大 学 英 语 六 级 随 堂 听 简 答 篇

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1 大 学 英 语 六 级 随 堂 听 简 答 篇 唐 启 明 第 一 节 简 答 题 概 况 简 答 题 在 大 纲 里 描 述 较 简 单 : 简 答 题 的 篇 章 后 有 若 干 个 问 题, 要 求 考 生 根 据 对 文 章 的 理 解 简 洁 地 ( 少 于 10 个 词 ) 回 答 问 题 或 完 成 句 子 在 2006 年 新 题 型 以 前 考 过 几 次 简 答, 但 与 现 在 的 考 试 有 很 大 区 别 以 前 考 15 分 钟, 题 型 更 复 杂, 特 殊 问 句 式 问 题 有 2 3 个, 答 案 长 度 略 长 现 在 答 题 时 间 为 8 分 钟 多 一 点, 与 两 篇 传 统 仔 细 阅 读 加 起 来 一 共 25 分 钟 题 目 多 为 填 空 题, 偶 尔 有 特 殊 问 句 答 案 多 数 少 于 10 个 字,1 5 字 的 较 多 主 要 考 微 观 题 目, 如 事 实 细 节 类 题, 基 本 不 会 考 宏 观 题 目, 如 全 文 或 段 落 主 旨 概 括 题 ( 除 非 原 文 有 较 明 显 的 概 括 ) 答 案 与 原 文 关 系 多 数 是 同 义 词 短 语 转 换, 同 义 结 构 转 换, 还 有 些 题 目 要 求 对 原 文 某 些 细 节 进 行 概 括 简 答 题 对 于 阅 读 理 解 的 快 速 阅 读 和 仔 细 阅 读 选 择 题 具 有 支 持 作 用, 在 题 干 设 计 上 有 一 致 性 在 搜 索 答 案 方 面 方 法 一 致 第 二 节 评 分 标 准 及 原 则 一. 简 答 题 要 求 学 生 在 读 懂 文 章 的 基 础 上, 用 正 确 简 短 的 语 言 回 答 问 题 在 评 分 时 同 时 考 虑 内 容 和 语 言 每 题 满 分 为 1 分 二. 给 分 标 准 : 1 分 答 对 问 题, 语 言 正 确 ; 0.5 分 答 出 部 分 内 容, 语 言 正 确 ; 0 分 没 有 答 对 问 题 三. 扣 分 标 准 : 1. 语 言 错 误 扣 0.5 分, 每 题 语 言 错 误 扣 分 不 超 过 0.5 分 ( 明 显 属 于 笔 误 但 不 影 响 辨 认 的 拼 写 错 误 或 大 小 写 标 点 符 号 错 误 不 扣 分 ); 2. 多 余 信 息 扣 0.5 分 ; 若 答 案 中 有 相 互 矛 盾 的 内 容, 则 内 容 相 互 矛 盾 的 部 分 皆 不 得 分 ; 文 字 不 简 洁, 不 针 对 题 干 照 搬 原 句 或 原 句 中 的 大 部 分 文 字, 扣 0.5 分 ( 实 际 操 作 中, 超 过 15 字, 意 思 对 扣 半 分 ) 3. 用 汉 语 回 答 问 题 不 给 分 四 高 分 对 策 ( 针 对 评 分 标 准 ) 1. 书 写 工 整, 修 改 要 规 范, 答 案 不 能 错 位 2. 语 法 结 构 正 确 主 谓, 人 称, 时 态 等 方 面 的 一 致 性 要 注 意 3. 词 汇 使 用 要 准 确 4. 表 达 尽 可 能 先 用 原 文 的 词, 如 果 必 须 转 换, 尽 量 避 免 复 杂 结 构, 不 要 使 用 生 僻 词 汇 第 三 节 解 题 步 骤 与 技 巧 1

