in, say parallel, are required to give the value of impedance measured? This question can also be posed with regard to a series connection. This question can always be answered uniquely (for a single frequency) but unless the dielectric loss is 0 the series and parallel connection models will give different values for both the resistor and capacitor. For D<.1 the difference between the capacitors in the two models is negligible although the resistor values differ greatly. For a lossless capacitor the difference in the values for the series and parallel model resistor is infinite. The series resistance is 0 and the parallel resistance is infinite. The calculation is very simple. If Z(complex) is the impedance of the sample and w = 2πf then: SERIES: Z = R s + 1/iωC s R s = Re(Z) C s = (Im(Z)*ω) 1 PARALLEL: Y = 1/Z = 1/R p + iωc p R p = 1/Re(Y) C p = Im(Y)/ω where Y = conductance

9 From this calculated value of capacitance one infers the dielectric constant by the usual C=kε 0 A/t for parallel plate samples. Even this formula is only an approximation. It is based on the assumption that all of the electromagnetic flux is directly from one electrode to the other. Part of the assumption is that there is no stray capacitance through the surrounding air from one electrode to the other. This type of stray is called fringing capacitance and can be a serious problem with low permittivity samples and samples with fat geometries. The automatic bridges are normally used in the parallel model mode. By virtue of its construction, the manual bridge is usually used in the series mode although it has a feature that allows it to model a parallel conduction mechanism. This model inconsistency is not usually a problem because the manual bridges are normally used with low loss samples where the choice of model is not critical even though the parallel model is usually believed to be a better representation of the loss processes in a ferroelectric. COMPLEX NUMBERS Alternating currents and voltages are commonly described using complex numbers sometimes call phasors. Unlike DC signals, AC signals have a magnitude, frequency and a phase. In a typical application, all of the AC signals of interest have the same frequency so the only information that is unique to each signal is the magnitude and phase. It is convenient to combine these two numbers into one complex number. In the common problem there is one signal source that is used as the phase reference, for example the generator for a transformer ratio capacitance bridge. Other signals are described with reference to that one. For example, if the generator signal were a 1 Vpk-pk sine wave at 1kHz then it would be fully described by 1sin(2π*1000t)V. Its phasor would be 1 0 or 1. +0i = 1. The first representation is the polar form of a complex number, the magnitude (1.) and the phase angle (0.). The second form is the cartesian form 1+0i. The output of the transformer arm driving the reference arm would be -1 0 =1 180 or -1+0i=-1. In this representation impedances are immediately available. Just divide the (complex) voltage across a component by the (complex) current through it. A pure capacitor would then have an impedance given by 1./(iωC ). Since this number is purely imaginary the current through a perfect capacitor is exactly 90 degrees out of phase with the voltage through it. For example if a voltage of 1 0 at 1 khz is applied to a capacitor of 1 nf then the current through it is i µa= = µa. The important thing as far as this discussion is concerned is that impedances have both magnitude and

10 Im polar form: r θ y 0 θ x r Re cartesian form: x + yi 2 2 1/2 r = (x + y ) θ = Arctan y/x phase.

11 fig 1 D fig 2 Vo -Vo Co D Ro A

12 fig 3 Vo Vo -Vo Co D Ro Va If V = 0 then Vo i = Ro + 1 ωco ---- If the sample is assumed to be modeled by: Co = Ro fig 4 Then Co = Cs, Ro = Rs and since D = ωrc, D can be calculated. 0 pf.001 pf pf digit D.009 pf 0 pf.01 pf pf digit 10 9 Ω 2 * 10 9 Ω 10 9 Ω 2 * 10 9 Ω 10-3 Ω 2 * 10-3 Ω.09 pf 9 * 10 9 Ω 9 * 10 9 Ω 9 * 10-3 Ω 0 pf 100 pf 100 pf digit 900 pf

13 fig pf i1 2.1 pf i2 i = i1 + i2 +...in pf in

14 fig 6 fig. 7 fig. 8 I fig. 9 D fig. 10 V 1 2 V 3 I 4 fig. 11 (various clectronics) < < > > > < fig > < fig. 12

15 fig. 13 fig. 14 fig. 15 C stray Istray = ωcstray(va - Vshield) = ωcstray * 0 = 0

Measurement of Capacitance

Measurement of Capacitance Measurement of Capacitance Pre-Lab Questions Page Name: Class: Roster Number: Instructor:. A capacitor is used to store. 2. What is the SI unit for capacitance? 3. A capacitor basically consists of two

More information

Impedance Matching and Matching Networks. Valentin Todorow, December, 2009

Impedance Matching and Matching Networks. Valentin Todorow, December, 2009 Impedance Matching and Matching Networks Valentin Todorow, December, 2009 RF for Plasma Processing - Definition of RF What is RF? The IEEE Standard Dictionary of Electrical and Electronics Terms defines

