Note: Page numbers in italics indicate figures. Page numbers followed by a t indicate tables.

Transcription

1 INDEX Note: Page numbers in italics indicate figures. Page numbers followed by a t indicate tables. Abbreviations, viii, 510t-511t ACAM2000, 432, 433t, 435. See also Smallpox. Access to vaccination, 121 Acetaminophen, 134 ACIP. See Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices. ActHIB (Hib-T), , 304t-305t in combination vaccine, 488t-491t Active Bacterial Core surveillance (ABCs), 73 Acute disseminated encephalomyelitis (ADEM), 366 Acute otitis media (AOM), 441 Acyclovir, 168 Ad-hoc committees and task forces, 77 Adacel (Tdap), 42, 63t, 288t-290t, 296. See also Tdap vaccine. Adaptive immune system, 23 Additives in vaccines, Adenocarcinomas, HPV and, 332 Adenovirus, clinical features, epidemiology and transmission, 270 immunization program, 270 pathogen, 269 vaccines, 14t, , 271t contraindications/precautions, 272 efficacy/immunogenicity, 272 recommendations, 272 safety, 272 storage, 114t Adenylate cyclase toxin, 283 Adjuvants, 29-30, , 485. See also specifi c vaccines. aluminum salts, 29-30, AS04, 226 safety concerns, Administration of vaccines, See also Delivery of vaccines. anxiety, pain, and fever, dealing with, 134 codes for, emergencies following, errors in, and remedies, 153, 156t-159t general issues, intervals for vaccinations, , 146t-150t for live vaccines and antibody-containing products, , 154t-155t Administration of vaccines (continued) intradermal, intramuscular, 127, 1 intranasal, 127, 350 jet injectors, 134 multiple vaccines, simultaneous administration of, 127, 143, 160 oral, 127 preferred sites and needle length, 132t-133t routes, , 1 s for. See Schedules. subcutaneous, 127, 1 Adolescent immunization coverage rates, 70, 71 hepatitis B vaccine, 258, 324 HIV-infected, HPV vaccine, 107, 334, 343 mandates for, s catch-up, 262 routine, 258 standards for, syncope and, 135 Td, 296 Tdap vaccine, 258, 287, 296 waning immunity and, 223 Adolescents, sexual activity among, 334 Adoptees, international, , 309, 4 Adult immunization financing of, 86 mandates/legislation on, older adults, 190, 360, 449 at pediatric office visit, 123t s. See also specifi c vaccines. by age group, by medical condition, standards for, 95-96, 96t Adventitious agents, Adverse events, 78t-79t. See also Vaccine Safety Net; specifi c vaccines. emergencies following vaccine administration, genetics and, 47 IOM Consensus Report on, 77, 78t-79t Reportable Events Table, 97, 98t-99t reporting, 93, 94, 102t reporting system (VAERS), 74-75, 94 Advertising claims, 61 Advisory Commission on Childhood Vaccines (ACCV),

2 Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices (ACIP), 64, 65 recommendations, ix, 62t-63t, working groups, 66 Advocacy organizations, Aedes aegypti mosquitoes, 472 Affordable Care Act (2010), 80 AFIX, 125 Afluria (IIV, influenza), 352t Age, ix. See also Schedules for immunizations. adult immunization by, grace period and, 145 minimum ages for routine vaccines, 145 Agenticity, 207 AIDS, polio vaccine concerns and, See also HIV. Albuminuria, 471 Alcoholism, Allergies, 160, 227. See also specifi c vaccines. concern about vaccines causing, to vaccines/components, 160, 227 Allied Vaccine Group, 500 Alternative s, Aluminum salts, 29-30, American Academy of Family Physicians (AAFP), ix, 499 American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP), ix, 67, 499 Red Book, 67 American College Health Association (ACHA), 499 American College of Physicians (ACP), 500 American Immunization Registry Association, 124, 500 American Medical Association (AMA), 500 American Nurses Association (ANA), 500 American Pharmacists Association (APA), 500 American Public Health Association (APHA), 500 Anal intraepithelia neoplasia (AIN), 332 Anamnestic response, 29 Anaphylaxis/anaphylactic shock, 98t-99t, Anesthetics, topical, 134 Animal viruses, natural attenuation for humans, 19 Animal workers, vaccination of, 107, 202t Anogenital warts, 332 Anthrax, , 510t antibiotic therapy for, 276 bioterrorism potential, 276 clinical features, 275 epidemiology and transmission, immunization program, inhalational, cutaneous, gastrointestinal, and oropharyngeal anthrax, 275 pathogen, 275 Anthrax (continued) postal service incidents, spores, vaccines, 277, 278t civilian use, 279, 280t-281t contraindications/precautions, 152 efficacy/immunogenicity, 277 military use, 277, pre-exposure vaccination, 277 recommendations/, , 280t-281t safety, storage, 114t Antibodies, See also Immune globulin; Immune response action mechanisms and sites, antibody-containing products, intervals for live vaccines and, , 154t-155t antibody deficiency with normal immunoglobulins, antibody dysfunction syndrome, engineered, 22 germline, inactivation of live vaccines by, 22 measurement of, 41 passive immunization with, persistence of, -32 production of, extrafollicular reaction, 24-26, 25 germinal center reaction, 26-47, 27 specificity of, 30- testing for, Antigen-presenting cells (APCs), 26-28, 27 Antigens, 13. See also Antibodies. antigen-based reimbursement, 487 antigen sparing, 30 antigenic competition, 485 antigenic drift, 345 antigenic shift, 345 immunogenicity, number of, in routine vaccines, 224, 225t polysaccharide, 25-26, 25 reassortment, 345 Antihistamine, 136 Antitoxins, 22 Antivaccinationism, , 216t, 217t-218t Anxiety, dealing with, 134 APCs. See Antigen-presenting cells. Apoptosis, 36 Arthus-type reaction, 294, 295 AS04,

3 Aspirin use, 202t, 359, 361 Reye syndrome and, 202t, 361 Asplenia, , Association for Prevention Teaching and Research (APTR), 500 Association of State and Territorial Health Officials (ASTHO), 500 Asthma, 183, 229, 360 Attenuated vaccine, 14t Attenuation of vaccines, engineered, heterologous host, 19 route of inoculation, 20 serial passage, Autism, genetic abnormalities and, 237 MMR vaccine and, 2-233, 234, 376 thimerosol and, 184, , 237t, 238 Autoimmune disease, vaccines and, 163t, Avian flu. See Bird fl u. Avian retrovirus particles, B cells, 25, 25, 27, B cell (humoral) deficiencies, 169 memory B-cells, 29 transformation into plasma cells, 29 Bacille Calmette-Guérin (BCG), 19 Bacillus anthracis, 275, 510t. See also Anthrax. Bacteremia, 301, 441 Bacteria. See also specifi c bacteria. lysis/opsonization of, 23 vaccines against, 37 BCG. See Bacille Calmette-Guérin. Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System (BRFSS), 71, 501 Billing, , 138t-139t Biologics License Application (BLA), 60 Bioterrorism, anthrax and, 276 smallpox and, 48, BioThrax, , 278t Bird flu (influenza A; H5N1), 346, 347, See also Infl uenza. Birth defects, 184 Birth weight, BLA (Biologics License Application), 60 Bleeding diathesis, 202t Blood transfusion, interval for live vaccines and, 154t Bloodborne Pathogens Standard, , Bone marrow, 29 Bone marrow transplantation. See Hematopoietic stem cell transplantation. Books on vaccines, Booster vaccination, 30, Boostrix (Tdap), 52, 63t, 288t-290t, 294. See also Tdap vaccine. Bordetella pertussis, 283, 285, 510t. See also Pertussis. Brain damage, pertussis vaccine concerns, Breast-feeding, 163t, 185. See also Pregnancy. as contraindication BRFSS (Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System), 71, 501 Brighton Collaboration, 76, 500 Buffers, 160, 485 Butte County, California (hepatitis A in), 44, 45 Cancer chemotherapy for, HPV and, 332, 333 polio vaccine, SV40 contamination and, Carrier-induced epitopic suppression, Catch-up immunization s children, age 4 months-6 years, children, age 7-18 years, 262 CBER, 55, 65 CD4, 27, 28, 34, 166, 176, 177 CD8, 34 CD46, 269 CDC. See Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Cell-mediated immunity defects, Centers for Biologics Evaluation and Research (CBER), 55, 65 Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), 65, 143, 499 monitoring and, vaccine policy and, 64 vaccine stockpiles, 88 web site, 66, 499 Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services (CMS), 65, 499 Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) leaks, 183, 202t Cervarix (HPV2), 336t-338t. See also Human papillomavirus. adjuvant in, 226 efficacy/immunogenicity, safety, 342 Cervical cancer, 3, 332, 333, 343 Cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (CIA) grades, 332, 339, 343 Chickenpox. See Varicella. Children. See also Adolescent immunization; Infants. anxiety and pain, dealing with, 134 cocoon strategy, 122, 287 coding for routine visit, 137, 138t-139t costs of immunization, 77, 80t