2 一 解 题 步 骤 与 阅 读 理 解 选 择 题 类 似, 做 简 答 题 不 能 一 上 来 就 做 题, 需 要 先 阅 读 后 理 解 基 本 步 骤 如 下 : 1. 快 读 文 章 抓 大 意 2. 弄 清 题 意 查 原 文 将 题 干 信 息 拿 到 原 文 寻 找 线 索, 定 位 答 案 3. 综 合 对 比 定 答 案 结 合 语 法 和 根 据 题 干 所 需 句 子 成 分 二 解 题 技 巧 点 拨 在 每 一 个 步 骤 里, 都 有 一 些 快 捷 技 巧 可 以 使 用 第 一 步 里 : 选 读 各 段 首 句, 能 够 快 速 理 顺 文 章 题 材 主 题 等 宏 观 信 息 第 二 步 里 : 题 干 的 句 子 成 分 要 与 原 文 对 应 起 来 可 以 利 用 可 能 出 现 的 数 字 专 有 名 词 ( 大 写 ) 等 视 觉 特 征 明 显 的 题 干 信 息 到 原 文 定 位 答 案 第 三 步 里 : 找 到 答 案 后, 如 果 发 现 需 要 转 换 表 述, 而 内 容 较 复 杂, 就 要 先 借 助 汉 语 思 维 先 整 理 出 汉 语 答 案, 然 后 根 据 题 目 的 语 法 限 制 条 件 ( 如 必 须 要 用 作 什 么 成 分 ), 做 出 汉 语 答 案 的 调 整, 一 直 调 整 到 很 容 易 译 成 英 语 技 巧 基 本 类 似 于 翻 译 题 的 思 维 转 换 最 后 一 点 : 如 果 实 在 不 会 表 达, 但 是 已 经 大 体 理 解 了 意 思, 则 将 理 解 的 汉 语 意 思 翻 译 成 英 语, 保 证 内 容 正 确, 争 取 语 法 也 准 确 如 果 语 法 没 有 把 握, 先 保 证 意 思, 保 住 0.5 分 三 解 题 技 巧 例 题 分 析 ( 一 ) 体 会 真 题 CET 6 Short Answer Questions Question: My ninth grade art teacher doesn t give any grade above 94% because, she says, There s always room for improvement. In previous years, I earned a 99% and a 100%. The 94 I received this term does not reflect the hard work that I put into this course. (47) Because of her improvement theory, I got a lower grade than I deserve. Is her grading philosophy ethical ( 符 合 职 业 道 德 规 范 的 )? Answer: Your teacher s grading system may be unwise, but it is not unethical.(48) A teacher deserves wide latitude in selecting the method of grading that best promotes learning in her classroom; that is, after all, the prime function of grades. It is she who has the training and experience to make this decision. Assuming that your teacher is neither biased nor corrupt and that her system conforms to school rules, you can t fault her ethics. You can criticize her methodology. (49)A 100 need not imply that there is no possibility of improvement, only that a student successfully completed the course work. A ninth grader could get a well earned 100 in English class but still have a way to go before she writes as well as Jane Austen. What s more, grades are not only an educational device but are also part of a screening system to help assign kids to their next class or program. By capping her grades at 94 while most other teachers grade on a scale that tops out at 100, your teacher could jeopardize a student s chance of getting a scholarship or getting into a top college. What it is wrong to condemn her for is overlooking your hard work. (50)Your diligence is worthy of encouragement, but effort does not equal accomplishment. If scholars suddenly discovered that Rembrandt had dashed off The Night Watch in an afternoon, it would still be The Night Watch. I could spend months sweating over my own paintings, but I d produce something you wouldn t want to hang in your living room. Or your garage. One feature of a good grading system is that those measured by it generally regard it as fair and reasonable not the case here. Simmering ( 难 以 平 息 的 ) resentment is seldom an aid to education. (51)And so your next step should be to discuss your concerns with your teacher or the principal. 47. The ninth grader thought that his art teacher should have given him. (a higher grade) 48. According to the answer, a teacher should have the freedom to to encourage learning. (select a method of grading) 2

3 49. We learn from the answer that a student who gets a 100 should still work hard and keep. (improving) 50. The example of Rembrandt s painting suggests that a distinction should be made between. (effort and accomplishment) 51. The ninth grader is advised to go to his teacher or the principal to. (discuss his concerns) ( 二 ) 答 案 定 位 热 身 练 习 ( 答 案 见 最 后 一 页 ) 热 身 练 习 难 度 较 小, 主 要 是 训 练 准 确 定 位 答 案 位 置, 题 干 信 息 在 原 文 的 同 义 词 / 短 语 和 结 构 题 目 多 为 直 接 答 案 练 习 1: The long years of food shortage in Britain have suddenly given way to apparent abundance. Stores and shops are choked with food. Rationing ( 定 量 供 应 ) is virtually suspended, and overseas suppliers have been asked to hold back deliveries. Yet, instead of joy, there is widespread uneasiness and confusion. Why do food prices keep on rising, when there seems to be so much more food about? Is the abundance only temporary, or has it come to stay? Does it mean that we need to think less now about producing more food at home? No one knows what to expect. The recent growth of export surpluses on the world food market has certainly been unexpectedly great, partly because a strange sequence of two successful grain harvests. North America is now being followed by a third. Most of Britain s overseas suppliers of meat, too, are offering more this year and home production has also risen. But the effect of all this on the food situation in this country has been made worse by a simultaneous rise in food prices, due chiefly to the gradual cutting down of government support for food. The shops are overstocked with food not only because there is more food available, but also because people, frightened by high prices, are buying less of it. Moreover, the rise in domestic prices has come at a time when world prices have begun to fall, with the result that imported food, with the exception of grain, is often cheaper than the home produced variety. And now grain prices, too, are falling. Consumers are beginning to ask why they should not be enabled to benefit from this trend. The significance of these developments is not lost on farmers. The older generation have seen it all happen before. Despite the present price and market guarantees, farmers fear they are about to be squeezed between cheap food imports and a shrinking home market. Present production is running at 51 per cent above pre war levels, and the government has called for an expansion to 60 per cent by 1956; but repeated Ministerial advice is carrying little weight and the expansion programme is not working very well. 47. People feel about the food situation in Britain. 48. To some extent, world food market has more food export as a result of. 49. Food prices rise mainly because of the. 50. People in Britain have reduced their food purchase due to. 51. Despite the rise of food prices, farmers worry that they may be. 练 习 2 It is natural for young people to be critical of their parents at times and to blame them for most of the misunderstandings between them. They have always complained, more or less justly, that their parents are out of touch with modern ways; that they are possessive and dominant that they do not trust their children to deal with crises; that they talk too much about certain problems and that they have no sense of humour, at least in parent child relationships. I think it is true that parents often underestimate their teenage children and also forget how they themselves felt when young. 3