More information

Reading: HH Sections 4.11 4.13, 4.19 4.20 (pgs. 189-212, 222 224)

Reading: HH Sections 4.11 4.13, 4.19 4.20 (pgs. 189-212, 222 224) 6 OP AMPS II 6 Op Amps II In the previous lab, you explored several applications of op amps. In this exercise, you will look at some of their limitations. You will also examine the op amp integrator and

More information

ε: Voltage output of Signal Generator (also called the Source voltage or Applied

ε: Voltage output of Signal Generator (also called the Source voltage or Applied Experiment #10: LR & RC Circuits Frequency Response EQUIPMENT NEEDED Science Workshop Interface Power Amplifier (2) Voltage Sensor graph paper (optional) (3) Patch Cords Decade resistor, capacitor, and

More information

Technical Note #3. Error Amplifier Design and Applications. Introduction

Technical Note #3. Error Amplifier Design and Applications. Introduction Technical Note #3 Error Amplifier Design and Applications Introduction All regulating power supplies require some sort of closed-loop control to force the output to match the desired value. Both digital

More information

EDEXCEL NATIONAL CERTIFICATE/DIPLOMA UNIT 5 - ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONIC PRINCIPLES NQF LEVEL 3 OUTCOME 4 - ALTERNATING CURRENT

EDEXCEL NATIONAL CERTIFICATE/DIPLOMA UNIT 5 - ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONIC PRINCIPLES NQF LEVEL 3 OUTCOME 4 - ALTERNATING CURRENT EDEXCEL NATIONAL CERTIFICATE/DIPLOMA UNIT 5 - ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONIC PRINCIPLES NQF LEVEL 3 OUTCOME 4 - ALTERNATING CURRENT 4 Understand single-phase alternating current (ac) theory Single phase AC

More information

S-Parameters and Related Quantities Sam Wetterlin 10/20/09

S-Parameters and Related Quantities Sam Wetterlin 10/20/09 S-Parameters and Related Quantities Sam Wetterlin 10/20/09 Basic Concept of S-Parameters S-Parameters are a type of network parameter, based on the concept of scattering. The more familiar network parameters

More information

Lab E1: Introduction to Circuits

Lab E1: Introduction to Circuits E1.1 Lab E1: Introduction to Circuits The purpose of the this lab is to introduce you to some basic instrumentation used in electrical circuits. You will learn to use a DC power supply, a digital multimeter

More information

Application Note. So You Need to Measure Some Inductors?

Application Note. So You Need to Measure Some Inductors? So You Need to Measure Some nductors? Take a look at the 1910 nductance Analyzer. Although specifically designed for production testing of inductors and coils, in addition to measuring inductance (L),

More information

Operational Amplifier - IC 741

Operational Amplifier - IC 741 Operational Amplifier - IC 741 Tabish December 2005 Aim: To study the working of an 741 operational amplifier by conducting the following experiments: (a) Input bias current measurement (b) Input offset

More information

How To Calculate The Power Gain Of An Opamp

How To Calculate The Power Gain Of An Opamp A. M. Niknejad University of California, Berkeley EE 100 / 42 Lecture 8 p. 1/23 EE 42/100 Lecture 8: Op-Amps ELECTRONICS Rev C 2/8/2012 (9:54 AM) Prof. Ali M. Niknejad University of California, Berkeley

More information

DRAFT. University of Pennsylvania Moore School of Electrical Engineering ESE319 Electronic Circuits - Modeling and Measurement Techniques

DRAFT. University of Pennsylvania Moore School of Electrical Engineering ESE319 Electronic Circuits - Modeling and Measurement Techniques University of Pennsylvania Moore School of Electrical Engineering ESE319 Electronic Circuits - Modeling and Measurement Techniques 1. Introduction. Students are often frustrated in their attempts to execute

More information

WHY DIFFERENTIAL? instruments connected to the circuit under test and results in V COMMON.

WHY DIFFERENTIAL? instruments connected to the circuit under test and results in V COMMON. WHY DIFFERENTIAL? Voltage, The Difference Whether aware of it or not, a person using an oscilloscope to make any voltage measurement is actually making a differential voltage measurement. By definition,

More information

Understanding Power Splitters

Understanding Power Splitters Understanding Power Splitters how they work, what parameters are critical, and how to select the best value for your application. Basically, a 0 splitter is a passive device which accepts an input signal

More information

Measuring Biased Inductors with the GenRad Digibridge

Measuring Biased Inductors with the GenRad Digibridge 534 Main Street, Westbury NY 11590 www.ietlabs.com sales@ietlabs.com P: 5163345959, 8008998438 pplication Note Measuring Biased Inductors with the GenRad Digibridge This note is intended for those who

More information

Line Reactors and AC Drives

Line Reactors and AC Drives Line Reactors and AC Drives Rockwell Automation Mequon Wisconsin Quite often, line and load reactors are installed on AC drives without a solid understanding of why or what the positive and negative consequences