4 Children (continued) coverage goals, coverage rates, 69-71, 69, 70 HIV-exposed/infected, 168, 176 immune response in, 26 immunization s catch-up, age 4 months-6 years, catch-up, age 7-18 years, 262 combination vaccines, 257 financing for, 80-86, 81 grace period, 107, 144, 145 H infl uenze, hepatitis A, 51, 309 hepatitis B, 324 influenza, 349, 360 pneumonia, 448 polio, 401 routine, age 0-6 years, 256 routine, age 7-18 years, 258 school mandates, travel and, varicella, immunization standards, natural protection in, 39 vaccine delivery, improving, 120t Vaccines for Children (VFC) Program, 80-82, 93 Children s Hospital of Philadelphia Vaccine Education Center, 500 Children s Vaccine Program at PATH, 500 Chronic disease, impaired immunity and, 183 Chronic liver disease, , 4, 9, 325 Chronic lung disease, 183, Cidofovir, 438 CISA (Clinical Immunization Safety Assessment) Network, 75, 500 Classification of vaccines, 14t-15t Clinical Immunization Safety Assessment (CISA) Network, 75, 500 Clinical trials, 57-60, 57 numbers of subjects required, 57, 58-60, 59t Clonal expansion, 24 Clostridium tetani, 283, 285, 510t. See also Tetanus. Clotting-factor disorders, 4 CoCASA (Comprehensive Clinic Assessment Software Application), Cochlear implants, 183, 202t Cocooning strategy, 122, 287 Coding and billing, CPT codes, 136 ICD-9-CM codes, National Drug Codes (NDCs), 137 routine infant office visit (example), 137, 138t-139t College students, vaccination of, 202t, 361, 394, 467 Combination vaccines, , 488t-495t, 511t advantages of, barriers to adoption of, 487 contraindications/precautions, development, evaluation, and licensure of, DTap-based, 488t-491t efficacy/immunogenicity, 486, 487 minimum age for, 145 nomenclature, viii, 511t noninferiority standard, 486 other, 492t-495t overimmunization and, 496 preference for, 496 quality, effect on, recommendations on, 62t, 496 safety, 487, 257, 488t-495t Communicating about vaccines, See also Concerns about vaccines, addressing. antivaccinationism, , 216t-218t public harm from, , 220t-221t communicating risks and benefits, language and meaning, 212t meaning of safety, sources of information, 209, 210 specific concerns and questions, strategies for, vaccine refusal, Compensation. See Vaccine Injury Compensation Program. Complement assays, 389 Complement deficiencies, , 172 Complement-mediated lysis, 23 Component vaccines, 20-21, 485. See also specifi c combination vaccines. Comprehensive Clinic Assessment Software Application (CoCASA), 501 Comvax (HepB-Hib-OMP), 62t, 492t-495t Concerns about vaccines, addressing, antivaccinationism, , 216t flawed thinking, 218t protest organizations, 216t public harm from, , 220t-221t

5 Concerns about vaccines, addressing (continued) communicating risks and benefits, communication strategies, language and meaning, 212t probabilistic and heuristic thinking, sources of information, 209, 210 costs of public concern, , 220t-221t perceptions/thoughts about vaccination, sources of information, 209, 210 specific concerns, additives, safety of, adjuvants, danger of, adventitious agents in vaccines, AIDS, polio vaccine and, allergies and autoimmune disease, alternative s, autism, MMR vaccine and, 2-233, 234 autism, thimerosol and, , 237t, 238 brain damage, pertussis vaccine and, cancer, SV40 contamination and, febrile seizures, fetal tissue in vaccine manufacture, Guillain-Barré syndrome, Kawasaki disease, mad cow disease, 242 multiple sclerosis, multiple vaccines, immune overload and, , 225t natural infection vs immunization, necessity for vaccines, polio vaccine, AIDS pandemic and, polio vaccine, SV40 contamination in, rotavirus vaccines and intussusception, SIDS, 244 vaccine refusal, public costs of, , 220t-221t Condyloma acuminata, HPV and, 332 Confidentiality, protecting, Confirmation bias, 207 Congenital rubella syndome (CRS), 373, 375 Conjugate (protein-polysaccharide) vaccines, 32-34, 33, 35t Contacts, immunization of, 167, 167t, 173, 324, 361, 457, 467 Contaminants, See also specifi c vaccines. Contraindications and precautions, See also specifi c vaccines. distinguishing, erroneous contraindications, 162, 163t-164t screening for, 126, 128t-130t Control, vs elimination/eradication, Correctional facility staff/inmates, 203t, 309, 4, 9, 325, 361, 467 Correlates of protection, 38-42, 40t Corynebacterium diphtheriae, 283, 285, 510t. See also Diphtheria. Costs, cost-benefit analysis influenza vaccination, 349 N meningitidis vaccination, 387 pneumococcal vaccination, 443 rabies, postexposure prophylaxis, 405 rotavirus vaccination, 419 routine childhood immunizations, 51 varicella vaccination, 462 zoster (shingles) vaccination, 223, 480 financing, provider costs for vaccination services, 140t of public concern about vaccines, , 220t-221t of routine childhood vaccinations, 77, 80t, 140t of vaccine development, 35 of vaccines (purchase price), 77, 80t, 137. See also specifi c vaccines. Coverage, 68-72, combination vaccines and, goals, monitoring, rates, 69, 70 Cowpox, 19. See also Smallpox. Cows, mad cow disease and, 242 CPT codes, 136, 138t-139t Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (vcjd), 242 Cross-protection,, 38 CSF leaks, 183, 202t Culex mosquitoes, 366 Current Procedural Terminology codes. See CPT codes. Cytokines, 26 Cytotoxic T cells (Tc cells), 34-38, 36 implications for vaccination, Cytotoxicity, 23 Cytotoxins, Danish Cohort Study MMR and autism, 233, 234 thimerosol and autism, , 238 Daptacel (DTaP), 288t-290t Day care center staff, vaccination of, 203t, 5 Defense Medical Surveillance System (DMSS), 76 Delayed-type hypersensitivity,