4 Young people often irritate their parents with their choices in clothes and hairstyles, in entertainers and music. This is not their motive. They feel cut off from the adult world into which they have not yet been accepted. So they create a culture and society of their own. Then, if it turns out that their music or entertainers or vocabulary or clothes or hairstyles irritate their parents, this gives them additional enjoyment. They feel they are superior, at least in a small way, and that they are leaders in style and taste. Sometimes you are resistant, and proud because you do not want your parents to approve of what you do. If they did approve, it looks as if you are betraying your own age group. But in that case, you are assuming that you are the underdog: you can t win but at least you can keep your honour. This is a passive way of looking at things. It is natural enough after long years of childhood, when you were completely under your parents control. But it ignores the fact that you are now beginning to be responsible for yourself. If you plan to control your life, co operation can be part of that plan. You can charm others, especially parents, into doing things the ways you want. You can impress others with your sense of responsibility and initiative, so that they will give you the authority to do what you want to do. 47. The teenagers think their parents are lack of in dealing with their relationships. 48. The author believes that parents do not remember their own. 49. Parents are often made angry by their children s. 50. If parents support children s behaviors, the latter would think they have. 51. If children want to be permitted to do what they like, they can show their parents. 第 四 节 历 年 真 题 深 度 解 析 从 真 题 中 发 现 熟 悉 规 律, 检 验 校 正 自 己 的 思 路 具 体 做 法 是, 做 题 时 在 原 文 标 出 与 题 目 信 息 对 应 的 句 子, 将 其 中 的 答 案 部 分 画 圈 以 便 课 后 反 刍, 增 强 语 感, 总 结 规 律 2006 年 12 月 I ve heard from and talked to many people who described how Mother Nature simplified their lives for them. They d lost their home and many or all of their possessions through fires, floods, earthquakes, or some other disaster. Losing everything you own under such circumstances can be distressing, but the people I ve heard from all saw their loss, ultimately as a blessing. The fire saved us the agony of deciding what to keep and what to get rid of, one woman wrote. And once all those things were no longer there, she and her husband saw how they had weighed them down and complicate their lives. There was so much stuff we never used and that was just taking up space. We vowed when we started over, we d replace only what we needed, and this time we d do it right. We ve kept our promise: we don t have much now, but what we have is exactly what we want. Though we ve never had a catastrophic loss such as that, Gibbs and I did have a close call shortly before we decided to simplify. At that time we lived in a fire zone. One night a firestorm rages through and destroyed over six hundred homes in our community. That tragedy gave us the opportunity to look objectively at the goods we d accumulated. We saw that there was so much we could get rid of and only never miss, but be better off without. Having almost lost it all, we found it much easier to let go of the things we knew we d never use again. Obviously, there s a tremendous difference between getting rid of possessions and losing them through a natural disaster without having a say in the matter. And this is not to minimize the tragedy and pain such a loss can 4

5 generate. But you might think about how you would approach the acquisition process if you had it to do all over again. Look around your home and make a list of what you would replace. Make another list of things you wouldn t acquire again no matter what, and in fact would be happy to be rid of. When you re ready to start unloading some of your stuff, that list will be a good place to start. 47. Many people whose possessions were destroyed in natural disasters eventually considered their loss. 48. Now that all their possessions were lost in the fire, the woman and her husband felt that their lives had been. 49. What do we know about the author s house from the sentence Gibbs and I did have a close call... (Line 1 2, Para. 4)? 50. According to the author, getting rid of possessions and losing them through a natural disaster are vastly. 51. What does the author suggest people do with unnecessary things? 2007 年 6 月 Google is a world famous company, with its headquarters in Mountain View, California. It was set up in a Silicon Valley garage in 1998, and inflated ( 膨 胀 ) with the Internet bubble. Even when everything around it collapsed the company kept on inflating. Google s search engine is so widespread across the world that search became Google, and google became a verb. The world fell in love with the effective, fascinatingly fast technology. Google owes much of its success to the brilliance of S. Brin and L. Page, but also to a series of fortunate events. It was Page who, at Stanford in 1996, initiated the academic project that eventually became Google s search engine. Brin, who had met Page at a student orientation a year earlier, joined the project early on. They were both Ph.D. candidates when they devised the search engine which was better than the rest and, without any marketing, spread by word of mouth from early adopters to, eventually, your grandmother. Their breakthrough, simply put, was that when their search engine crawled the Web, it did more than just look for word matches, it also tallied ( 统 计 ) and ranked a host of other critical factors like how websites link to one another. That delivered far better results than anything else. Brin and Page meant to name their creation Googol (the mathematical term for the number 1 followed by 100 zeroes), but someone misspelled the word so it stuck as Google. They raised money from prescient ( 有 先 见 之 明 的 ) professors and venture capitalists, and moved off campus to turn Google into business. Perhaps their biggest stroke of luck came early on when they tried to sell their technology to other search engines, but no one met their price, and they built it up on their own. The next breakthrough came in 2000, when Google figured out how to make money with its invention. It had lots of users, but almost no one was paying. The solution turned out to be advertising, and it s not an exaggeration to say that Google is now essentially an advertising company, given that that s the source of nearly all its revenue. Today it is a giant advertising company, worth $100 billion. 47. Apart from a series of fortunate events, what is it that has made Google so successful? 48. Google s search engine originated from started by L. Page. 49. How did Google s search engine spread all over the world? 50. Brin and Page decided to set up their own business because no one would. 51. The revenue of the Google company is largely generated from. 5