More information

Measuring Impedance and Frequency Response of Guitar Pickups

Measuring Impedance and Frequency Response of Guitar Pickups Measuring Impedance and Frequency Response of Guitar Pickups Peter D. Hiscocks Syscomp Electronic Design Limited phiscock@ee.ryerson.ca www.syscompdesign.com April 30, 2011 Introduction The CircuitGear

More information

Understanding Power Splitters

Understanding Power Splitters Understanding Power Splitters How they work, what parameters are critical, and how to select the best value for your application. Basically, a 0 splitter is a passive device which accepts an input signal

More information

12. Transformers, Impedance Matching and Maximum Power Transfer

12. Transformers, Impedance Matching and Maximum Power Transfer 1 1. Transformers, Impedance Matching and Maximum Power Transfer Introduction The transformer is a device that takes AC at one voltage and transforms it into another voltage either higher or lower than

More information

Since any real component also has loss due to the resistive component, the average power dissipated is 2 2R

Since any real component also has loss due to the resistive component, the average power dissipated is 2 2R Quality factor, Q Reactive components such as capacitors and inductors are often described with a figure of merit called Q. While it can be defined in many ways, it s most fundamental description is: Q

More information

Measuring Insulation Resistance of Capacitors

Measuring Insulation Resistance of Capacitors Application Note Measuring Insulation Resistance of Capacitors A common use of high resistance measuring instruments (often called megohmmeters or insulation resistance testers) is measuring the insulation

More information

E. K. A. ADVANCED PHYSICS LABORATORY PHYSICS 3081, 4051 NUCLEAR MAGNETIC RESONANCE

E. K. A. ADVANCED PHYSICS LABORATORY PHYSICS 3081, 4051 NUCLEAR MAGNETIC RESONANCE E. K. A. ADVANCED PHYSICS LABORATORY PHYSICS 3081, 4051 NUCLEAR MAGNETIC RESONANCE References for Nuclear Magnetic Resonance 1. Slichter, Principles of Magnetic Resonance, Harper and Row, 1963. chapter

More information

Op Amp Circuit Collection

Op Amp Circuit Collection Op Amp Circuit Collection Note: National Semiconductor recommends replacing 2N2920 and 2N3728 matched pairs with LM394 in all application circuits. Section 1 Basic Circuits Inverting Amplifier Difference

More information

Scaling and Biasing Analog Signals

Scaling and Biasing Analog Signals Scaling and Biasing Analog Signals November 2007 Introduction Scaling and biasing the range and offset of analog signals is a useful skill for working with a variety of electronics. Not only can it interface

More information

RLC Resonant Circuits

RLC Resonant Circuits C esonant Circuits Andrew McHutchon April 20, 203 Capacitors and Inductors There is a lot of inconsistency when it comes to dealing with reactances of complex components. The format followed in this document

More information

Frequency Response of Filters

Frequency Response of Filters School of Engineering Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering 332:224 Principles of Electrical Engineering II Laboratory Experiment 2 Frequency Response of Filters 1 Introduction Objectives To

More information

A Short Discussion on Summing Busses and Summing Amplifiers By Fred Forssell Copyright 2001, by Forssell Technologies All Rights Reserved

A Short Discussion on Summing Busses and Summing Amplifiers By Fred Forssell Copyright 2001, by Forssell Technologies All Rights Reserved A Short Discussion on Summing Busses and Summing Amplifiers By Fred Forssell Copyright 2001, by Forssell Technologies All Rights Reserved The summing network in mixing consoles is an easily misunderstood

More information

EMC STANDARDS STANDARDS AND STANDARD MAKING BODIES. International. International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) http://www.iec.

EMC STANDARDS STANDARDS AND STANDARD MAKING BODIES. International. International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) http://www.iec. EMC STANDARDS The EMC standards that a particular electronic product must meet depend on the product application (commercial or military) and the country in which the product is to be used. These EMC regulatory

More information

The full wave rectifier consists of two diodes and a resister as shown in Figure

The full wave rectifier consists of two diodes and a resister as shown in Figure The Full-Wave Rectifier The full wave rectifier consists of two diodes and a resister as shown in Figure The transformer has a centre-tapped secondary winding. This secondary winding has a lead attached

More information

Critical thin-film processes such as deposition and etching take place in a vacuum

Critical thin-film processes such as deposition and etching take place in a vacuum WHITEPAPER INTRODUCING POWER SUPPLIES AND PLASMA Critical thin-film processes such as deposition and etching take place in a vacuum SYSTEMS chamber in the presence of a plasma. A plasma is an electrically

More information

Fundamentals of radio communication

Fundamentals of radio communication Fundamentals of radio communication This worksheet and all related files are licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, version 1.0. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/1.0/,