6 Delivery of vaccines improving, , 120t expanding access, 121 Immunization Information Systems (IISs), missed opportunities, 121 other strategies, reminder, recall, and tracking systems, standing orders, monitoring, Dendritic cells, 26 Department of Defense (DOD), 65, 76, 499 vaccination programs, 277, Design defect claims, Development. See Vaccine development and licensure. Developmentally disabled institutions, 203t, 325 Diabetes, 183, 230 vaccination recommendations, , 9, 325 DiGeorge syndrome, 166, 169 Diphenhydramine, 136 Diphtheria, tetanus, and pertussis, , 510t. See also individual entries for Diphteria, Tetanus, Pertussis. clinical features, epidemiology and transmission, immunization program, pathogens, 283 vaccines, efficacy/immunogenicity, 291 recommendations, safety, Diphtheria, See also Pertussis; Tetanus. clinical features, 284 epidemiology and transmission, 285 immunization program, 286 pathogen, 283 resurgence of, 286 toxoid, 152, 286 vaccines, , 288t-290t, 292t-293t. See also DT; DTaP vaccine; Tdap vaccine. adult. See Tdap vaccine. children/infants. See DTaP vaccine. combination vaccines, 62t, 257, 488t-491t contraindications/precautions, efficacy/immunogenicity, 291 recommendations, 63t, safety, , storage, 114t, 116t Diphtheria and Tetanus Toxoids Adsorbed USP (for Pediatric Use; DT), 292t-293t Disease-modifying antirheumatic drugs (DMARDs), 178 Diseases, reporting, DMARDs (disease-modifying antirheumatic drugs), 178 Do no harm dictum, 206 Dosing administration errors, and remedies, 153, 156t-159t partial or fractional, 145 Drug users, injecting, 202t, 4, 5, 325 Dryvax, 432, 435 DT (diphtheria, tetanus toxoids), 292t-293t contraindications/precautions, 295, 296 DTaP vaccine, 288t-290t. See also Diphtheria, tetanus, and pertussis. combination vaccines, 62t, 257, 488t-491t contraindications/precautions, 161, coverage, 69, 69 efficacy/immunogenicity, 291 GBS and, 294, 295 manufacturer, for series, 151 recommendations, wound management, 298t-299t safety, , administration errors and remedies, 156t-157t catch-up, children age 4 months-6 years, 260 children, age 0-6 years, 256, 257 minimum ages and intervals, 146t, 188 DTwP vaccine, 485 Education on immunizations, 125 Effectiveness monitoring, postmarketing studies of, 60 vs efficacy, 60 Efficacy correlates of protection, 38-42, 40t efficacy/immunogenicity. See specifi c vaccines. Eggs, allergy to, 227, 358, 359 Elimination of disease, Embryonic cells, use in vaccine production, Emergencies, anaphylaxis, following vaccine administration, power and weather, vaccine storage and handling during, 119t preparation for,

7 Emergencies (continued) standing orders for, 135 syncope, 135 Emerging Infections Program Network (CDC), 73 EMLA cream, 134 Encephalitis Japanese, measles and, 372 postvaccination (yellow fever vaccine), 474 smallpox and, 427 Encephalopathy, , 294, 295 acute, as vaccine contraindication, 161 concerns about, End stage renal disease (ESRD), , 325 Engerix-B (HepB), 9-323, 320t-322t in combination vaccines, 488t-495t Engineered agent vaccines, 14t Engineered antibodies, 22 Engineered attenuation, Engineered subunits, 21 Entitlement program, VFC as, 82 Epidemiology and Prevention of Vaccine-Preventable Diseases. See Pink Book. Epilepsy, 239 Epinephrine, 136 Epitopes, 23 epitope spreading, 30 epitopic suppression, carrier-induced, Eradication of disease, Erythema, , 294 Every Child by Two (ECBT), 500 Excipients and contaminants, , , 485. See also specifi c vaccines. Exemptions from school immunization requirements, 108 Extinction of disease, Extrafollicular reaction, 24-26, 25 Families Fighting Flu, 500 FDA. See Food and Drug Administration (FDA). Fear of vaccines, harm from, , 220t-221t Febrile multiple organ-system failure, 474 Febrile seizures, , 375 Federal requirements regarding vaccination, 102t-103t Fetal tissue in vaccine manufacture, Fever, 134, 294 Filamentous hemagglutinin (FHA), 283 Fimbriae (FIM), 283 Financing of immunization, adults, 86 children, 80-86, 81 cost of vaccines, 77, 80t future, public/private sector participation, 81 Flu. See Infl uenza. Fluarix (IIV, influenza), 352t Flulaval (IIV, influenza), 352t Flumist (LAIV, live influenza), 352t Fluvirin (IIV, influenza), 352t Fluzone (IIV, influenza), 352t Fluzone (IIV, influenza, intradermal), 350 Fluzone High Dose (IIV, influenza), 350, 352t Fluzone Intradermal (IIV, influenza), 350, 353t Folk numeracy, 207 Food and Drug Administration (FDA), 55, 65, 499 Food handlers, vaccination of, 202t, 5 Foresters, vaccination of, 202t Formaldehyde, 226, 227 Fort Dix, New Jersey, 240 Freezers, FUTURE studies, 335 GABHS (group A beta-hemolytic streptococcus), 460 Gardasil (HPV4), 336t-338t. See also Human papillomavirus. efficacy/immunogenicity, safety, Gastroenteritis. See Rotavirus. Gelatin, 227. See also specifi c vaccines. Genes/genetics, 47 Genital warts, 334 Germinal center reaction, 26-47, 27 implications for vaccination, Germline antibodies, Global Alliance for Vaccines and Immunization (GAVI), 500 Gloves, 105 situations where not routinely needed, 105, 126 Good Clinical Practices (GCPs), 57 Good Laboratory Practices (GLPs), Good Manufacturing Practices (GMPs), 55, 58, 87 Good Pharmacovigilence Practices (GPPs), 60 Governmental agencies and committees, 65, 499 Grace period, 107, 144, 145 GRADE approach, 67 Group A beta-hemolytic streptococcus (GABHS),

