Cloud Computing Response by British Telecommunications PLC to the 2011 European Commission public consultation August 2011

Size: px
Start display at page:

Download "Cloud Computing Response by British Telecommunications PLC to the 2011 European Commission public consultation August 2011"

Transcription

1 Cloud Computing Response by British Telecommunications PLC to the 2011 European Commission public consultation August 2011

2 1 Introduction and Key Points The Commission s Expert Group Report on the Future of Cloud Computing recognised rightly the potential of European telecommunications operators to be major players for a European cloud computing strategy. BT is a cloud user as well as a cloud provider and our comments reflect both perspectives. In the new IP based environment BT is heavily expanding its cloud offers in particular for multi site customers in more than 170 countries, whether they are global companies or institutions. Our services are primarily provided over virtual private networks, which require endto-end connectivity, whether across a country, across Europe and across the globe. Regulated wholesale access is therefore a key component, which requires more consideration in the context of a European cloud computing strategy. Such access has been problematic, but fundamental in deploying multinational VPN networks for us across the EU - based on access to Private circuits or Partial Private circuits. As cloud services become more mainstream and thus dependent on typically residential type access products and super fast broadband, regulated access to such mainstream access services will be equally essential to the effective development of cloud services. While wholesale access regulation for broad band is enshrined in the European electronic communications framework, it lacks in many European markets effective implementation and this is potentially deteriorating as these markets move to fibre based access for broadband. In most key markets outside the EU, the situation is even worse including the USA special access area. Access regulation is either nonexistent or still in its infancy. Some markets even refuse to recognise the need for its introduction, thereby causing serious distortion of competition not only in their home market, but also with global consequences. Other areas which need to be addressed in order to promote the provision of EU cloud services are the need for common standards, interoperability and data portability to avoid a lock-in of customers. If cloud computing begins to fulfil the potential predicted for it, also digital inclusion will become increasingly significant. Affordable network access and terminal devices will be necessary components in promoting inclusion but not sufficient. 2 BT s approach to Cloud Computing BT s views on cloud computing are not based on the layered definition Infrastructure Platform Software as-a-service but inspired by its key characteristics: Scalable Multi-tenant IT: Massive scalability using Utility Computing model, multi-tenancy is an essential characteristic Enabled by the Network: Cloud computing only exists because IP Networking makes it ubiquitous and reachable Efficient Utilisation of IT resource: Multi-tenant usage patterns result in efficiency gains from diverse statistical usage Pay as you Use: Replace Capex intensity with flexibility of a shared model, pay as you consume also motivates users to release server capacity after use

3 Agile IT deployments: Cloud makes it possible to test new applications and new businesses without long term commitment and fixed costs, concept-to-market (C2M) cycles regularly reduced by a factor of 10. BT provides services in all the above areas, offers consultancy to help organisations optimise their operations using the cloud and works closely with customers to adapt services to their specific needs. BT s overall approach to address regulatory issues not only in the context of cloud computing - is one which favours an environment for competition, innovation, security and customer choice. We believe that economic bottlenecks (such as local communications access networks, radio spectrum and premium content should attract proportionate regulation. In parallel, however, we believe that new business models and new industries must be given the scope to grow and develop, and that pre-emptive regulation (beyond basic concerns around privacy, consumer protection and interoperability where warranted) should be avoided. Otherwise EU competitiveness will lose out to US and Asian interests; indeed a global approach to principles in the cloud area would be wise. Cloud computing offers scope for great efficiency gains for businesses, SMEs notably, and individuals; and also enhances the ability of the ICT sector to deliver carbon efficiencies. 3 Data Protection BT is involved in outsourced processing and storage of personal data for some of the EU s largest collections of sensitive personal data, e.g. the UK s National Health Service. For cloud computing we see the following areas as essential to be looked at: Conflicts between data protection and information requirements under other regulations - Those are increasingly common e.g. in financial services (whistle-blowing, Sarbanes-Oxley, Swift), transport (airline passenger data) and law enforcement (criminal and civil matters). International data transfers - Mechanisms need to be improved. For intra-group transfers the BCR regime may be less onerous than it has been previously, but combined with the model contacts regime, the system overall is unduly burdensome and has lots of delays. Welcome would be simplification and alternative mechanisms not reliant on prior permissions or notifications. Applicable law - It would be helpful if the approach adopted in the sphere of data protection is aligned with the approach adopted for other areas of law relating to cloud computing (e.g. cybercrime). Coordination with other authorities at global level would be equally helpful. Two of the keys to provide effective cloud computing services are data back-up and server load balancing. This means that the same data may often be found in two places at the same time, and may be switched rapidly between servers on a regular basis. An approach focused on the geographic location of specified equipment is unlikely to provide an answer to current problems. Controller and Processor - Current definitions (Controller, Processor, and Personal Data) are more complicated today. Reluctance by some non-eu service providers to recognise the functional approach to allocation of responsibilities promulgated by the Article 29 WP has resulted in contrived solutions with no real legal certainty. The notion of a Processor (effectively as agent) simply performing a set of operations at behest and instruction of a Controller is largely an