More information

UNDERSTANDING AND CONTROLLING COMMON-MODE EMISSIONS IN HIGH-POWER ELECTRONICS

UNDERSTANDING AND CONTROLLING COMMON-MODE EMISSIONS IN HIGH-POWER ELECTRONICS Page 1 UNDERSTANDING AND CONTROLLING COMMON-MODE EMISSIONS IN HIGH-POWER ELECTRONICS By Henry Ott Consultants Livingston, NJ 07039 (973) 992-1793 www.hottconsultants.com hott@ieee.org Page 2 THE BASIC

More information

Selecting Receiving Antennas for Radio Tracking

Selecting Receiving Antennas for Radio Tracking Selecting Receiving Antennas for Radio Tracking Larry B Kuechle, Advanced Telemetry Systems, Inc. Isanti, Minnesota 55040 lkuechle@atstrack.com The receiving antenna is an integral part of any radio location

More information

BSNL TTA Question Paper-Instruments and Measurement Specialization 2007

BSNL TTA Question Paper-Instruments and Measurement Specialization 2007 BSNL TTA Question Paper-Instruments and Measurement Specialization 2007 (1) Instrument is a device for determining (a) the magnitude of a quantity (b) the physics of a variable (c) either of the above

More information

The Critical Length of a Transmission Line

The Critical Length of a Transmission Line Page 1 of 9 The Critical Length of a Transmission Line Dr. Eric Bogatin President, Bogatin Enterprises Oct 1, 2004 Abstract A transmission line is always a transmission line. However, if it is physically

More information

PHASOR DIAGRAMS HANDS-ON RELAY SCHOOL WSU PULLMAN, WA. RON ALEXANDER - BPA

PHASOR DIAGRAMS HANDS-ON RELAY SCHOOL WSU PULLMAN, WA. RON ALEXANDER - BPA PHASOR DIAGRAMS HANDS-ON RELAY SCHOOL WSU PULLMAN, WA. RON ALEXANDER - BPA What are phasors??? In normal practice, the phasor represents the rms maximum value of the positive half cycle of the sinusoid

More information

Properties of electrical signals

Properties of electrical signals DC Voltage Component (Average voltage) Properties of electrical signals v(t) = V DC + v ac (t) V DC is the voltage value displayed on a DC voltmeter Triangular waveform DC component Half-wave rectifier

More information

Chapter 11. Inductors ISU EE. C.Y. Lee

Chapter 11. Inductors ISU EE. C.Y. Lee Chapter 11 Inductors Objectives Describe the basic structure and characteristics of an inductor Discuss various types of inductors Analyze series inductors Analyze parallel inductors Analyze inductive

More information

High Voltage Power Supplies for Analytical Instrumentation

High Voltage Power Supplies for Analytical Instrumentation ABSTRACT High Voltage Power Supplies for Analytical Instrumentation by Cliff Scapellati Power supply requirements for Analytical Instrumentation are as varied as the applications themselves. Power supply

More information

Measuring Parasitic Capacitance and Inductance Using TDR

Measuring Parasitic Capacitance and Inductance Using TDR Measuring Parasitic apacitance and Inductance Using TDR Time-domain reflectometry (TDR) is commonly used as a convenient method of determining the characteristic impedance of a transmission line or quantifying

More information

Using Current Transformers with the 78M661x

Using Current Transformers with the 78M661x A Maxim Integrated Products Brand Using Current Transformers with the 78M661x APPLICATION NOTE AN_661x_021 April 2010 Introduction This application note describes using current transformers (CT) with the

More information

Power Supplies. 1.0 Power Supply Basics. www.learnabout-electronics.org. Module

Power Supplies. 1.0 Power Supply Basics. www.learnabout-electronics.org. Module Module 1 www.learnabout-electronics.org Power Supplies 1.0 Power Supply Basics What you ll learn in Module 1 Section 1.0 Power Supply Basics. Basic functions of a power supply. Safety aspects of working

More information

Inductors in AC Circuits

Inductors in AC Circuits Inductors in AC Circuits Name Section Resistors, inductors, and capacitors all have the effect of modifying the size of the current in an AC circuit and the time at which the current reaches its maximum

More information

VOLTAGE REGULATOR AND PARALLEL OPERATION

VOLTAGE REGULATOR AND PARALLEL OPERATION VOLTAGE REGULATOR AND PARALLEL OPERATION Generator sets are operated in parallel to improve fuel economy and reliability of the power supply. Economy is improved with multiple paralleled generators by

More information

MAS.836 HOW TO BIAS AN OP-AMP

MAS.836 HOW TO BIAS AN OP-AMP MAS.836 HOW TO BIAS AN OP-AMP Op-Amp Circuits: Bias, in an electronic circuit, describes the steady state operating characteristics with no signal being applied. In an op-amp circuit, the operating characteristic

More information

Physics 3330 Experiment #2 Fall 1999. DC techniques, dividers, and bridges R 2 =(1-S)R P R 1 =SR P. R P =10kΩ 10-turn pot.