8 Guillain-Barré syndrome, 76, , 357 as contraindication/precaution for diphtheria/tetanus/pertussis vaccines, 294, 295 for influenza vaccines, 359, 360 MCV4 and, 162, 241, 394 H1N1 influenza, , 348 Haemophilus infl uenzae type b (Hib), , 510t. See also Infl uenza. clinical features, 301 epidemiology and transmission, herd immunity and, 302 immunization program, 302 newborn/childhood protection against, 39 pathogen, 301 vaccines, 302, 304t-305t combination vaccines, 62t, 257, 488t-495t contraindications/precautions, 303 correlates of protection, 302 efficacy/immunogenicity, minimum ages and intervals, 146t, 188 optimizing immunity, recommendations, 302, safety, 303 administration errors and remedies, 157t catch-up, children age 4 months-6 years, 260 children, age 0-6 years, 256, 257 storage, 114t Handling, storage, and transport of vaccines, Harm, public, from fear of vaccines, , 220t-221t Harmless, definition of, HAV. See Hepatitis A. Havrix (HepA), 309-3, 0t-2t in combination vaccine, 492t-495t HBIG. See Hepatitis B immune globulin (HBIG). HBV. See Hepatitis B. Health care personnel, 109, needlestick injuries/blood exposure, , vaccination recommendations, , hepatitis B, 9, 325 influenza, 349 polio, 401 smallpox, 429 Health care reform law (2010), 80 Healthcare Effectiveness Data and Information Set (HEDIS), 72, 501 Healthy People 2020, 91-92, 124 coverage goals, 72, Heart disease, 183, HEDIS (Healthcare Effectiveness Data and Information Set), 72, 501 Helper T lymphocytes (Th cells), 27, Hemagglutinin, 283, 345, 371 Hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT), vaccination recommendations, 180t-182t Hemodialysis, HepaGam B (hepatitis B immune globulin), 9 interval for live vaccines and, 155t Hepatitis A, 307-6, 510t in Butte County, California, 44, 45, 3 clinical features, 307 disease vs infection, 308 epidemiology and transmission, herd immunity and, 44, 45, 309 immunization program, pathogen, 307 risk factors, 308 vaccines, 309, 0t-2t combination vaccines, 492t-495t contraindications/precautions, 3 coverage, 69, 69 efficacy/immunogenicity, minimum ages and intervals, 146t recommendations, 4-6 postexposure, 5-6 pre-exposure prophylaxis, 4 for travel, 195, 198t-200t universal childhood immunization, 51, 309 safety, 3 adults, by medical condition/indication, 267 catch-up, children age 4 months-6 years, 261 catch-up, children age 7-18 years, 262 children, age 0-6 years, 256 children, age 7-18 years, 258 Hepatitis B, 7-327, 510t chronic carriers, 7-8 clinical features, 7-8 epidemiology and transmission, 8 HBsAg/HBsAb status and, 188, 192, 7, 9, testing for, 192, immunization program, 8-9 pathogen,

9 Hepatitis B (continued) vaccines, 9, 320t-322t administration errors and remedies, 157t combination, 257, 488t-495t contraindications/precautions, coverage, 69, 69 efficacy/immunogenicity, minimum ages and intervals, 146t recommendations, 62t, adult vaccination, for health care personnel, 106, for newborns, , 324 for nonoccupational exposures, 330t for occupational exposures, , 328t-329t postexposure prophylaxis, , 328t-330t for preterm/low birth weight infants, 188, 324 for travel, 195 universal infant, child and adolescent immunization, 324 reportable events, 99t safety, MS and, , 323 SIDS and, 244 adults, by medical condition/indication, 267 birth dose, 324 catch-up, children age 4 months-6 years, 260 catch-up, children age 7-18 years, 262 children, age 0-6 years, 256, 257 children, age 7-18 years, 258 standing orders for, 324, 325 Hepatitis B immune globulin (HBIG), 9 anaphylactic reaction to, 324 recommendations, 328t-330t Hepatitis B surface antigen/antibody (HBsAg/HBsAb). See Hepatitis B. Herd immunity, 42-47, 43, 309 threshold, 42-44, 43 Herpes zoster. See Zoster (herpes zoster; shingles). Heterologous host, 19 Heterologous hyperimmune sera, 22 Heterologous infections, 224 Heterotypic responses, Hib. See Haemophilus infl uenzae type b. Hib-OMP. See PedvaxHIB. Hib-T. See ActHIB. Hiberix (HibT), , 304t-305t HIV (human immunodeficiency virus) infection, adults, children/adolescents, immunoprophylaxis and, 168 infants, 173, 176 postexposure prophylaxis, 106 universal precautions, 105 vaccination recommendations, , contraindications/precautions, 166 hepatitis B, 325 HLAs (human leukocyte antigens), 28, 47 Homotypic responses, Hooper, Edward, 243 Hospital workers, 109 Household contacts, immunization of, 167, 167t, 173, 324, 361, 457, 467 HPV. See Human papillomavirus (HPV). HPV2. See Human papillomavirus (HPV), vaccines. HPV4. See Human papillomavirus (HPV), vaccines. HRV. See Rotavirus, vaccines. Human embryo cell lines, Human immunodeficiency virus. See HIV. Human leukocyte antigens (HLAs), 28, 47 Human papillomavirus (HPV), 3-344, 510t cancers and, 332, 333 clinical features, 332 epidemiology and transmission, 333 immunization program, pathogen, 3 sexual activity and, 333 vaccines, 335, 336t-338t contraindications/precautions, 152, 342 coverage, 70, 71 cross-protection from, 339 efficacy/immunogenicity, HPV2 (Cervarix), 336t-338t adjuvant in, 226 efficacy/immunogenicity, HPV4 (Gardasil), 336t-338t efficacy/immunogenicity, immunization program, , 343 adults, by medical condition/indication, 266 age 7-18 years, 258 catch-up, children age 7-18 years, 262 minimum ages and intervals, 146t-147t manufacturer, for series,

10 Human papillomavirus (HPV) (continued) recommendations, 343 safety, school mandates, 107 storage, 115t Human rabies immune globulin (HRIG), , 414t-415t Humoral immune deficiencies, 165, Hundred-day cough, 284. See also Pertussis. Hygiene hypothesis, HyperHEP B S/D (hepatitis B immune globulin, human), 9 Hyperimmune globulins, 22 HyperRAB S/D (rabies immune globulin), 406 Hypersensitivity, delayed-type, 160 Hypersensitivity reactions, HyperTET S/D (tetanus immune globulin), 291 Hyporesponsiveness, 26 ICD-9-CM codes, , 138t-139t IGIM (intramuscular immune globulin), 127, 1 intervals for live vaccines and, 154t-155t IGIV (immune globulin, intravenous), 154t-155t IIV (inactivated influenza vaccine). See Infl uenza, vaccines, IIV. Illegal drug users, vaccination of, 202t, 4, 5, 325 Immigrants, vaccination policies on, Immune deficiency. See Impaired immunity. Immune globulin, 22, 168. See also Antibodies; specifi c immune globulins. administration procedure, 127, 1 intervals for vaccination with live vaccines, , 154t-155t intramuscular (IGIM), 127, 1 intravenous (IGIV), 154t-155t isotypes, 23 Immune memory, 29 Immune overload, , 225t Immune response, adaptive immune system, 23 anamnestic response, 29 antibodies, persistence of, -32 antigens, 13 cytotoxic T cells, 34-38, 36 extrafollicular reaction, 24-26, 25 genetics and, 47 germinal center reaction, 26-47, 27 homotypic vs heterotypic, hygiene hypothesis, Immune response (continued) innate immune system, 26 stimulating, 29 priming and boosting, 30, Immune thrombocytopenic purpura, 377 Immunity criteria/evidence for (in specific diseases), 382t-383t, 466t impaired. See Impaired immunity. proof of, 189 surrogates of protection, 38-42, 40t waning, 29, 190, 223, 287, 460 Immunization, booster, 30, correlates of protection, 38-42, 40t definition of, 13 herd immunity, 42-47, 43 mandates and legislation regarding, passive, primary, 30, reactions to. See Adverse events. s. See Schedules for immunizations. screening for, 126, 128t-130t standards. See Standards, principles, and regulations. Immunization Action Coalition (IAC), iv, 501 Immunization Information Systems (IISs), 121, Immunization programs, See also specifi c vaccines. goals of, 48-49, impact of, 49-51, 50t Immunization Safety Review Committee (ISRC), 77 Immunocompromised states. See Impaired immunity. Immunogenicity, See also specifi c vaccines. efficacy and, 38 Immunogenicity bridging studies, 58 Immunosuppression, See also Impaired immunity. caused by vaccines, 224 medication-induced, Imogam Rabies-HT (rabies immune globulin), 406 Imovax Rabies (RAB-HDC), 63t, 408t-409t Impact of vaccines, 49-51, 50t Impaired immunity, close contacts, immunization of, 167, 167t general considerations, HIV infection, medication-induced immunosuppression, passive immunoprophylaxis, 168 specific states other than HIV infection, transplantation, , , 180t-182t vaccine recommendations,

