What is XSLT? XSLT: Using XML to transform. XSLT vs XQUERY. XSLT processing model. An XML based style sheet language for XML documents
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1 What is XSLT? 2 XSLT: Using XML to transform other XML files Introduction to databases CSC343 Fall 2011 Ryan Johnson An XML based style sheet language for XML documents Tells web browser how to display data Similar to CSS for HTML, but with absolute control over input Achieves similar results to XQuery Pro: supported by all non ancient web browsers Con: XML syntax is [really] verbose Thanks to Manos Papagelis, John Mylopoulos, Arnold Rosenbloom and Renee Miller for material in these slides XSLT processing model 3 XSLT vs XQUERY 4 The XSLT processing model involves: XSLT capabilities overlap with XQuery one (or more) XML source documents one (or more) XSLT style sheet modules the XSLT template processing engine one (or more) result documents XSLT is most often used to convert data between different XML schemas to convert XML data into web pages (HTML) same data model, type system, function library both include XPath 2.0 as a sublanguage Rooted in different traditions and communities XSLT: primarily conceived as a stylesheet language XQuery: primarily conceived as a database query language When to use: XSLT: stronger in its handling of narrative documents with more flexible structure XQuery: stronger in its data handling (e.g, when performing relational joins) 1
![Similar to CSS for HTML, but with absolute control over input Achieves similar results to XQuery Pro: supported by all non ancient web browsers Con: XML syntax is [really] verbose Thanks to Manos](/docs-images/44/20659676/images/page_1.jpg "Papagelis, John Mylopoulos, Arnold Rosenbloom and Renee Miller for material in these slides XSLT processing model 3 XSLT vs XQUERY 4 The XSLT processing model involves: XSLT capabilities overlap with")
2 Example 1: Transform. XML to HTML 5 Example 1: Transform. XML to HTML 6 <?xml version="1.0" encoding="iso "?> <catalog> <cd> <title>empire Burlesque</title> <artist>bob Dylan</artist> <country>usa</country> <company>columbia</company> <price>10.90</price> <year>1985</year> </cd> <cd> <title>unchain my heart</title> <artist>joe Cocker</artist> <country>usa</country> <company>emi</company> <price>8.20</price> <year>1987</year> </cd> </catalog> The XML Document <?xml version="1.0" encoding="iso "?> <xsl:stylesheet version="1.0" xmlns:xsl=" <xsl:template match="/"> <html><body> <h2>my CD Collection</h2> <table border="1"> <tr bgcolor="#9acd32 ><th>title</th> <th>artist</th></tr> <xsl:for each select="catalog/cd"> <tr> <td><xsl:value of select="title"/></td> <td><xsl:value of select="artist"/></td> </tr> </xsl:for each> </table> </body></html> </xsl:stylesheet> The XSLT for the XML Example 1: Transform. XML to HTML 7 Example 2: Transform. XML to XML 8 My CD Collection Title Empire Burlesque Unchain my heart Artist Bob Dylan Joe Cocker The HTML Result Document <?xml version="1.0"?> <persons> <person username="js1"> <name>john</name> <family name>smith</family name> </person> <person username="mi1"> <name>morka</name> <family name>ismincius</family name> </person> </persons> The XML Document 2
3 Example 2: Transform. XML to XML 9 Example 2: Transform. XML to XML 10 <?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf 8"?> <xsl:stylesheet xmlns:xsl= version="1.0"> <xsl:output method="xml" indent="yes"/> The XSLT for the XML <xsl:template match="/persons"> <root> <xsl:apply templates select="person"/> </root> <xsl:template match="person"> <name username="{@username}"> <xsl:value of select="name" /> </name> </xsl:stylesheet> <?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf 8"?> The HTML Result Document <root> <name username="js1">john</name> <name username="mi1">morka</name> </root> XSLT in a nutshell 11 Control flow in XSL 12 All XSL commands are xml (xsl: namespace) Everything works by templates Output generated by instantiating templates Templates can call other templates (recursion allowed) No output unless some template matches document root Overloading rules for resolving 2+ matching templates Builds on material we already know XPath used to select nodes for various uses Embedded expressions use {} syntax from XQuery <xsl:for each select= ></xsl:for each> Used to select every XML element of a specified node set Instantiate the template once for each item Inside the template, context node (.) refers to current item <xsl:if test= ></xsl:if> Used to put a conditional test against the content of the XML file Instantiate the template inside if the condition is true No else (use a second xsl:if or xsl:choose instead) <xsl:choose></xsl:choose> used along with <xsl:when> and <xsl:otherwise> to express multiple conditional tests <xsl:when test= ></xsl:when> (same usage as xsl:if) <xsl:otherwise></xsl:otherwise> (no match template) Instantiate only one template (first match wins) 3