4 outmoded one. Today, the outsourced supplier itself takes increasingly specific decisions on data processing based on general instructions, thus acting more akin to a data controller itself, acting jointly with the user in this respect. Data Storage and Data Flows - Cloud service providers should have the flexibility to determine their own data storage solution, be it centralised or multijurisdictional, static or dynamic, or a combination. Unreasonable constraints risk stifling innovation and the benefits derived from cloud. Against this background, it is essential to avoid prescriptive approaches and to ensure commercial flexibility. Barriers such as country obligations to locate data or servers within their border, such as the approach being taken in Greece regarding implementation of the Data Retention Directive, should be assiduously avoided. It should be noted that the approach taken by Greece is contrary to guidance produced by the Data Retention Experts Group created by the European Commission. See also our response to the Commission s Data Protection consultation: bt_en.pdf 4 Embracing Interoperability 4.1 Interoperability and data portability issues It is necessary to distinguish between interoperability (using multiple cloud services simultaneously within a single usage scenario) and portability (the ability for a customer to move between providers of cloud services or in-house systems). Both will be required but portability is expected to be more tractable in the short term. Commercial providers of cloud services are not strongly motivated to support portability away from their services, particularly in terms of exporting data where there are barriers in terms of both formats and performance (e.g. time taken to export datasets). Data protection and privacy constraints cause significant issues. Lack of transparency of where and how data is stored and processed is a significant inhibitor to the adoption of cloud services for applications involving personal data. Regulatory and audit requirements are also important for applications in a number of sectors and are typically not supported by cloud service providers. Uncertainties associated with liability, governance of data are significant issues. Data has a tangible value not only for enterprises but also for individuals who are increasingly using cloud services for storing of music, photos, file backup etc. There is a perceived (or actual) loss of control when a decision to use cloud services is made, and a need for trust in the provider, potentially over the long term. The ability to move to an alternative provider or out of the cloud is important in mitigating risk but obligations and expectations are often not clear. Validation and audit of the way that cloud providers treat customer data during and after the term of any SLA is not easy. Their operations are opaque which makes risk assessment and management by the customer difficult

5 4.2. Existing or emerging interoperability standards The current focus is largely on computing infrastructure provided as a service over the Internet. This market is dominated by a small number of large providers, although there are many more specialised players differentiated in various ways. Mainstream adoption of managed services based on cloud technologies by large corporate customers is still at an early stage. Current market offerings are better suited to start-ups (without established IT estate) and specific projects, rather than to critical enterprise systems. There is some existing standards activity associated with cloud, and a perceived high level of interest in cloud standards. However, the most meaningful activity is currently in DMTF (VMAN and OVF initiatives) and OGF (OCCI). There is strong focus on virtualization technologies where the motivation for technical interworking is clearest. Major industry players in these initiatives are IT companies, predominantly US-based. Existing IT and Internet standards provide a good basis for cloud interoperability and portability, although there is currently a lack of consistency in the way cloud service providers select and support these standards. There are numerous initiatives aimed at standards to support cloud computing. However, most of these are at an early stage of maturity typically seeking to define terms, collect use cases and derive requirements. Among the standards specifically targeted at server virtualisation and cloud, OVF (DMTF) is a fairly mature standards activity which provides a way of packaging VM images for multiple hypervisors. This is supported by major vendors and gives some level of VM portability. OCCI (OGF) provides standard interfaces to cloud infrastructure services, allowing virtual computing environments to be described and specified. There are several technical solutions and initiatives which can support interoperability and portability between clouds, including Globus Online/ GridFTP etc for high-volume data movement, and dataliberation.org (Google API for data import/export). Standards to support development of the market are important, but industry consensus is much less mature, although ETSI, ITU and the TeleManagement Forum all have initiatives seeking to represent the interests of service providers, network operators and associated suppliers Missing Standards to enable interoperability and portability Users need control over, and to be able to take responsibility for, their own applications and data, both when dealing with a single cloud service provider for a particular application and in federated scenarios where multiple independent cloud providers are used to support a single complex application. Standard representations and abstractions of cloud service operations and management, exposed to users, are required. At a technical level this includes robust and consistent approaches to naming and addressing of (virtual) resources, and representations of connection to other (independent) cloud infrastructures and platforms. Standard descriptions of policies for handling personal, sensitive or regulated data are necessary. These need to be linked to clear statements of compliance to relevant regulations and offer standard facilities for validation and audit.