11 Inactivated vaccines, 14t, characteristics of, 16t-18t intervals for vaccination, , 146t-150t vs live vaccines, 16t-18t, 38 Infanrix (DTaP), 288t-290t, 291 in combination vaccine, 488t-491t cost, 137 Infants, See also Children. cocooning strategy, 122, 287 H infl uenzae vaccination, 303 hepatitis B vaccination, , 324 HIV-exposed/infected, 173, 176 preterm and low birth weight, , 324 rotavirus vaccination, 176, varicella vaccination, Infectious Diseases Society of America (IDSA), 500 Influenza, , 510t clinical features, 347 epidemics/pandemics, A(H1N1), 346, 348 Spanish flu (1918), 346 epidemiology and transmission, immunization program, 349 mortality from, annual, 222, 348 pathogen, strains, 350, 351 A(H1N1), 76, A(H3N2), 345 A(H5N1), bird flu, 346, 347, vaccine for, B, 351 vaccines, , 352t-353t annual production of, contraindications/precautions, cost-benefit analysis, 349 coverage, 71 efficacy/immunogenicity, egg protein allergy and, 358, 359 Guillain-Barré syndrome and, 241, 357, 359, 360 IIV (inactivated), , 352t-353t A (H5N1) vaccine, contraindications/precautions, differences from LAIV, 354t-355t efficacy/immunogenicity, high-dose, 350, 352t, 357 intradermal, 350, 353t, 358 production of, 350 safety, Influenza, vaccines (continued) LAIV (live-attenuated), 352t, administration errors and remedies, 157t contraindications/precautions, 173, differences from IIV, 354t-355t efficacy/immunogenicity, intranasal administration, 127, 350 production of, 350 safety, 358 recommendations, health care personnel, 192, 361 older adults, 190, 361 priority groups, for travel, safety, adults, by medical condition or indication, 266 children, age 0-6 years, 256 children, age 7-18 years, 258 shortages of, 88 swine flu, 76, 240, 346 Injection techniques and sites, 127, 1, 132t-133t Injury. See National Childhood Vaccine Injury Act; Vaccine Injury Compensation Program. Innate immunity, 26 stimulating, 29 Institute for Vaccine Safety, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, 501 Institute of Medicine (IOM), 77 Consensus Report, 77, 78t-79t Immunization Safety Review Committee, 77 International adoptees, refugees, and immigrants, , 309, 4 International agencies, 499 Intervals for vaccinations, , 146t-150t grace period, 107, 144, 145 inactivated vaccines, , 146t-150t live vaccines, , 146t-150t between live vaccines and antibody-containing blood products, , 154t-155t minimum acceptable, , 146t-150t simultaneous administration, 143, 160 Intramuscular (IM) administration of vaccines, 127, 1 Intramuscular (IM) immune globulin (IGIM), 127, 1 Intranasal administration of vaccines, 127, 350 Intravenous immune globulin (IGIV), 154t-155t Intussusception, ,

12 Invasive pneumococcal disease (IPD), 441, 442. See also Pneumonia. Inventory, 111 IOM. See Institute of Medicine. IPOL (IPV), 400t. See also Polio, vaccines. IPV. See Polio, vaccines. Isotype switching, 29 ISRC. See Immunization Safety Review Committee. Ixiaro (JE-VC), 62t, 368t Japanese encephalitis, , 510t clinical features, 365 epidemiology and transmission, immunization program, pathogen, 365 vaccines, 367, 368t contraindications/precautions, 369 efficacy/immunogenicity, 367 JEV-MB, 367 JEV-VC, 62t, 367, 368t recommendations, 367, 369 travel, 198t-200t, 369 safety, /storage, 368t storage, 115t Jaundice, 307, 471 Jenner, Edward, 19 Jet injectors, 134 JEV. See Japanese encephalitis. Kawasaki disease, Kidney failure, Kinrix (DTaP-IPV), 488t-491t Koplik s spots, 372 Labeled indications, 61-64, 62t-63t Laboratory workers, vaccination of, 107, 202t, 369, 401, 429, 439, 457 LAIV (live-attenuated influenza vaccine). See Infl uenza, vaccines, LAIV (live-attenuated). Langerhans cells, 26 Latex. See specifi c vaccines. Leukemia, impaired immunity and, Liability issues, 88, See also National Childhood Vaccine Injury Act. Licensure. See Vaccine development and licensure. Live-attenuated influenza vaccine. See LAIV. Live-attenuated vaccines, 14t Live vaccines, characteristics of, 16t-18t intervals for receipt of antibody-containing products, , 154t-155t intervals for vaccinations, , 146t-150t live-attenuated, 13-20, 14t pregnancy and, 161 vs inactivated vaccines, 16t-18t, 38 Liver disease, , 4, 9, 325 Local anesthetics, 134 Local reactions, , 294 Lockjaw, 284 Long-term care facilities, 107, 202t, 361 Low birth weight infants, , 324 Lung disease, 183, Mad cow disease (MCD), 242 Major histocompatibility complex (MHC), 47 class I molecules (MHC-I), 34 class II molecules (MHC-II), 27, 28, 34 Mandates, Manufacturers of vaccines, 87, 151, 503 interchangeability of vaccines, 151 Marketing claims, 61 MCV4, , 390t-392t. See also Neisseria meningitidis. contraindications/precautions, coverage, 70, 71 efficacy/immunogenicity, Guillain-Barré syndrome and, 162, 241, 394 licensure of, 42 MCV4-CRM, 42, 388, 390t-392t, 393 MCV4-D, 388, , 390t-392t recommendations, 62t, 173, 394 safety, administration errors, and remedies, 157t-158t adults, by medical condition/indication, 267 catch-up, children age 4 months-6 years, 261 catch-up, children age 7-18 years, 262 children, age 0-6 years, 256 children, age 7-18 years, 258 minimum ages and intervals, 147t shortages of, 88 storage, 115t vs MPSV, ,