Physics 3330 Experiment #2 Fall 1999. DC techniques, dividers, and bridges R 2 =(1-S)R P R 1 =SR P. R P =10kΩ 10-turn pot. Physics 3330 Experiment #2 Fall 1999 DC techniques, dividers, and bridges Purpose You will gain a familiarity with the circuit board and work with a variety of DC techniques, including voltage dividers,

More information

DIGITAL-TO-ANALOGUE AND ANALOGUE-TO-DIGITAL CONVERSION

DIGITAL-TO-ANALOGUE AND ANALOGUE-TO-DIGITAL CONVERSION DIGITAL-TO-ANALOGUE AND ANALOGUE-TO-DIGITAL CONVERSION Introduction The outputs from sensors and communications receivers are analogue signals that have continuously varying amplitudes. In many systems

More information

OPERATIONAL AMPLIFIERS

OPERATIONAL AMPLIFIERS INTRODUCTION OPERATIONAL AMPLIFIERS The student will be introduced to the application and analysis of operational amplifiers in this laboratory experiment. The student will apply circuit analysis techniques

More information

Lock - in Amplifier and Applications

Lock - in Amplifier and Applications Lock - in Amplifier and Applications What is a Lock in Amplifier? In a nut shell, what a lock-in amplifier does is measure the amplitude V o of a sinusoidal voltage, V in (t) = V o cos(ω o t) where ω o

More information

Introduction to the Smith Chart for the MSA Sam Wetterlin 10/12/09 Z +

Introduction to the Smith Chart for the MSA Sam Wetterlin 10/12/09 Z + Introduction to the Smith Chart for the MSA Sam Wetterlin 10/12/09 Quick Review of Reflection Coefficient The Smith chart is a method of graphing reflection coefficients and impedance, and is often useful

More information

Diode Applications. As we have already seen the diode can act as a switch Forward biased or reverse biased - On or Off.

Diode Applications. As we have already seen the diode can act as a switch Forward biased or reverse biased - On or Off. Diode Applications Diode Switching As we have already seen the diode can act as a switch Forward biased or reverse biased - On or Off. Voltage Rectifier A voltage rectifier is a circuit that converts an

More information

Understanding Power Impedance Supply for Optimum Decoupling

Understanding Power Impedance Supply for Optimum Decoupling Introduction Noise in power supplies is not only caused by the power supply itself, but also the load s interaction with the power supply (i.e. dynamic loads, switching, etc.). To lower load induced noise,

More information

Digital Energy ITI. Instrument Transformer Basic Technical Information and Application

Digital Energy ITI. Instrument Transformer Basic Technical Information and Application g Digital Energy ITI Instrument Transformer Basic Technical Information and Application Table of Contents DEFINITIONS AND FUNCTIONS CONSTRUCTION FEATURES MAGNETIC CIRCUITS RATING AND RATIO CURRENT TRANSFORMER

More information

Op-Amp Simulation EE/CS 5720/6720. Read Chapter 5 in Johns & Martin before you begin this assignment.

Op-Amp Simulation EE/CS 5720/6720. Read Chapter 5 in Johns & Martin before you begin this assignment. Op-Amp Simulation EE/CS 5720/6720 Read Chapter 5 in Johns & Martin before you begin this assignment. This assignment will take you through the simulation and basic characterization of a simple operational

More information

2. A conductor of length 2m moves at 4m/s at 30 to a uniform magnetic field of 0.1T. Which one of the following gives the e.m.f. generated?

2. A conductor of length 2m moves at 4m/s at 30 to a uniform magnetic field of 0.1T. Which one of the following gives the e.m.f. generated? Extra Questions - 2 1. A straight length of wire moves through a uniform magnetic field. The e.m.f. produced across the ends of the wire will be maximum if it moves: a) along the lines of magnetic flux

More information

Electrical Safety Tester Verification

Electrical Safety Tester Verification Ensuring Validity of Regulatory Tests Verification of electrical safety testing equipment is a procedure that is often overlooked by manufacturers. Running test verification is crucial to ensuring that

More information

Chapter 35 Alternating Current Circuits

Chapter 35 Alternating Current Circuits hapter 35 Alternating urrent ircuits ac-ircuits Phasor Diagrams Resistors, apacitors and nductors in ac-ircuits R ac-ircuits ac-ircuit power. Resonance Transformers ac ircuits Alternating currents and

More information

Circuits with inductors and alternating currents. Chapter 20 #45, 46, 47, 49

Circuits with inductors and alternating currents. Chapter 20 #45, 46, 47, 49 Circuits with inductors and alternating currents Chapter 20 #45, 46, 47, 49 RL circuits Ch. 20 (last section) Symbol for inductor looks like a spring. An inductor is a circuit element that has a large