6 2007 年 12 月 Men, these days, are embracing fatherhood with the round the clock involvement their partners have always dreamed of handling night feedings, packing lunches and bandaging knees. But unlike women, many find they re negotiating their new roles with little support or information. Men in my generation (aged 25 40) have a fear of becoming dads because we have no role models, says Jon Smith, a writer. They often find themselves excluded from mothers support networks, and are eyed warily ( 警 觉 地 ) on the playground. The challenge is particularly evident in the work place. There, men are still expected to be breadwinners climbing the corporate ladder: traditionally minded bosses are often unsympathetic to family needs. In Denmark most new fathers only take two weeks of paternity leave ( 父 亲 的 陪 产 假 ) even though they are allowed 34 days. As much as if not more so than women, fathers struggle to be taken seriously when they request flexible arrangements. Though Wilfried Fritz Maring, 54, a data bank and Internet specialist with German firm FIZ Karlsruhe, feels that the time he spends with his daughter outweighs any disadvantages, he admits, With my decision to work from home I dismissed any opportunity for promotion. Mind sets ( 思 维 定 势 ) are changing gradually. When Maring had a daughter, the company equipped him with a home office and allowed him to choose a job that could be performed from there. Danish telecom company TDC initiated an internal campaign last year to encourage dads to take paternity leave: 97 percent now do. When an employee goes on paternity leave and is with his kids, he gets a new kind of training: in how to keep cool under stress. says spokesperson Christine Elberg Holm. For a new generation of dads, kids may come before the company - but it s a shift that benefits both. 47. Unlike women, men often get little support or information from. 48. Besides supporting the family, men were also expected to. 49. Like women, men hope that their desire for a flexible schedule will be. 50. When Maring was on paternity leave, he was allowed by his company to work. 51. Christine Holm believes paternity leave provides a new kind of training for men in that it can help them cope with 年 6 月 If movie trailers( 预 告 片 )are supposed to cause a reaction, the preview for "United 93" more than succeeds. Featuring no famous actors, it begins with images of a beautiful morning and passengers boarding an airplane. It takes you a minute to realize what the movie s even about. That s when a plane hits the World Trade Center. The effect is visceral( 震 撼 心 灵 的 ). When the trailer played before "Inside Man" last week at a Hollywood theater, audience members began calling out, "Too soon!" In New York City, the response was even more dramatic. The Loews theater in Manhattan took the rare step of pulling the trailer from its screens after several complaints. United 93 is the first feature film to deal explicitly with the events of September 11, 2001, and is certain to ignite an emotional debate. Is it too soon? Should the film have been made at all? More to the point, will anyone want to see it? Other 9/11 projects are on the way as the fifth anniversary of the attacks approaches, most notably Oliver Stone's " World Trade Center." but as the forerunner, United 93 will take most of the heat, whether it deserves it or not. The real United 93 crashed in a Pennsylvania field after 40 passengers and crew fought back against the terrorists. Writer director Paul Greengrass has gone to great lengths to be respectful in his depiction of what occurred, proceeding with the film only after securing the approval of every victim's family. "Was I surprised at the agreement? Yes. Very. Usually there re one or two families who're more reluctant," Greengrass writes in an e mail. "I was surprised at the extraordinary way the United 93 families have welcomed us into their lives and 6