4 Sorting elements 13 Declaring variables 14 Elements can be sorted inside for each loops <xsl:sort select= order= /> <xsl:variable name= select= /> select should identify the element to sort on order can be ascending or descending Example: Store the result of an XPath query in a variable <xsl:variable name= ></xsl:variable> Instantiate a template and store its result in a variable Notes <xsl:for each select= //book > <xsl:sort select= author/surname /> <xsl:sort select= author/given name /> </xsl:for each> Default value (if none specified) is an empty string Cannot be overwritten or updated once set Sometimes valid as input to templates (more later) Declaring templates 15 Applying vs. calling templates 16 Idea: A template contains rules to apply when a specified node is matched. Results are inserted into the output <xsl:template match= mode= > Template instantiated for every element satisfying the match s XPath expression Optional mode attribute allows to select from 2+ templates <xsl:template name= > Template instantiated explicitly OK to name a match template <xsl:apply templates select= mode= /> Applies a template to the current element or to the its child nodes Format a node (default:.) using best matching template Complicated priority rules, but more specific and declared later templates usually chosen => When in doubt disambiguate using optional mode attribute <xsl:call template name= /> Instantiate the named template WARNING: context node unchanged by call! => Call a template which uses. ==> possible infinite loop <xsl:parameter> and <xsl:with param> Templates can declare xsl:parameter (acts just like xsl:variable) => Same effect if template is called normally Template call can have xsl:with param child elements => Overrides value which xsl:parameter would have assigned 4
5 Applying templates to variables 17 EXSLT 18 Only select type variables have XML content Otherwise, contents treated as text Limitation of both XSLT 1.0 and 2.0 (fixed by EXSLT, next) Example: <xsl:variable name= foo select= //foo /> <xsl:variable name= bar > <xsl:apply templates select= $foo > $foo stores XML </xsl:variable> <xsl:variable name= baz > $bar stores text! <xsl:apply templates select= $bar > </xsl:variable> The EXSLT spec addresses weaknesses of XSLT Several modules each with its own namespace Supported by modern XSLT processors (IE9, FF3+, etc.) Have to ask for it by adding namespaces Especially handy modules: xmlns:exsl= => Provides exsl:node-set, a function to turn text into XML xmlns:str= => Provides str:split, which works just like python s split() Outputting things 19 Global output controls 20 <xsl:text></xsl:text> Adds text (including whitespace!) to output Optional yes/no attribute: disable output escaping => In theory, good for outputting &, < etc. => WARNING: optional part of spec, often ignored <xsl:value of select= /> Converts the selected node(s) to text and outputs it <xsl:copy of select= /> Embeds the selected node(s) directly into the output e.g. good for emitting snippets of pre constructed HTML <xsl:output method= indent= /> Defines the format of the output document Methods include xml (default), html, and text => Defaults to html method if parser detects HTML output Enabling indentation makes output prettier => Bad idea if whitespace matters for presentation Lots of other options (look them up) 5
6 Whitespace handling Default: any text node with non space characters preserves all space Override #1: <xsl:strip space elements= /> Specifies that the elements named (separated by spaces) should normalize whitespace before output A corresponding preserve space command exists also Same conflict resolution as used for template matching Override #2: < xml:space= preserve > Little known xml attribute that tells XML processors whether whitespace matters Inherited by child elements (xml:space= default cancels) Watch out for elements forbidding text (e.g. xsl:call template) 21 Keys Like the ID/IDREF from DTD but better No need for the DTD (often ignored even when present) Multiple (named) ID domains allowed <xsl:key name= match= use= /> Declares a key (name) for all nodes which match, as well as how to find (use) the value of the key {key(, )} retrieves the value of a key Example: Find all links which point to an image in the same file <xsl:key name= imglinks match= //a /> {key( imglinks, //img/@src)} 22 Sample XSLT skeleton <?xml version="1.0" encoding="iso "?> <xsl:stylesheet version="1.0 obligatory headers xmlns:xsl=" <xsl:template match='/'> template for doc root top level content here <xsl:template name='show tree'> </xsl:stylesheet> named template (for explicit instantiation) more template content here 23 Sample: root node template <xsl:template match='/'> <html><body> <xsl:call template name='show tree'> <xsl:with param name='e' select='*'/> <xsl:with param name='i' select='0'/> </xsl:call template> </body></html> <xsl:template match='*'> <xsl:value of select= name(.) /> <xsl:template match= nct_id'> <span style= color:red > <xsl:value of select= self::text() /> </span> Elements template applies to HTML to embed the template in 24 Instantiate show tree template, passing e=* and i=0 as parameters By default, output the name of each element nct_id is important ==> special treatment 6
7 Sample: recursive template <xsl:template name='show tree'> <xsl:param name='e'/> <xsl:param name='i'/> <div style='padding left:{$i}px'> <xsl:apply templates select='name($e)'/> <xsl:if ( <xsl:for each <xsl:value of select= name(.)'/>, </xsl:for each> ) </xsl:if> <xsl:for each select='$e/*'> <xsl:call template name='show tree'> <xsl:with param name='e' select='.'/> <xsl:with param name='i' select='30'/> </xsl:call template> </xsl:for each> </div> named templates must be called 25 template parameters compute div s padding format the element list attributes, if any exist (surrounded by parens, separated by commas) recursively apply template to children Sample XSLT + clinical_study XML HTML Output <html><body> <div style= margin left: 0px;"> clinical_study (rank, ) <div style= margin left: 30px;"> required_header <div style= margin left: 30px;"> download_date </div> </body></html> Rendered HTML 26 7
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