Problems with the Firewall Model
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- Molly Wells
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1 Problems with the Firewall Model 1 What, Me Worry? In the early days of the firewall market they were simple devices that were therefore easy to implement and maintain Today they are complex devices that are being aggressively marketted as a panacea in a $100m/year industry 2 Copyright(C) 1999, Marcus J. Ranum - all rights reserved 1
2 Types of Problems Incoming traffic Data equivalence Proxy-versus-whatever Reliance on DNS Content access control Downloadable content Lack of common sense feedback 3 The Incoming Traffic Problem Data streams that are allowed in by firewalls may not be protected Some firewalls perform application specific security on data streams Others do not Sometimes you can t Splits security between firewall and system on backend 4 Copyright(C) 1999, Marcus J. Ranum - all rights reserved 2
3 The Incoming Problem (cont) Attacker Internet SMTP session allowed unmodified through firewall to backend system with a sendmail hole Router w/some screening Firewall SMTP Server w/ sendmail 4.5 Internal Network 5 Service Security It is less important where security is implemented than that it is implemented at all Outside Network Router Firewall Application Host Screening or network level security Screening or network level security, possibly proxy services with additional security Application specific configuration or host security 6 Copyright(C) 1999, Marcus J. Ranum - all rights reserved 3
4 The Incoming Problem (cont) Upshot of the Incoming Traffic Problem is that firewalls are going to increasingly depend on host security at the backend So why have the firewall at all? 7 Data Equivalence Problem Firewalls are not an effective information control technology Covert Channel: a data transmission channel based on encoding data within another set of events Overt Channel: a data transmission channel based on tunnelling one protocol within another E.g.: TCP/IP over (don t laugh, I did it) 8 Copyright(C) 1999, Marcus J. Ranum - all rights reserved 4
5 Data Equivalence Problem (cont) Eventually, if enough data is going back and forth through your firewall it is no longer a firewall. it is a router 9 Data Equivalence Problem (cont) WWW is greatest example of data equivalence problem today Many applications (soon to be many more) tunnel traffic over HTTP PointCast includes HTTP tunnelling and automatic file/executable update A firewall admin can t effectively block it 10 Copyright(C) 1999, Marcus J. Ranum - all rights reserved 5
6 Proxy-Versus-Whatever Firewall market has grown from $1m/year to nearly $100m/year Commoditization means vendors will be aggressive in searching for ways to discriminate their products Mostly based on labelling: XYZ sucks What are the technical differences? 11 Proxy-Versus-Whatever (cont) Proxy: O/S reassembles packets/tcps and presents a stream to proxy application Proxy may perform checks on the data crossing through it Proxy may identify known attacks in data stream and block them then again it may not 12 Copyright(C) 1999, Marcus J. Ranum - all rights reserved 6
7 Proxy-Versus-Whatever (cont) Plug-board proxy Reads data from one destination and copies it bit-for-bit to another This is no different from a router filter Many organizations believe proxy is somehow better Mandated use of plug-board proxy more secure than router filtering 13 Proxy-Versus-Whatever (cont) Stateful packet inspection Engine in kernel space preserves state tables about traffic and sessions Monitors traffic and updates state table Permit or deny based on state and origin of traffic Some application specific state hooks No application specific security checks 14 Copyright(C) 1999, Marcus J. Ranum - all rights reserved 7
8 Proxy-Versus-Whatever (cont) Firewalls are evolving into the same thing Market perception remains a big distinguisher (Some of this is my fault) The open research question is mixing heuristic content filtering into proxy or whatever firewalls to analyse traffic 15 Reliance on DNS We know DNS has serious security problems Most firewall vendors recommend not using DNS for security decisions: rely on IP address instead - like that s a lot harder to spoof :( Firewalls still heavily reliant on DNS for operational purposes routing Web forwarding, etc. 16 Copyright(C) 1999, Marcus J. Ranum - all rights reserved 8
9 Reliance on DNS (cont) Customers frequently rely on DNS within firewall rules 17 Content Access Control Java and ActiveX are here to stay Right now it is nearly impossible to meaningfully filter based on the type of content E.g.: permit download and execution of Java from trusted sources while blocking untrusted What about plain old executables? 18 Copyright(C) 1999, Marcus J. Ranum - all rights reserved 9
10 Content Access Control (cont) Many organizations attempt to block downloading executables from Internet Time-wasting (Doom, Quake) Viral Firewalls usually see such downloads as a compressed executable in a.zip file within a MIME document No way to sort good from bad 19 Downloadable Content Firewalls are becoming increasingly convenient about allowing outgoing access Hackers have not yet developed and fielded download-trojans but they will eventually 20 Copyright(C) 1999, Marcus J. Ranum - all rights reserved 1
11 Download Trojan 3: Attacker waits to catch callback Internet 4: return traffic to internally originated connection is permitted Router w/some screening Firewall 1: User executes browser plugin with trojan 2: trojan plugin opens a call out to attacker via TELNET 21 Downloadable Content (cont) Eventually if enough download content trojans are developed there will be a panic among firewall users 22 Copyright(C) 1999, Marcus J. Ranum - all rights reserved 1
12 Lack of Feedback Many products do not provide expert feedback about what users are permitting or denying 98% of users installing firewalls today have little or no security background 23 Lack of Feedback (cont) Are you SURE you want to do that? That s going to hurt! OK 24 Copyright(C) 1999, Marcus J. Ranum - all rights reserved 1
13 Lack of Feedback (cont) Presently no firewall products are known to provide expert feedback Some come with pre-canned policies which is a good start Eventually we will evolve best practices for different categories of organizations firewalls 25 Summary Firewalls, in many ways, are losing their credibility as a defense Incorrectly deployed Aggressively marketted Installed by clueless installers Managed by unsophisticated customers What s next? Firewall effective design span is ending 26 Copyright(C) 1999, Marcus J. Ranum - all rights reserved 1
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