7 shared their experiences with us." Carole O'Hare, a family member, says, They were very open and honest with us, and they made us a part of this whole project. Universal, which is releasing the film, plans to donate 10% of its opening weekend gross to the Flight 93 National Memorial Fund. That hasn't stopped criticism that the studio is exploiting a national tragedy. O Hare thinks that s unfair. This story has to be told to honor the passengers and crew for what they did, she says. But more than that, it raises awareness. Our ports aren t secure. Our borders aren t secure. Our airlines still aren t secure, and this is what happens when you re not secure. That s the message I want people to hear. 47. The trailer for United 93 succeeded in when it played in the theaters in Hollywood and New York City. 48. The movie United 93 is sure to give rise to. 49. What did writer director Paul Greengrass obtain before he proceeded with the movie? 50. Universal, which is releasing United 93, has been criticized for. 51. Carole O Hare thinks that besides honoring the passengers and crew for what they did, the purpose of telling the story is to about security 年 12 月 One of the major producers of athletic footwear, with 2002 sales of over $10 billion, is a company called Nike, with corporate headquarters in Beaverton, Oregon. Forbes magazine identified Nike s president, Philip Knight, as the 53rd richestman in the world in But Nike has not always been a large multimillion dollar organization. In fact, Knight started the company by selling shoes from the back of his car at track meets. In the late1950s Philip Knight was a middle distance runner on the University of Oregon track team, coached by Bill Bowerman. One of the top track coaches in the U.S., Bowerman was also known for experimenting with the design of running shoes in an attempt to make them lighter and more shock absorbent. After attending Oregon, Knight moved on to do graduate work at Stanford University; his MBA thesis was on marketing athletic shoes. Once he received his degree, Knight traveled to Japan to contact the Onitsuka Tiger Company, a manufacturer of athletic shoes. Knight convinced the company s officials of the potential for its product in the U.S. In 1963 he received his first shipment of Tiger shoes, 200 pairs in total. In 1964, Knight and Bowerman contributed $500 each to from Blue Ribbon Sports, the predecessor of Nike. In the first few years, Knight distributed shoes out of his car at local track meets. The first employees hired by Knight were former college athletes. The company did not have the money to hire experts, and there was no established athletic footwear industry in North America from which to recruit those knowledgeable in the field. In its early years the organization operated in an unconventional manner that characterized its innovative and entrepreneurial approach to the industry. Communication was informal; people discussed ideas and issues in the hallways, on a run, or over a beer. There was little task differentiation. There were no job descriptions, rigid reporting systems, or detailed rules and regulations. The team spirit and shared values of the athletes on Bowerman s teams carried over and provided the basis for the collegial style of management that characterized the early years of Nikes. 47. While serving as a track coach, Bowerman tried to design running shoes that were. 48. During his visit to Japan, Knight convinced the officials of the Onitsuka Tiger Company that its product would have. 49. Blue Ribbon Sports as unable to hire experts due to the absence of in North America. 50. In the early years of Nike, communication within the company was usually carried out. 51. What qualities of Bowerman s teams formed the basis of Nike s early management style?. 7

8 2009 年 6 月 There is nothing new about TV and fashion magazines giving girls unhealthy ideas about how thin they need to be in order to be considered beautiful. What is surprising is the method psychologists at the University of Texas have come up with to keep girls from developing eating disorders. Their main weapon against superskinny (role) models: a brand of civil disobedience dubbed body activism. Since 2001, more than 1,000 high school and college students in the U.S. have participated in the Body Project, which works by getting girls to understand how they have been buying into the notion that you have to be thin to be happy or successful. After critiquing ( 评 论 ) the so called thin ideal by writing essays and role playing with their peers, participants are directed to come up with and execute small, nonviolent acts. They include slipping notes saying Love your body the way it is into dieting books at stores like Borders and writing letters to Mattel, makers of the impossibly proportioned Barbie doll. According to a study in the latest issue of the Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, the risk of developing eating disorders was reduced 61% among Body Project participants. And they continued to exhibit positive body image attitudes as long as three years after completing the program, which consists, of four one hour sessions. Such lasting effects may be due to girls realizing not only how they were being influenced but also who was benefiting from the societal pressure to be thin. These people who promote the perfect body really don t care about you at all, says Kelsey Hertel, a high school junior and Body Project veteran in Eugene, Oregon. They purposefully make you feel like less of a person so you ll buy their stuff and they ll make money. 47. Where do girls get the notion that they need to be thin in order to be considered beautiful? 48. By promoting body activism, University of Texas psychologists aim to prevent. 49. According to the author, Mattel s Barbie dolls are. 50. The positive effects of the Body Project may last up to. 51. One Body Project participant says that the real motive of those who promote the perfect body is to 年 12 月 Many countries have made it illegal to chat into a hand held mobile phone while driving. But the latest research further confirms that the danger lies less in what a motorist s hands do when he takes a call than in what the conversation does to his brain. Even using a hands free device can divert a driver s attention to an alarming extent. Melina Kunar of the University of Warwick, and Todd Horowitz of the Harvard Medical School ran a series of experiments in which two groups of volunteers had to pay attention and respond to a series of moving tasks on a computer screen that were reckoned equivalent in difficulty to driving. One group was left undistracted while the other had to engage in a conversation using a speakerphone. As Kunar and Horowitz report, those who were making the equivalent of a hands free call had an average reaction time 212 milliseconds slower than those who were not. That, they calculate, would add 5.7 metres to the braking distance of a car travelling at 100kph. They also found that the group using the hands free kit made 83% more errors in their tasks than those who were not talking. To try to understand more about why this was, they tried two further tests. In one, members of a group were asked simply to repeat words spoken by the caller. In the other, they had to think of a word that began with the last letter of the word they had just heard. Those only repeating words performed the same as those with no distraction, but those with the more complicated task showed even worse reaction times an average of 480 milliseconds extra delay. This shows that when people have to consider the information they hear carefully, it can impair their driving ability significantly. Punishing people for using hand held gadgets while driving is difficult enough, even though they can be seen 8