6 Clear processes and procedures for importing and exporting data to cloud providers in portability scenarios are required. Standard protocols for wide-area messaging in federated clouds are also needed in federated clouds, supporting both the transfer of (transactional) data and of relevant management information. There are several frequently cited barriers to adoption of cloud services. Those where standards can be expected to have a role include: The closer integration of computing and network resources, including interfaces between cloud to networking and data movement. The network is still a significant blind spot for many of the computing-focused standards efforts and is essential both for access by customers and for interworking between cloud providers. Clearly defined SLAs supporting comparisons between providers. 5. Public Sector Cloud We believe that as part of the overall Single Market Act work, the focus on getting public procurement fair and open across the EU27 is vitally important, not least for ICT-related contracts. 6. Future Research and Innovation Programmes 6.1 Key aspects that researchers are working on At the basic infrastructure component level, compute virtualisation is now reasonably mature and addressed by commercial and open source activities (e.g. VMWare, Citrix, Microsoft, KVM). Storage and data management is an important topic. Cloud computing applications frequently involve large datasets, much more difficult to relocate than executable software or virtual machine images. Integration of computation and data/storage is a major research topic. At the infrastructure level the recent research trend is towards federated and hybrid (e.g. private/public, bursting ) cloud deployment models. This is important in allowing users control over their own applications and data, and flexibility in choice of infrastructure provider for particular functionality in different parts of the world. Significant attention has also been paid to service architectures typically by generalising enterprise service oriented architectures, although there are still open issues: Specific security challenges e.g. explicit support for privacy in the use of cloud applications Building of fault-tolerant applications based on cloud computing infrastructures and dependable approaches to test and verification. Deploy and manage complex applications (e.g. multi-tier, geographically distributed) Enterprise adoption of cloud computing for mainstream applications (as opposed to one-off or self-contained projects) is inhibited by the difficulty of migrating existing (legacy) applications to cloud. Research is now underway with the important aim to develop robust software engineering tools and techniques for cloud computing.

7 A major focus has been on the accessibility of cloud computing to users who are not experts in ICT often referred to as service front-ends, incl. individuals with smartphones, tablets etc. acting as thin clients to online applications. Targeted research here aims amongst others at scientists and engineers. Cloud computing approaches to simulation, modelling and management have the potential to enable new, more efficient ways for science and engineering. Big science already makes good use of many of these techniques (and e-science initiatives have contributed many of the technical solutions underpinning grid and cloud computing), but much science worldwide is carried out by small teams, typically lacking access to expertise in effective use of ICT infrastructures Further required research Technical aspects of cloud computing have been the subject of academic and collaborative research for a few years now, building largely on previous work in Grid and e-science. A number of the research activities described above are at an early stage and will require additional work in coming years. Management of hybrid deployments, including federations of on/off premises infrastructures and integration with existing enterprise systems involves a number of complex issues. It requires the ability to manage multiple interdependent virtual machines and data resources, geographically distributed, with explicit dependencies on communication networks, including wide-area (Internet, NGN, wireless). Support for time critical or real-time and interactive applications will also require additional research. Applications associated with pervasive data and control systems (e.g. Internet of Things) are well suited to the principles of cloud computing but today s cloud systems and services would be significantly challenged. Monitoring and protection of critical infrastructure could be an important application of cloud technologies but dependability of cloud services needs to be assured. 6.3 Areas for public funding Public R&I funding is probably not appropriate for development of component systems and technologies which are likely to emerge from commercial research. Pre-competitive research with a focus on integration, interoperability and dependability at scale would be useful and is unlikely to be feasible without public funding. Building explicit support for development and exploitation of new cloud infrastructures into R&I funding for other areas of science and engineering would also be desirable. 7 Global Solutions for Global Problems 7.1 Key issues Cloud computing is inherently a global technology. Ubiquitous networking means that cloud services need to be unrestricted by physical location and geographical boundaries. Their adoption as integral components of enterprise operations means that national borders are becoming less relevant for global businesses. This raises serious issues in regulation relating to telecommunications, data protection, corporate governance, taxation and intellectual property.