More information

Section 3. Sensor to ADC Design Example

Section 3. Sensor to ADC Design Example Section 3 Sensor to ADC Design Example 3-1 This section describes the design of a sensor to ADC system. The sensor measures temperature, and the measurement is interfaced into an ADC selected by the systems

More information

Transmission Line Transformers

Transmission Line Transformers Radio Frequency Circuit Design. W. Alan Davis, Krishna Agarwal Copyright 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Print ISBN 0-471-35052-4 Electronic ISBN 0-471-20068-9 CHAPTER SIX Transmission Line Transformers 6.1

More information

Chapter 19 Operational Amplifiers

Chapter 19 Operational Amplifiers Chapter 19 Operational Amplifiers The operational amplifier, or op-amp, is a basic building block of modern electronics. Op-amps date back to the early days of vacuum tubes, but they only became common

More information

Positive Feedback and Oscillators

Positive Feedback and Oscillators Physics 3330 Experiment #6 Fall 1999 Positive Feedback and Oscillators Purpose In this experiment we will study how spontaneous oscillations may be caused by positive feedback. You will construct an active

More information

7-41 POWER FACTOR CORRECTION

7-41 POWER FACTOR CORRECTION POWER FTOR CORRECTION INTRODUCTION Modern electronic equipment can create noise that will cause problems with other equipment on the same supply system. To reduce system disturbances it is therefore essential

More information

A wave lab inside a coaxial cable

A wave lab inside a coaxial cable INSTITUTE OF PHYSICS PUBLISHING Eur. J. Phys. 25 (2004) 581 591 EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF PHYSICS PII: S0143-0807(04)76273-X A wave lab inside a coaxial cable JoãoMSerra,MiguelCBrito,JMaiaAlves and A M Vallera

More information

Electronics. Discrete assembly of an operational amplifier as a transistor circuit. LD Physics Leaflets P4.2.1.1

Electronics. Discrete assembly of an operational amplifier as a transistor circuit. LD Physics Leaflets P4.2.1.1 Electronics Operational Amplifier Internal design of an operational amplifier LD Physics Leaflets Discrete assembly of an operational amplifier as a transistor circuit P4.2.1.1 Objects of the experiment

More information

Equipment: Power Supply, DAI, Transformer (8341), Variable resistance (8311), Variable inductance (8321), Variable capacitance (8331)

Equipment: Power Supply, DAI, Transformer (8341), Variable resistance (8311), Variable inductance (8321), Variable capacitance (8331) Lab 5: Single-phase transformer operations. Objective: to examine the design of single-phase transformers; to study the voltage and current ratios of transformers; to study the voltage regulation of the

More information

Trigonometry for AC circuits

Trigonometry for AC circuits Trigonometry for AC circuits This worksheet and all related files are licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, version 1.0. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/1.0/,

More information

ELECTRIC FIELD LINES AND EQUIPOTENTIAL SURFACES

ELECTRIC FIELD LINES AND EQUIPOTENTIAL SURFACES ELECTRIC FIELD LINES AND EQUIPOTENTIAL SURFACES The purpose of this lab session is to experimentally investigate the relation between electric field lines of force and equipotential surfaces in two dimensions.

More information

GenTech Practice Questions

GenTech Practice Questions GenTech Practice Questions Basic Electronics Test: This test will assess your knowledge of and ability to apply the principles of Basic Electronics. This test is comprised of 90 questions in the following

More information

Considerations When Specifying a DC Power Supply

Considerations When Specifying a DC Power Supply Programming Circuit White Paper Considerations When Specifying a DC Power Supply By Bill Martin, Sales/Applications Engineer Every automated test system that tests electronic circuit boards, modules or

More information

Lab 7: Operational Amplifiers Part I

Lab 7: Operational Amplifiers Part I Lab 7: Operational Amplifiers Part I Objectives The objective of this lab is to study operational amplifier (op amp) and its applications. We will be simulating and building some basic op amp circuits,

More information

Lecture - 4 Diode Rectifier Circuits

Lecture - 4 Diode Rectifier Circuits Basic Electronics (Module 1 Semiconductor Diodes) Dr. Chitralekha Mahanta Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering Indian Institute of Technology, Guwahati Lecture - 4 Diode Rectifier Circuits

More information

SIGNAL GENERATORS and OSCILLOSCOPE CALIBRATION

SIGNAL GENERATORS and OSCILLOSCOPE CALIBRATION 1 SIGNAL GENERATORS and OSCILLOSCOPE CALIBRATION By Lannes S. Purnell FLUKE CORPORATION 2 This paper shows how standard signal generators can be used as leveled sine wave sources for calibrating oscilloscopes.