9 from outside the car. Persuading people to switch their phones off altogether when they get behind the wheel might be the only answer. Who knows, they might even come to enjoy not having to take calls. 47. Carrying on a mobile phone conversation while one is driving is considered dangerous because it seriously distracts. 48. In the experiments, the two groups of volunteers were asked to handle a series of moving tasks which were considered. 49. Results of the experiments show that those who were making the equivalent of a hands free call took to react than those who were not. 50. Further experiments reveal that participants tend to respond with extra delay if they are required to do. 51. The author believes persuasion, rather than, might be the only way to stop people from using mobile phones while driving 年 6 月 ( 参 考 技 巧 部 分 ) 2010 年 12 月 Most young boys are trained to believe that men should be strong, tough, cool, and detached. Thus, they learn early to hide vulnerable emotions such as love, joy, and sadness because they believe that such feelings are feminine and imply weakness. Over time, some men become strangers to their own emotional lives. It seems that men with traditional views of masculinity are more likely to suppress outward emotions and to fear emotions, supposedly because such feelings may lead to a loss of composure ( 镇 定 ). Keep in mind, however, that this view is challenged by some researchers. As with many gender gaps, differences in emotionality tend to be small, inconsistent, and dependent on the situation. For instance, Robertson and colleagues found that males who were more traditionally masculine were more emotionally expressive in a structured exercise than when they were simply asked to talk about their emotions. Males difficulty with tender emotions has serious consequences. First, suppressed emotions can contribute to stress related disorders. And worse, men are less likely than women to seek help from health professionals. Second, men s emotional inexpressiveness can cause problems in their relationships with partners and children. For example, men who endorse traditional masculine norms report lower relationship satisfaction, as do their female partners. Further, children whose fathers are warm, loving, and accepting toward them have higher self esteem and lower rates of aggression and behavior problems. On a positive note, fathers are increasingly involving themselves with their children. And 30 percent of fathers report that they take equal or greater responsibility for their children than their working wives do. One emotion males are allowed to express is anger. Sometimes this anger translates into physical aggression or violence. Men commit nearly 90 percent of violent crimes in the United States and almost all sexual assaults. 47. Most young boys have been trained to believe that men who show tender feelings are considered to be. 48. Some men believe that if they expressed their emotions openly they might. 49. According to the author, men who suppress their emotions may develop. 50. Men who observe traditional masculine norms are said to derive less satisfaction from. 51. When males get angry, they can become or even commit violence. 9

10 第 五 节 技 能 进 阶 练 习 技 能 巩 固 提 高 练 习 练 习 1 The case for college has been accepted without question for more than a generation. All high school graduates ought to go, says conventional wisdom and statistical evidence, because college will help them earn more money, and learn to be more responsible citizens. But college has never been able to work its magic for everyone. And now that close to half our high school graduates are attending, those who don t fit the pattern are becoming more numerous, and more obvious. College graduates are selling shoes and driving taxis; college students interfere with each other s experiments and write false letters of recommendation in the intense competition for admission to graduate school. Others find no stimulation in their studies, and drop out often encouraged by college administrators. Some observers say the fault is with the young people themselves they are spoiled and they are expecting too much. But that s a condemnation of the students as a whole, and doesn t explain all campus unhappiness. Others blame the state of the world, and they are partly right. We ve been told that young people have to go to college because our economy can t absorb an army of untrained eighteen year olds. But disappointed graduates are learning that it can no longer absorb an army of trained twenty two year olds, either. Some adventuresome educators and campus watchers have openly begun to suggest that college may not be the best, the proper, the only place for every young person after the completion of high school. We may have been looking at all those surveys and statistics upside down, it seems, and through the rosy glow of our own remembered college experiences. Perhaps college doesn t make people intelligent, ambitious, happy, liberal, quick learning people are merely the ones who have been attracted to college in the first place. And perhaps all those successful college graduates would have been successful whether they had gone to college or not. This is heresy ( 异 端 邪 说 ) to those of us who have been brought up to believe that if a little schooling is good, more has to be much better. But contrary evidence is beginning to mount up. 47. People believe high school graduates should go to college as it enables them to. 48. Some college students quit because they find studies. 49. Some observers attribute the reasons to young people who. 50. The economic reason for college education failure is that there are job opportunities than needed. 51. Some adventuresome educators argue that our emphasis on higher education may be influenced by of our own. 练 习 2: To call someone bird brained in English means you think that person is silly or stupid. But will this description soon disappear from use in the light of recent research? It seems the English may have been unfair in association bird s brains with stupidity. In an attempt to find out how different creatures see the world, psychologists at Brown University in the USA have been comparing the behaviour of birds and humans. One experiment has involved teaching pigeons to recognize letters of the English alphabet. The birds study in classrooms, which are boxes equipped with a computer. After about four days of studying a particular letter, the pigeon has to pick out that letters from several displayed on the computer screen. Three male pigeons have learnt to distinguish all twenty six letters of the alphabet in this way. A computer record of the birds four month study period has shown surprising similarities between the pigeons and human performance. Pigeons and people find the same letters easy, or hard, to tell apart. For example, 92 per cent of the time the pigeons could tell the letter D from the letter Z. But when faced with U and V (often 10