8 The Commission expert report underlines the opportunities for EU firms, particularly those with a background in telecommunications. We see that economies of scale and scope will be the key sources of competitive advantages in an all-ip environment where (a) computer servers and software are the principal engines for production of electronic communications services and (b) data transport, data storage, and data processing will increasingly be offered as a single package particular to businesses. The EU market is remarkably open for such services. It seeks to ensure that the bottleneck regulation of the Electronic Communications Framework is applied to IP data transport services. This is not the case in many key markets outside the EU, in particular not in the US. US providers are consequently able to use their access to the EU market to enhance the economies of scale already offered by a large home market. On the other hand, a large part of Europe s potential cloud service exports to the US and other key markets remains blocked. This severely limits the size of the addressable global market for European exporters of cloud services. Cloud Computing can help addressing global problems. It promises availability of previously inaccessible high performance computing and data resources which can be used to improve efficiency of many activities with major impact on global priorities: 1. More efficient use of energy and natural resources in delivering IT solutions themselves. 2. Improved processes for mitigating climate change, water management, energy management supply-side and demand-side - through monitoring, modelling and automated control. 3. Cooperative activities in science, incl. long-term curation and archival of large scientific datasets of global significance e.g. genomics, pharmaceuticals, biology, earth observation, ecology, seismic activity and astronomy. 7.2 The way forward If the European Commission aims to promote a European cloud industry with telecom companies as major players, the issue of lack of effective wholesale access regulation is important as are issues arising from diverging national data protection rules. Both need to be addressed from a global perspective. In respect to the former the EU would benefit from greater focus on: o o o opening of third country markets for Virtual Private Network (VPN) services at multilateral as well as bilateral level (WTO, FTA negotiations, regulatory dialogues, TEC) lifting the non-tariff barriers (NTBs) which result from inadequate application of the WTO Telecommunications Reference Paper lifting the non-tariff barriers which derive from national requirements relating to encryption and customer premises equipment. For providers of cloud computing services to business customers using VPNs local access links must be considered as an essential facility.

9 The European Commission and its US counterparts recently negotiated a set of ICT principles to be promoted vis à vis other third country markets. While we welcome and support the initiative as very helpful for the IT services industry active also in the cloud, principle 9 dealing with Interconnection falls short of the access needs described above. We think that common principles in the cloud area across key jurisdiction e.g. regarding transborder data flows and data privacy, would be very valuable not least in assessing jurisdictional aspects. A Treaty or even an MRA may be a bridge too far here, but at least agreeing a set of common norms to be implemented by the EU and US and Japan would be valuable e.g. for dialogue with the BRICS nations. The challenges and opportunities raised by cloud computing are large and complex with the technical issues probably among the more straightforward to address. Early dialogue and consensus building is important and it must therefore be made easy for key stakeholders to engage. Commitment to cooperation between existing fora to address clearly defined issues is then required. In general, we would urge however to limit for practical reasons the number of fora where global issues related to cloud computing are discussed. For further information, please contact: Tilmann Kupfer, BT Group tilmann.kupfer@bt.com Offices worldwide British Telecommunications plc 2004 Registered office: 81 Newgate Street, London EC1A 7AJ Registered in England No:

Clouding the issue. Why a mix of on-premises, public and private cloud-based solutions could be the future

Clouding the issue. Why a mix of on-premises, public and private cloud-based solutions could be the future Clouding the issue Why a mix of on-premises, public and private cloud-based solutions could be the future 2 Financial services providers need to choose carefully when it comes to cloud computing It s fair

More information

The NREN s core activities are in providing network and associated services to its user community that usually comprises:

The NREN s core activities are in providing network and associated services to its user community that usually comprises: 3 NREN and its Users The NREN s core activities are in providing network and associated services to its user community that usually comprises: Higher education institutions and possibly other levels of

More information

White Paper on CLOUD COMPUTING

White Paper on CLOUD COMPUTING White Paper on CLOUD COMPUTING INDEX 1. Introduction 2. Features of Cloud Computing 3. Benefits of Cloud computing 4. Service models of Cloud Computing 5. Deployment models of Cloud Computing 6. Examples

More information

A Decision Maker s Guide to Cloud Computing and Managed Hosting

A Decision Maker s Guide to Cloud Computing and Managed Hosting A Decision Maker s Guide to Cloud Computing and Managed Hosting A Rackspace White Paper Autumn 2009 Executive Summary Organisations have never had so much choice about how to buy their hosting. From Dedicated

More information

How To Make Money From Your Desktop Virtualisation

How To Make Money From Your Desktop Virtualisation Shaping the future of end user services Desktop Virtualisation Seize opportunities before others see them Remember the not-too-distant past?» Traditional thin client systems struggled to gain wide acceptance,

More information

Unleashing the Potential of Cloud Computing in Europe - What is it and what does it mean for me?