More information

Application Note Noise Frequently Asked Questions

Application Note Noise Frequently Asked Questions : What is? is a random signal inherent in all physical components. It directly limits the detection and processing of all information. The common form of noise is white Gaussian due to the many random

More information

Ammeter design. Resources and methods for learning about these subjects (list a few here, in preparation for your research):

Ammeter design. Resources and methods for learning about these subjects (list a few here, in preparation for your research): Ammeter design This worksheet and all related files are licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, version 1.0. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/1.0/,

More information

Chapter 4: Passive Analog Signal Processing

Chapter 4: Passive Analog Signal Processing hapter 4: Passive Analog Signal Processing In this chapter we introduce filters and signal transmission theory. Filters are essential components of most analog circuits and are used to remove unwanted

More information

G019.A (4/99) UNDERSTANDING COMMON MODE NOISE

G019.A (4/99) UNDERSTANDING COMMON MODE NOISE UNDERSTANDING COMMON MODE NOISE PAGE 2 OF 7 TABLE OF CONTENTS 1 INTRODUCTION 2 DIFFERENTIAL MODE AND COMMON MODE SIGNALS 2.1 Differential Mode signals 2.2 Common Mode signals 3 DIFFERENTIAL AND COMMON

More information

Episode 126: Capacitance and the equation C =Q/V

Episode 126: Capacitance and the equation C =Q/V Episode 126: Capacitance and the equation C =Q/V Having established that there is charge on each capacitor plate, the next stage is to establish the relationship between charge and potential difference

More information

An equivalent circuit of a loop antenna.

An equivalent circuit of a loop antenna. 3.2.1. Circuit Modeling: Loop Impedance A loop antenna can be represented by a lumped circuit when its dimension is small with respect to a wavelength. In this representation, the circuit parameters (generally

More information

Lab 3 - DC Circuits and Ohm s Law

Lab 3 - DC Circuits and Ohm s Law Lab 3 DC Circuits and Ohm s Law L3-1 Name Date Partners Lab 3 - DC Circuits and Ohm s Law OBJECTIES To learn to apply the concept of potential difference (voltage) to explain the action of a battery in

More information

EMI and t Layout Fundamentals for Switched-Mode Circuits

EMI and t Layout Fundamentals for Switched-Mode Circuits v sg (t) (t) DT s V pp = n - 1 2 V pp V g n V T s t EE core insulation primary return secondary return Supplementary notes on EMI and t Layout Fundamentals for Switched-Mode Circuits secondary primary

More information

Lecture 24. Inductance and Switching Power Supplies (how your solar charger voltage converter works)

Lecture 24. Inductance and Switching Power Supplies (how your solar charger voltage converter works) Lecture 24 Inductance and Switching Power Supplies (how your solar charger voltage converter works) Copyright 2014 by Mark Horowitz 1 Roadmap: How Does This Work? 2 Processor Board 3 More Detailed Roadmap

More information

The Importance of the X/R Ratio in Low-Voltage Short Circuit Studies

The Importance of the X/R Ratio in Low-Voltage Short Circuit Studies The Importance of the X/R Ratio in Low-Voltage Short Circuit Studies DATE: November 17, 1999 REVISION: AUTHOR: John Merrell Introduction In some short circuit studies, the X/R ratio is ignored when comparing

More information

Basic Electronics Prof. Dr. Chitralekha Mahanta Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering Indian Institute of Technology, Guwahati

Basic Electronics Prof. Dr. Chitralekha Mahanta Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering Indian Institute of Technology, Guwahati Basic Electronics Prof. Dr. Chitralekha Mahanta Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering Indian Institute of Technology, Guwahati Module: 2 Bipolar Junction Transistors Lecture-2 Transistor

More information

SINGLE-SUPPLY OPERATION OF OPERATIONAL AMPLIFIERS

SINGLE-SUPPLY OPERATION OF OPERATIONAL AMPLIFIERS SINGLE-SUPPLY OPERATION OF OPERATIONAL AMPLIFIERS One of the most common applications questions on operational amplifiers concerns operation from a single supply voltage. Can the model OPAxyz be operated

More information

Diode Applications. by Kenneth A. Kuhn Sept. 1, 2008. This note illustrates some common applications of diodes.