11 confused by English children), the pigeons were right only 34 per cent of the time. The results of the experiments so far have led psychologists to conclude that pigeons and humans observe things in similar ways. This suggests that there is something fundamental about the recognition process. If scientists could only discover just what this recognition process is it could be very useful for computer designers. The disadvantage of a present computer is that it can only do what a human being has programmed it to do and the programmer must give the computer precise, logical instructions. Maybe in the future, though, computers will be able to think like human beings. 47. Recent study suggests that the expression bird brained might be out of use as it is. 48. Psychologists have been experimenting with pigeons to discover. 49. Humans and Pigeons find it difficult to tell the differences between letters. 50. There are similarities in observing things by pigeons and humans because of. 51. The research may help computer designers if scientists learn more about. 技 能 强 化 练 习 : 练 习 1: A hundred years ago it was assumed and scientifically proved by economists that the laws of society made it necessary to have a vast army of poor and jobless people in order to keep the economy going. Today, hardly anybody would dare to voice this principle. It is generally accepted that nobody should be excluded from the wealth Western industrialized countries, a system of insurance has been introduced which guarantees everyone a minimum of subsistence ( 生 活 维 持 费 ) in case of unemployment, sickness and old age. I would go one step further and argue that, even if these conditions are not present, everyone has the right to receive the means to subsist ( 维 持 生 活 ), in other words, he can claim this subsistence minimum without having to have any reason. I would suggest, however, that it should be limited to a definite period of time, let s say two years, so as to avoid the encouraging of an abnormal attitude which refused any kind of social obligation. This may sound like a fantastic proposal, but so, I think, our insurance system would have sounded to people a hundred years ago. The main objection to such a scheme would be that if each person were entitled to receive minimum support, people would not work. This assumption rests on the fallacy of the inherent laziness in human nature, actually, aside from abnormally lazy people, there would be very few who would not want to earn more than the minimum, and who would prefer to do nothing rather than work. 47. A century ago, people used to think that the existence of poverty and unemployment was. 48. Nowadays, when people are out of job or ill, their life can be sustained by. 49. The author thinks that people s request for a minimum aid to support their life does not need. 50. The author sets a two year limit to his proposal in order not to encourage people who do not want to. 51. People would oppose the author s plan as they believe humans are. 练 习 2 We all know that the normal human daily cycle of activity is of some 7 8 hours sleep alternation with some hours wakefulness and that, broadly speaking, the sleep normally coincides with the hours of darkness. Our present concern is with how easily and to what extent this cycle can be modified. The question is no mere academic one. The ease, for example, with which people can change from working in the day to working at night is a question of growing importance in industry where automation calls for 11