13 Measles, Mumps, Rubella, , 510t clinical features, criteria/evidence of immunity, 380, 382t-383t elimination in U.S., 49 epidemiology and transmission, immunization program, measles outbreak in Indiana, 219 pathogens, resurgence of, 50-51, 50t, 222 vaccines (MMR), , 378t-379t combination vaccine (MMRV), , 492t-495t. See also MMRV vaccine. contraindications/precautions, 379 efficacy/immunogenicity, impact of vaccine refusal (example), 219 interval for receipt of antibody-containing products, 153, 154t-155t recommendations, 62t, 376, 380 health care personnel, postexposure prophylaxis, 380 reportable events, 98t safety, autism concerns, 2-233, 234, 376 febrile seizures, , 375 thimerosol concerns, 235 adults, by medical condition/indication, 267 catch-up, children age 4 months-6 years, 261 catch-up, children age 7-18 years, 262 children, age 0-6 years, 256, 257 children, age 7-18 years, 258 minimum ages and intervals, 22, 147t storage, 115t-117t vs MMRV, Medicaid, 86 Medicare, 86 Medication-induced immunosuppression, Membrane attack complex, 23 Memory B-cells, 29 Men who have sex with men, 202t, , 4, 324 Menactra (MCV4), 62t, 390t-392t Meningitis, , 397. See also Neisseria meningitidis. Meningitis Angels, 501 Meningococcal disease, vaccines. See Neisseria meningitidis. Meningococcal polysaccharide conjugate vaccine, 4-valent. See MPSV4. Meningococcemia, 385 Meningococcus. See also Neisseria meningitidis. Menomune-A/C/Y/W-135 (MPSV4), 390t-392t Menveo (MCV4-CRM), 62t, 390t-392t Mercury (thimerosol) in vaccines, , 237t, 238 MHC, MHC-I, MHC-II. See Major histocompatibility complex. Military personnel, 202t adenovirus infections and, 269 adenovirus vaccination, 272 anthrax vaccination, 277, meningococcal vaccination, 394 smallpox vaccination, 432 varicella vaccination, 467 Minimum age for vaccination, 145 Minimum intervals for vaccinations, , 146t-150t Missed opportunities, 121 MMR vaccine, , 387t-389t. See also Measles, Mumps, Rubella. MMR II, 375, 387t-389t in combination vaccine (MMRV), 492t-495t MMRV vaccine, , 492t-495t contraindications/precautions, febrile seizures and, 375 interval for receipt of antibody-containing products, 153, 154t-155t /recommendations, 257, 376 shortages of, 88 vs MMR, Monitoring, adverse events. See Adverse events. vaccine delivery (coverage), vaccine effectiveness, Morbidity and mortality, from vaccine-preventable diseases, 50t Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report, 66 Morticians, vaccination of, 202t Mosquitoes Aedes aegypti, yellow fever and, 472 Culex, Japanese encephalitis and, 366 MPSV4, 387, 390t-392t. See also Neisseria meningitidis. contraindications/precautions, efficacy/immunogenicity, minimum ages and intervals, 147t recommendations, 174t, 394 safety, adults, by medical condition/indication, 267 storage, 115t vs MCV, ,

14 Multidose vaccine series, dosing intervals, 151 Multidose vials, 112, 118 Multiple sclerosis, vaccines and, , 323 Multiple vaccines, simultaneous administration of, 127, 143, 160 immune overload, , 225t number of antigens, 224, 225t Mumps, See also Measles, Mumps, Rubella. clinical features, criteria/evidence of immunity, 380, 382t-383t epidemiology and transmission, 374 in health care settings, 192 immunization program, pathogen, 371 resurgence of, 50-51, 50t, 222 vaccines (MMR), , 387t-389t contraindications/precautions, 379 efficacy/immunogenicity, recommendations, 380 safety, Mycobacterium bovis, 19 Nabi-HB (hepatitis B immune globulin), 9 Nalp3 inflammasome, 30 National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases (NCIRD), 64, 65, 72 National Childhood Encephalopathy Study (NCES), 239 National Childhood Vaccine Injury Act, 74, 77, National Coation for Adult Immunization, 95 National Drug Codes (NDCs), 137 National Foundation for Infectious Diseases (NFID), 501 National Health Interview Survey (NHIS), 72, 502 National Immunization Survey (NIS), 69-71, 502 National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID), 499 National Institutes of Health (NIH), 57, 65 National Meningitis Association, 501 National Network for Immunization Information (NNii), 501 National Notifiable Disease Surveillance System (NNDSS), 72-73, 502 National Respiratory and Enteric Surveillance System (NREVSS), 73 National Rotavirus Strain Surveillance System (NRSSS), 73 National Vaccine Advisory Committee (NVAC), 65, 68, 499 immunization standards, National Vaccine Injury Compensation Program (VICP), 65, 88, National Vaccine Plan, 68 National Vaccine Program Office (NVPO), 65, 68, 499 Native Americans and Alaskans, 202t, 442 Natural infection, vs immunization, Necessity for vaccines, Needle length, 132t-133t Needlestick injuries, , Needlestick Safety and Prevention Act, 104 Negri bodies, 403 Neisseria meningitidis, , 510t clinical features, epidemiology and transmission, 386 immunization program, pathogen, 385 vaccines, , 390t-392t. See also MCV4; MPSV4. contraindications/precautions, cost-benefit analysis, 387 efficacy/immunogenicity, herd effects, MCV4, MCV4-CRM, 388, 390t-392t MCV4-D, 388, , 390t-392t MPSV4, 387, , 390t-392t optimizing immunity, 174t-175t recommendations, 173, 174t, 394 travel, 196, 198t-200t safety, Neomycin, 227 Nephrotic syndrome, 183 Neuraminidase, 345, 371 Neutralization of viruses/toxins, 23 New Vaccine Surveillance Network (NVSN), 73 Newborns, See also Infants. Nomenclature, 510t-511t Nonattenuatec vaccines, 14t Noninferiority, 58, 486 Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA), Office visit coding and billing example, 137, 138t-139t communicating about vaccines in, 208 vaccination during, 122, 123t Opsonization, 23 OPV. See Polio, vaccines. Oral administration of vaccines, 127 OSHA. See Occupational Safety and Health Administration. Otitis media,

15 Package insert (PI), 61, 168 Pain, dealing with, 134 Pan American Health Organization (PAHO), 499 Pap test, 332, 343 Parents of Kids With Infectious Diseases (PKID), 501 PARSIFAL study, 230 Partial doses, 145 Passive immunization, Passive immunoprophylaxis, 168 Pasteur, Louis, 19, 20 Pathogen-specific molecular patterns, 26 Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act, 80 PATRICIA study, 340 Patternicity, 207 PCV7. See Pneumococcal vaccines, PCV7. PCV13. See Pneumococcal vaccines, PCV13. Pediarix (DTaP-HepB-IPV), 62t, 488t-491t Pediatric immunization. See Children; Infants. Pediatric Infectious Diseases Society (PIDS), 500 PedvaxHIB (Hib-OMP), 304t-305t, 306 in combination vaccine, 492t-495t Pentacel (DTaP-IPV/Hib-T), 488t-491t Permissive statements, 67 Personal belief exemptions, 108 Pertactin (PRN), 283 Pertussis, See also Diphtheria; Tetanus. catarrhal, paroxysmal, and convalescent stages, 284 clinical features, epidemiology and transmission, in health care settings, 193 immunity from natural infection, immunization program, 287 incidence, 286 pathogen, 283 resurgence of, 50, 50t, 222, 286, 287 toxin (PT), 283 vaccines, , 288t-290t acellular, 291 adult. See Tdap vaccine. children/infants. See DTaP vaccine. combination vaccines, 62t, 257, 488t-491t contraindications/precautions, efficacy/immunogenicity, 291 recommendations, 63t, safety, safety fears, brain damage, , waning immunity and, 223, 287 Phagocyte disorders, 165, 172 Phase 1, 2, 3, and 4 trials, 57, Philosophical exemptions, 108 Physical examination, no requirement for, 160 Pink Book (Epidemiology and Prevention of Vaccine-Preventable Diseases), 66 Plasma cells, 24, 25, 25 Pneumococcal vaccines, 444, 446t-447t contraindications/precautions, 152, 448 cost-benefit analysis, 443 efficacy/immunogenicity, immunization program, minimum ages and intervals, 147t optimizing immunity with, 170t-171t PCV7, contraindications/precautions, 448 efficacy/immunogenicity, herd immunity and, 44-47, 46 recommendations, 448 replacement by PCV13, 47, 444, children, 256, 261 shortages of, 88 PCV13, 51, 444, 446t-447t efficacy/immunogenicity, 445 recommendations, 62t, 173, 444, 448 replacement of PCV7 with, 47 safety, 448, 448 PPSV23, 444, 446t-447t administration errors and remedies, 158t efficacy/immunogenicity, 445 precautions, 152 recommendations, 170t, 173, 449 older adults, 190, 449 safety, 448 adults, by medical condition/indication, 267 children, age 7-18 years, 258 recommendations, safety, 448 storage, 116t Pneumonia, See also Pneumococcal vaccines. clinical features, epidemiology and transmission, 442 immunization program, optimizing immunity, 170t-171t

