Green Roofs a Scandinavian perspective

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1 Green Roofs a Scandinavian perspective Bent Braskerud Norwegian Water Resources and Energy Directorate Green Roofs - Part of Scotland s sustainable future 2011 Mars 31

2 Green roof examples in Norway, Sweden and Denmark Historic view Modern green roofs Peat grass contra sedum Green roof and stormwater Green roofs as a BMP in a stormwater strategy BMPs and the local community

3 The way the Vikings made houses Peat and grass on timber and birch bark Photo: Dylan Kereluk Illustration of Arkikon

4 From old Norwegian farms to cottages in the mountains

5 Modern use of peat for green roofing Nittedal torvindustri sells peat for m 2 roofs/yr

6 Modern green roofs Sweden Keeps more than 50 % of the annual precipitation Germany 8 m. m2/yr 0.1 m 2 /German Sedum-species often used

7 Peat roofs contra sedum roofs 7

8 Runoff from roof (mm) Peat roofs contra sedum roofs Artificial precipitation: 52 mm in one hour Runoff from roof Black roof Peat Peat Wmax = maximum watercontnet compared to dry matter Sedum: 302 % Peat: 978 % Jan.O.Busklein@sintef.no Hours from start 8

9 Runoff from roof (mm/2 min.) Grønne tak Peat roofs contra sedum roofs Artificial precipitation: 52 mm in one hour, then drainage Black roof Peat Peat Wmax = maximum watercontnet compared to dry matter Sedum: 302 % Peat: 978 % Jan.O.Busklein@sintef.no Hours from start 9

10 Modern use of peat for green roofing Peat has a very large water holding capacity Suitable for roof gardening It oxidizes to CO 2 and H 2 O Peat recourses is only slowly renewable Grass needs irrigation if the summer is dry Is the total positive effect of peat > than the negative?

11 Modern green roofs Sweden Keeps more than 50 % of the annual precipitation Germany What about cold climate? Sedum-species often used

12 Tools for a rough climate 30 Mars

13 Established summer 2009 Green roof experiment Hvor mye vann holder et norsk grønt tak tilbake? 8 m 2 8 m 2

14 Green roof system 2-3 cm Vegtech system

15 Sampling system

16 Precipitation and runoff (mm) Nedbør og avrenning (mm) July 2009 was 2 x wet as usual mm Precipitation Reference Green roof Nedbør Avr. vanlig tak Avr. grønt tak 179 mm 25 % 134 mm

17 Precipitation and runoff (mm) Extreme precipitation on a dry sedum roof July 3rd mm in 30 min 187 l/s/ha 138 l/s/ha - First rain absorbed (9 mm) - Runoff peak delayed a little - Runoff intensity lowered (26 %) - Runoff distributed over a longer time (Difference over 2 hours 6 mm; 22%). Precipitatiton Runoff reference 3 Runoff green roof l/s/ha 0 18:00 18:05 18:10 18:15 18:20 18:25 18:30 18:35 18:40 18:45 18:50 18:55 19:00 19:05 19:10 19:15 19:20 19:25 19:30 19:35 19:40 19:45 19:50 19:55 20:00 5 minute intervals

18 Precipitation and runoff (mm) Nedbør og avrenning (mm) Runoff from a wet green roof 30th July 09 2,50 2,00 14 mm in 2 hours 68 l/s/ha - First rain absorbed (2,5 mm ) - Runoff peak delayed a little - Runoff intensity lowered (51 and 36 %) - Runoff distributed over a longer time (Difference over 3 hours 1,3 mm; 11%) Precipitation Nedbør 1,50 1,00 35 l/s/ha Avr. Reference vanlig tak Avr. Green grønt roof tak 0,50 19 l/s/ha 0,00 18:30 18:40 18:50 19:00 19:10 19:20 19:30 19:40 19:50 20:00 20:10 20:20 20:30 5 minute intervals 20:40 20:50 21:00 21:10 21:20 21:30 21:40 21:50

19 Rain garden Established summer 2006

20 Green Roofs in Copenhagen New houses with roof angle less then 30 degrees will have a green roof Dorthe Røhmø City of Copenhagen

21 Green Roofs drivers: Climate adaptation and greener city Dorthe Røhmø City of Copenhagen

22 Planning Climate Plan Climate Adaptation Plan Wastewater Plan Local Plans Guidelines Green Roof Policy Sewage Plan 2008 Climate Plan 2009 Local Plans Guidelines Green Roof Policy 2010 Municipal Plan 2008 Municipal Plan 2012

23 All new flat roofs must be green in new local plans Digit 8 by BIG Dorthe Røhmø City of Copenhagen

24 Sweden - Malmö

25 Augustenborgs Botanical Roof Garden Plenty of sedum, but also other types of green roofs

26 Runoff experiments on 3 cm sedum Results -Annual precipitation 705 mm, retention (47 %) -When field capacity is reached, then runoff ~ precipitation -9 mm storage capacity Lars.Bengtsson@TVRL.LTH.se Lund University, Sweden

27 mm storage mm/min Water storage increases with the precipitation intensity storage Precipitation Runoff Lars.Bengtsson@TVRL.LTH.se Lund University, Sweden hour 0

28 Sustainable Urban Drainage Systems SUDS Drainage pipes Paved surfaces Gray solutions Piped solutions Green solutions Local infiltration Detention basins Green roofs Green roofs Root zone retention Artificial ponds Wetlands Reopen streams Surface runoff Rain gardens

29 All streams have starting points Three steps: - Infiltrate light rain - Delay heavier rain - Safe surface flow for heavier rain Stahre (2004)

30 Stormwater BMPs in Malmö Södra systemet Houses from the 50s -Defekt stormwater system -Social problems Ekostaden Augustenborg Kanaler och dammar Kanaler og dammer ISS Landscaping

31 Norra systemet Efter ombyggnad ISS Landscaping

32 Kanaler ISS Landscaping

33 Results: - No stormwater related water damage - Biodiversity increased 50 % - Turnover sales decreased from 50 % to 20 % - Number of voters from 54 % in 1998 to 79 % in 2002 bcb@nve.no

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