12 round the clock working of machines. It normally takes from five days to one week for a person to adapt to reversed routine of sleep and wakefulness, sleeping during the day and working at night. Unfortunately, it is often the case in industry that shifts are changed every week; a person may work from 12 midnight to 8 a.m. one week, 8 a.m. to 4 p.m. the next, and 4 p.m. to 12 midnight the third and so on. This means that no sooner has he got used to one routine than he has to change to another, so that much of his time is spent neither working nor sleeping very efficiently. The only real solution appears to be to hand over the night shift to a number of permanent night workers. An interesting study of the domestic life and health of night shift workers was carried out by Brown in She found a high incidence ( 发 生 率 ) of disturbed sleep and other disorders among those on alternating day and night shifts, but no abnormal occurrence of these phenomena among those on permanent night work. This latter system then appears to be the best long term policy, but meanwhile something may be done to relieve the strains of alternate day and night work by selecting those people who can adapt most quickly to the changes of routine. One way of knowing when a person has adapted is by measuring his body temperature. People engaged in normal daytime work will have a high temperature during the hours of wakefulness and a low one at night; when they change to night work the pattern will only gradually go back to match the new routine and the speed with which it does so parallels, broadly speaking, the adaptation of the body as a whole, particularly in terms of performance. Therefore, by taking body temperature at intervals of two hours throughout the period of wakefulness it can be seen how quickly a person can adapt to a reversed routine, and this could be used as a basis for selection. So far, however, such a form of selection does not seem to have been applied in practice. 47. We are now concerned with the of the daily cycle. 48. Some people need to work on shifting hours in industries that require. 49. If shifts are changed frequently, workers work or sleep will become less. 50. To improve the 24 hour working system, the better way is to keep some people. 51. Taking body temperature once two hours may let us know a person s.. 练 习 3: Mobility of individual members and family groups tends to split up family relationships. Occasionally the movement of a family away from a situation which has been the source of friction results in greater family organization, but on the whole mobility is disorganizing. Individuals and families are involved in three types of mobility: movement in space, movement up or down in social status, and the movement of ideas. These are termed respectively spatial, vertical, and ideational mobility. A great increase in spatial mobility has gone along with improvements in rail and water transportation, the invention and use of the automobile, and the availability of airplane passenger service. Spatial mobility results in a decline in the importance of the traditional home with its emphasis on family continuity and stability. It also means that when individual family members or the family as a whole move away from a community, the person or the family is removed from the pressures of relatives, friends, and community institutions for conventionality and stability. Even more important is the fact that spatial mobility permits some members of a family to come in contact with and possibly adopt attitudes, values, and ways of thinking different from those held by other family members. The presence of different attitudes, values, and ways of thinking with in a family may, and often does, result in conflict and family disorganization. Potential disorganization is present in those families in which the husband, wife, and children are spatially separated over a long period, or are living together but see each other only briefly because of different work schedules. One index of the increase in vertical mobility is the great increase in the proportion of sons, and to some 12

13 extent daughters, who engage in occupations other than those of the parents. Another index of vertical mobility is the degree of intermarriage between racial classes. This occurs almost exclusively between classes which are close to each other. Engaging in a different occupation, or intermarriage, like spatial mobility, allows one to come in contact with different ways of behavior. The increase in ideational mobility is measured by the increase in publications, such as newspapers, periodicals, and books, the increase in the percentage of the population owning radios, and the increase in television sets. All these tend to introduce new ideas into the home. 47. Generally speaking, mobility results in family. 48. The significance of traditional home dropped because of. 49. Disorganization is likely to exist in families where members seldom. 50. Intermarriage and different occupations enable people. 51. The increase in ideational mobility is inclined to. 第 三 节 答 案 定 位 热 身 练 习 参 考 答 案 练 习 uneasy and confused 48. two successful grain harvests 49. gradual cutting down of government support for food 50. high prices 51. squeezed between cheap food imports and a shrinking home market 练 习 a sense of humor 48. feelings when young 49. choices in clothes and hairstyles, in entertainers and music 50. betrayed their own age group 51. the sense of responsibility and initiative 第 四 节 真 题 参 考 答 案 2006 年 12 月 47. as a blessing 48. simplified 49. It needs to be simplified 50. different 51. make a list of the unnecessary things before unloading them 2007 年 6 月 47. The brilliance of S. Brin and L. Page 48. the academic project 49. By word of mouth 50. meet their price 51. advertising 2007 年 12 月 47 from mother s support network. 13

14 48 climb the corporate ladder. 49 taken seriously. 50 at home. / in a home office 51 stress 年 6 月 47. causing a reaction 48. an emotional debate 49. The approval of every victim's family. 50. exploiting a national tragedy 51.raise awareness 2008 年 12 月 47. lighter and more absorbent 48. the potential in the U.S. 49. established athletic footwear industry 50. informally 51. The team spirit and shared values of the athletes 2009 年 6 月 47. TV and fashion magazines 48. girls from developing eating disorders 49. Impossibly proportioned years 51. Make money 2009 年 12 月 47. a driver s attention 48. equivalent in difficulty to driving 49. more time 50. careful thinking/consideration 51. punishment( 网 络 答 案 punishing 错,0.5 分,punish 为 及 物 动 词 ) 2010 年 6 月 ( 略 ) 2010 年 12 月 47. feminine and weak 48. lose composure 49. stress related disorders 50. their relationship with partners 51. aggressive 第 五 节 技 巧 进 阶 练 习 答 案 技 能 巩 固 练 习 练 习 earn more money and become more responsible citizens. 14

15 48. not stimulating/motivating 49. are spoiled and expecting too much 50. fewer 51. the remembered college experiences. 练 习 unfair 48. how different creatures see the world 49. U and V 50. something fundamental about the recognition process 51. what this recognition process is 技 能 强 化 练 习 练 习 necessary 48. a system of insurance 49. to be explained/ a reason/any reason 50. take social obligation 51. lazy by nature/ inherently lazy 练 习 difficulty/ease and degree of the modification 48. round the clock working of machines 49. efficient 50. on permanent night work/ working on night shifts only 51. speed of adaptation to a reversed routine 练 习 disorganization 或 relationship split up 48. spatial mobility 49. stay together 50. to come into contact with different ways of behavior 51. introduce new ideas into the home. 15