16 Pneumonia (continued) pathogen, 441 secondary to flu, 347 vaccines, 444, 446t-447t Pneumovax 23 (PPSV23), 446t-447t. See also Pneumococcal vaccines. recommendations, 449 safety, 445, 448, 258, 264, 267 Policy. See Vaccine policy. Polio, , 510t clinical features, 397 eliminated from U.S., 49 epidemiology and transmission, global eradication initiative, immunization program, last indigenous case in U.S., 398 pathogen, 397 vaccines, 399, 400t AIDS pandemic, concerns about, cancer and, concerns about, combination vaccines, 257, 485, 488t-495t inactivated (IPV), 400t contraindications/precautions, 401 efficacy/immunogenicity, 399 minimum ages and intervals for, 147t recommendations, 62t, safety, 399, 400t catch-up, children 7-18 years, 262 catch-up, children age 4 months-6 years, 261 children, age 0-6 years, 256, 257 children, age 7-18 years, 258 oral (OPV), 62t, 399 reportable events, 98t recommendations, 62t, 399, travel in endemic areas, 196, 198t-200t safety, 401 storage, 115t SV40 contamination and, Poliomyelitis. See Polio. Polyclonal immune globulins, 22 Polysaccharide antigens, 25-26, 25 Polysaccharide vaccines, 21, hyporesponsiveness and, 26 original polysaccharide sin, 26 protein-polysaccharide vaccines, 32-34, 33 advantages of, 35t Porcine circovirus, 246 Postherpetic neuralgia (PHN), 223, 477, 478 Postvaccination encephalitis, 474 Power supply/outages, , 119t PPSV23. See Pneumococcal vaccines, PPSV23. Precautions. See Contraindications and precautions. Pregnancy, FDA Pregnancy Categories, live vaccines and, 161, natural immunization of fetus during, rubella in, effects on fetus, 373 vaccination during, , 186t-187t contraindications/precautions, 184, 185 counseling for, 184 hepatitis B, 326 influenza, 184, 359, 361 JEV, 369 live vaccines, 184, 186t-187t routine, Tdap and Td, 184, 297 varicella, 467 VariZIG, 185, yellow fever, 161, 476 PREP Act, Prescription Drug User Fee Act (PDUFA), 60 Preservative-free vaccines. See also specifi c vaccines. Preservatives. See also specifi c vaccines. Preterm and low birth weight infants, , 324 Prevention of infection, 22, 23-24, 32, 37 Prevnar. See Pneumococcal vaccines: PCV7, PCV13 Primary immunization, 30, Probabilistic thinking, 206 Production problems, 88 Professional associations, Proof of immunity, ProQuad (MMRV), 492t-495t Protein-polysaccharide vaccines, 32-34, 33, 302 advantages of, 35t Protest organizations (antivaccination), , 217t Pseudomembranes, 283 Public health, See also Concerns about vaccines, addressing. immunization programs, impact of vaccines, 49-51, 50t risks of refusal of vaccination, 213, , 220t-221t Public health emergency, Public Readiness and Emergency Preparedness Act, ,

17 Public safety workers, vaccination of, 202t, 325 Purified subunits, 14t, Purpura fulminans, 385. See also Neisseria meningitidis. Questions about vaccines. See Concerns about vaccines. RAB-HDC. See Imovax Rabies. RAB-PCEC. See RabAvert. RabAvert (RAB-PCEC), 63t, 408t-409t Rabies, , 510t clinical features, epidemiology and transmission, 404 immunization program, 405 incubation period, 403, 405 pathogen, 403 vaccines, 406, 408t-409t. See also Rabies immune globulin, human (HRIG). administration errors and remedies, 158t for animal handlers, 107 contraindications/precautions, efficacy/immunogenicity, 406 postexposure prophylaxis, 405, 412t-413t regimens for, 414t-415t pre-exposure prophylaxis, , 410t-411t recommendations, 63t, 405, 407, 410t-415t safety, storage, 116t for wildlife, 404 Rabies immune globulin, human (HRIG), 405, 406, 414t-415t contraindications/precautions, efficacy/immunogenicity, 406 regimens, 414t-415t safety, 406 Ramsay Hunt syndrome, 478 Reactions. See also Adverse events. anaphylaxis, 98t-99t, local reactions, , 294 Reassortment, 345, 350 Recall and tracking systems, Recombinant DNA technology, 21 Recombinant subunit vaccines, 14t, 21 Recombivax HB (HepB), 320t-322t, 323 in combination vaccine, 492t-495t Recommendations, See also specifi c vaccines. ACIP, ix, administration errors, 153, 156t-159t catch-up immunization, contraindications and precautions, Recommendations (continued) intervals for receipt of antibody-containing products, , 154t-155t minimum age and intervals, , 146t-150t permissive statements, 67 risk-based immunization, 67 routine immunization, 66 rules for vaccination, vaccination of persons who have had the disease, 152 vaccine handling, storage, and transport, , 114t-117t vaccine manufacturers, 151 vs package insert, 61-64, 62t-63t, 168 Reconstitution of vaccine, 112, 113, 126 Recurrent respiratory papillomatosis, 332 Red Book (Report of the Committee on Infectious Diseases), 67 Reference resources, Refrigerators and freezers, Refugees, international, Refusal of vaccination, forms for, 213 impact of, examples, 219, 220t-221t public cost of, Registries, Regulations. See Standards, principles, and regulations. Religious exemptions, 108 Reminder, recall, and tracking systems, Report of the Committee on Infectious Diseases. See Red Book. Reportable Events Table, 97, 98t-99t Reporting, 93, 94, 102t to VAERS, 74-75, 94, 101, 102t Respiratory syncytial virus, monoclonal antibody (RSVmAB), 22, 23 Responible person, 111, 112t REST (Rotavirus Efficacy and Safety Trial), 420 Reverse genetics, 350 Reverse vaccinology, 21 Reye syndrome, 202t, 361, 460 RhoGAM (IM), interval for live vaccines and, 155t Risk-based immunization recommendations, 67 Risks, perceived, Risks and benefits of vaccines communicating about, public health risk of vaccine refusals, 213, 219, 220t-221t thought processes about, Rose spots,