Diode Applications. by Kenneth A. Kuhn Sept. 1, 2008. This note illustrates some common applications of diodes. by Kenneth A. Kuhn Sept. 1, 2008 This note illustrates some common applications of diodes. Power supply applications A common application for diodes is converting AC to DC. Although half-wave rectification

More information

Germanium Diode AM Radio

Germanium Diode AM Radio Germanium Diode AM Radio LAB 3 3.1 Introduction In this laboratory exercise you will build a germanium diode based AM (Medium Wave) radio. Earliest radios used simple diode detector circuits. The diodes

More information

LR Phono Preamps. Pete Millett ETF.13. pmillett@hotmail.com

LR Phono Preamps. Pete Millett ETF.13. pmillett@hotmail.com LR Phono Preamps Pete Millett ETF.13 pmillett@hotmail.com Agenda A bit about me Part 1: What is, and why use, RIAA? Grooves on records The RIAA standard Implementations of RIAA EQ networks and preamps

More information

School of Engineering Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering

School of Engineering Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering 1 School of Engineering Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering 332:223 Principles of Electrical Engineering I Laboratory Experiment #4 Title: Operational Amplifiers 1 Introduction Objectives

More information

PHYSICS 111 LABORATORY Experiment #3 Current, Voltage and Resistance in Series and Parallel Circuits

PHYSICS 111 LABORATORY Experiment #3 Current, Voltage and Resistance in Series and Parallel Circuits PHYSCS 111 LABORATORY Experiment #3 Current, Voltage and Resistance in Series and Parallel Circuits This experiment is designed to investigate the relationship between current and potential in simple series

More information

TESTS OF 1 MHZ SIGNAL SOURCE FOR SPECTRUM ANALYZER CALIBRATION 7/8/08 Sam Wetterlin

TESTS OF 1 MHZ SIGNAL SOURCE FOR SPECTRUM ANALYZER CALIBRATION 7/8/08 Sam Wetterlin TESTS OF 1 MHZ SIGNAL SOURCE FOR SPECTRUM ANALYZER CALIBRATION 7/8/08 Sam Wetterlin (Updated 7/19/08 to delete sine wave output) I constructed the 1 MHz square wave generator shown in the Appendix. This

More information

LABORATORY 2 THE DIFFERENTIAL AMPLIFIER

LABORATORY 2 THE DIFFERENTIAL AMPLIFIER LABORATORY 2 THE DIFFERENTIAL AMPLIFIER OBJECTIVES 1. To understand how to amplify weak (small) signals in the presence of noise. 1. To understand how a differential amplifier rejects noise and common

More information

Resistors in Series and Parallel

Resistors in Series and Parallel Resistors in Series and Parallel Bởi: OpenStaxCollege Most circuits have more than one component, called a resistor that limits the flow of charge in the circuit. A measure of this limit on charge flow

More information

Current and Temperature Ratings

Current and Temperature Ratings Document 361-1 Current and Temperature Ratings Introduction This application note describes: How to interpret Coilcraft inductor current and temperature ratings Our current ratings measurement method and

More information

Output Ripple and Noise Measurement Methods for Ericsson Power Modules

Output Ripple and Noise Measurement Methods for Ericsson Power Modules Output Ripple and Noise Measurement Methods for Ericsson Power Modules Design Note 022 Ericsson Power Modules Ripple and Noise Abstract There is no industry-wide standard for measuring output ripple and

More information

Impedance Matching of Filters with the MSA Sam Wetterlin 2/11/11

Impedance Matching of Filters with the MSA Sam Wetterlin 2/11/11 Impedance Matching of Filters with the MSA Sam Wetterlin 2/11/11 Introduction The purpose of this document is to illustrate the process for impedance matching of filters using the MSA software. For example,

More information

SIMULATIONS OF PARALLEL RESONANT CIRCUIT POWER ELECTRONICS COLORADO STATE UNIVERSITY

SIMULATIONS OF PARALLEL RESONANT CIRCUIT POWER ELECTRONICS COLORADO STATE UNIVERSITY SIMULATIONS OF PARALLEL RESONANT CIRCUIT POWER ELECTRONICS COLORADO STATE UNIVERSITY Page 1 of 25 PURPOSE: The purpose of this lab is to simulate the LCC circuit using MATLAB and ORCAD Capture CIS to better

More information

CAN Bus Transceivers Operate from 3.3V or 5V and Withstand ±60V Faults

CAN Bus Transceivers Operate from 3.3V or 5V and Withstand ±60V Faults CAN Bus Transceivers Operate from 3.3V or 5V and Withstand ±6 Faults Ciaran Brennan design features The LTC2875 is a robust CAN bus transceiver that features ±6 overvoltage and ±25kV ESD tolerance to reduce

More information

Basic Op Amp Circuits

Basic Op Amp Circuits Basic Op Amp ircuits Manuel Toledo INEL 5205 Instrumentation August 3, 2008 Introduction The operational amplifier (op amp or OA for short) is perhaps the most important building block for the design of

More information

Ultra Low Profile Silicon Capacitors (down to 80 µm) applied to Decoupling Applications. Results on ESR/ESL.

Ultra Low Profile Silicon Capacitors (down to 80 µm) applied to Decoupling Applications. Results on ESR/ESL. Ultra Low Profile Silicon Capacitors (down to 80 µm) applied to Decoupling Applications. Results on ESR/ESL. Laurent Lengignon, Laëtitia Omnès, Frédéric Voiron IPDiA, 2 rue de la girafe, 14000 Caen, France

More information