18 Rotarix (rotavirus, RV1), 63t, 420, 422t-424t efficacy/immunogenicity, safety, 421 RotaShield (RRV-TV), RotaTeq (rotavirus, RV5), 63t, 419, 420, 422t-424t. See also Rotavirus. efficacy/immunogenicity, 420 safety, 421 Rotavirus, , 510t clinical features, 417 epidemiology and transmission, immunization program, monitoring/surveillance, 73 pathogen, 417 Rotavirus Efficacy and Safety Trial (REST), 420 vaccines, 420, 422t-424t contraindications/precautions, 425 cost-benefit analysis, 419 efficacy/immunogenicity, manufacturer, for series, 151 minimum ages and intervals, 148t recommendations, 63t, 176, for preterm infants, RRV-TV, RV-1, 63t, 420, 422t-424t RV-5, 63t, 419, 420, 422t-424t safety, intussusception concerns, , 419 Kawasaki disease concerns, 245 porcine circovirus contamination, 246 all infants, catch-up, children, 4 months-6 years, 260 children, age 0-6 years, 256 Routes of administration, 20, , 1 RRV-TV (rhesus rotavirus vaccine; RotaShield), RSV mas (Synagis), 22 RSV. See Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV). Rubella, See also Measles, Mumps, Rubella. clinical features, 373 congenital rubella syndome (CRS), 373, 375 criteria/evidence of immunity, 380, 382t-383t eliminated from U.S., 49, epidemiology and transmission, 375 immunization program, pathogen, in pregnant women, 373 vaccines (MMR), , 387t-389t Rubella (continued) contraindications/precautions, 379 efficacy/immunogenicity, 377 recommendations, , 380 safety, Rubeola. See Measles. Rules for vaccination, See also Recommendations. Sabin, Albert, 13 Sabin Vaccine Institute (SVI), 501 Safety, meaning of, Safety of vaccines. See also Adverse events; specifi c vaccines. communicating about, definitions of, organizations on, perceptions/thoughts about vaccination, specific concerns, Vaccine Safety Net, Salicylate use. See Aspirin use. Salk, Jonas, 20 Salmonella enterica, 451 Salmonella typhi, 451. See also Typhoid fever. Schedules for immunizations, 255. See also specifi c vaccines. adults, by age group, adults, by medical condition, catch-up, children age 4 months-6 years, catch-up, children age 7-18 years, 262 children, age 0-6 years, 256, 257 children, age 7-18 years, 258 modified/alternative, SCHIP (State Children s Health Insurance Program), 82 Schools school mandates, school surveys, 72 as sites for vaccination, Screening, 126, 128t-130t Section 7 Funds, 81, 82 Serial passage, Seroconversion, testing for, Serology, Serotype replacement, Sewage workers, 203t Sharps use and precautions, Shingles. See Zoster (herpes zoster; shingles). Shortages of vaccines, Shots by STFM, 501 Sickle cell disease, 172, 183, 302, 361 Side effects. See Adverse events

19 SIDS (sudden infant death syndrome), 244 Simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV), 243 Simian virus 40 (SV40), Smallpox, , 511t bioterrorism potential of, clinical features, diagnosis of, 428, 430t-4t epidemiology and transmission, eradication of, 48-49, 428 immunization program, last remaining stocks of, pathogen, 427 Smallpox Health Care Teams, 438 Smallpox Response Teams, 429 vaccines, , 433t ACAM2000, 432, 433t, 435 administration, contraindications/precautions, 185, Dryvax, 432, 435 efficacy/immunogenicity, 435 intradermal administration, postevent vaccination, 429 postvaccination care, pre-event vaccination, 429, 439 recommendations, reconstitution, 432 ring vaccination (surveillance and containment), 429 safety, storage, 117t vaccinia immune globulin (VIG), 428 vs chickenpox, 428, 430t-4t Smoking, 183 Society of Teachers of Family Medicine (STFM), 501 Spanish flu, 346 Special circumstances, adults over 65 years of age, 190 health care personnel, impaired immunity, general considerations, hematopoietic stem cell transplantation and leukemia, , 180t-182t HIV infection, medication-induced immunosuppression, specific states other than HIV infection, international adoptees, refugees, and immigrants, newborns, other special circumstances, 196, 202t-203t predisposing conditions (other than immune deficiency), 183 Special circumstances (continued) pregnancy and breast-feeding, preterm and low birth weight infants, travel, , 198t-200t Spelunkers, 203t Split doses, 145 Standards, principles, and regulations, Bloodborne Pathogens Standard, , federal requirements, 102t-103t Healthy People 2020, immunization practices, standards, adult, 95-96, 96t child and adolescent, mandates, National Childhood Vaccine Injury Act, Occupational Safety and Health Administration, Public Readiness and Emergency Preparedness Act, for vaccine development (CBER), 55 Standing orders, for emergencies, 135 for hepatitis B vaccination, 324, 325 State and local funds for vaccination, 81, State Children s Health Insurance Program (SCHIP), 82 State health department web sites, 503 State mandates, Steroids, impaired immunity and, 178 Stockpiles of vaccines, 88 Storage of vaccines, , 114t-117t. See also specifi c vaccines. during emergencies, 119t Streptococcus pneumoniae, , 511t clinical features, epidemiology and transmission, 442 immunization program, newborn protection against, 22 pathogen, 441 vaccines for, , 446t-447t. See also Pneumococcal vaccines. recommendations, safety, 448 Students. See College students. Subcutaneous (SC) administration of vaccines, 127, 1 Subunits engineered, 21 purified, recombinant, 14t, 21 Sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS), 244 Supply of vaccines,

20 Surrogates of protection, 38-42, 40t Surveillance, SV40 contamination of polio vaccine, Swine flu vaccine, 76, 240, 346 Synagis (RSV immune globulin, monoclonal, IM), 22 Syncope, 135 T-cell dependent response, 34, 35t T-cell independent antigens and responses, 25-26, 34, 35t T-cell receptor (TCR), 28, 34 T cells, 28, 166 cytotoxic (Tc cells), 34-38, 36 helper (Th-cells), 27, memory Th-cells, 29 T-cell deficiencies, T lymphocytes. See T cells. Task Force on Safer Childhood Vaccines, 77 Tc cells (cytotoxic T cells), 34-38, 36 Td (tetanus, diphtheria) vaccine, 292t-293t contraindications/precautions, 295 minimum ages and intervals for, 148t recommendations travel, 196 wound management, 298t-299t adults, by medical condition/indication, 266 catch-up, children age 7-18 years, 262 Tdap vaccine, 288t-290t. See also Diphtheria, tetanus, and pertussis; DTaP. adolescent immunization, 287 contraindications/precautions, 295 coverage, 70, 71 efficacy/immunogenicity, 291 licensure, 42 minimum ages and intervals, 148t recommendations, 63t, health care personnel, 193 wound management, 298t-299t safety, 294, 295, administration errors and remedies, 158t adults, by medical condition/indication, 266 catch-up, children, age 7-18 years, 262 children, age 7-18 years, 258 Tenivac, 292t-293t Terminology, viii-ix, 510t-511t Terrorism, 48-49, Tetanospasmin, 283 Tetanus, See also Diphtheria; Pertussis. clinical features, 284 epidemiology and transmission, 285 immunization program, lockjaw, 284 neonatal, 284, 285 pathogen, 283 spores, 283, 285 toxin, 283 toxoid (TT), 298t-299t vaccination for travel, 196 vaccines, , 288t-290t, 292t-293t. See also DT; Tetanus toxoid (TT). adult. See Tdap vaccine. children/infants. See DTaP vaccine. combination vaccines, 62t, 257, 488t-491t contraindications/precautions, efficacy/immunogenicity, 291 minimum ages and intervals, 148t recommendations, 63t, wound management, 298t-299t safety, , storage, 116t Tetanus and Diphtheria Toxoids Adsorbed (Td), 292t-293t Tetanus immune globulin (TIG), 284, 291, 298t-299t for at-risk HIV-infected children, 168 Tetanus Toxoid Adsorbed (TT), 292t-293t Tetanus toxoid (TT), 286 contraindications/precautions, 152, 295 recommendations, 298t-299t Texas Children s Hospital Center for Vaccine Awareness and Research, 501 Th-cells (helper T lymphocytes), 27, memory Th-cells, 29 Th1-cells, 28 Th2-cells, 27, 28 Thimerosal, 87, , 237t, 361. See also specifi c vaccines. autism and, 184, , 238 Thrombocytopenia/thrombocytopenic purpura, 377 TIG. See Tetanus immune globulin. Timeliness, 68 Toll-like receptors (TLRs), 26 Topical anesthetics,