Unleashing the Potential of Cloud Computing in Europe - What is it and what does it mean for me? EUROPEAN COMMISSION MEMO Brussels, 27 September 2012 Unleashing the Potential of Cloud Computing in Europe - What is it and what does it mean for me? See also IP/12/1025 What is Cloud Computing? Cloud

More information

A Decision-Maker s Guide to Cloud Computing and Managed Hosting

A Decision-Maker s Guide to Cloud Computing and Managed Hosting A Decision-Maker s Guide to Cloud Computing and Managed Hosting A Rackspace White Paper Autumn 2009 Summary Organisations have never had so much choice about how to host their applications. From Dedicated

More information

Cloud Computing and Security Risk Analysis Qing Liu Technology Architect STREAM Technology Lab Qing.Liu@chi.frb.org

Cloud Computing and Security Risk Analysis Qing Liu Technology Architect STREAM Technology Lab Qing.Liu@chi.frb.org Cloud Computing and Security Risk Analysis Qing Liu Technology Architect STREAM Technology Lab Qing.Liu@chi.frb.org 1 Disclaimers This presentation provides education on Cloud Computing and its security

More information

Cloud Computing: Contracting and Compliance Issues for In-House Counsel

Cloud Computing: Contracting and Compliance Issues for In-House Counsel International In-house Counsel Journal Vol. 6, No. 23, Spring 2013, 1 Cloud Computing: Contracting and Compliance Issues for In-House Counsel SHAHAB AHMED Director Legal and Corporate Affairs, Microsoft,

More information

BT Contact Centre Efficiency Quick Start Service

BT Contact Centre Efficiency Quick Start Service BT Contact Centre Efficiency Quick Start Service The BT Contact Centre Efficiency (CCE) Quick Start service enables organisations to understand how efficiently their contact centres are performing. It

More information

Article 29 Working Party Issues Opinion on Cloud Computing

Article 29 Working Party Issues Opinion on Cloud Computing Client Alert Global Regulatory Enforcement If you have questions or would like additional information on the material covered in this Alert, please contact one of the authors: Cynthia O Donoghue Partner,

More information

CPNI VIEWPOINT 01/2010 CLOUD COMPUTING

CPNI VIEWPOINT 01/2010 CLOUD COMPUTING CPNI VIEWPOINT 01/2010 CLOUD COMPUTING MARCH 2010 Acknowledgements This viewpoint is based upon a research document compiled on behalf of CPNI by Deloitte. The findings presented here have been subjected

More information

Data Protection Act 1998. Guidance on the use of cloud computing

Data Protection Act 1998. Guidance on the use of cloud computing Data Protection Act 1998 Guidance on the use of cloud computing Contents Overview... 2 Introduction... 2 What is cloud computing?... 3 Definitions... 3 Deployment models... 4 Service models... 5 Layered

More information

Use Logics. The Customer Benefits of Separation. Nick WHITE INTUG

Use Logics. The Customer Benefits of Separation. Nick WHITE INTUG Use Logics The Customer Benefits of Separation Nick WHITE INTUG T he International Telecommunications Users Group (INTUG) was formed in 1974 to ensure that the voice of the user was heard wherever regulatory

More information

Vodafone response to the European Commission consultation on governance of the Internet of Things

Vodafone response to the European Commission consultation on governance of the Internet of Things Vodafone response to the European Commission consultation on governance of the Internet of Things Vodafone welcomes comments or questions on the views expressed in this submission. They should be directed

More information

JISC. Technical Review of Using Cloud for Research. Guidance Notes to Cloud Infrastructure Service Providers. Introduction

JISC. Technical Review of Using Cloud for Research. Guidance Notes to Cloud Infrastructure Service Providers. Introduction JISC Technical Review of Using Cloud for Research Guidance Notes to Cloud Infrastructure Service Providers May, 2010 Introduction Provisioning and maintenance of research computing facilities is a core

More information

Specialist Cloud Services Lot 4 Cloud Printing and Imaging Consultancy Services

Specialist Cloud Services Lot 4 Cloud Printing and Imaging Consultancy Services Specialist Cloud Services Lot 4 Cloud Printing and Imaging Consultancy Services Page 1 1 Contents 1 Contents... 2 2 Transcend360 Introduction... 3 3 Service overview... 4 3.1 Service introduction... 4

More information

INTRODUCTION TO CLOUD COMPUTING CEN483 PARALLEL AND DISTRIBUTED SYSTEMS

INTRODUCTION TO CLOUD COMPUTING CEN483 PARALLEL AND DISTRIBUTED SYSTEMS INTRODUCTION TO CLOUD COMPUTING CEN483 PARALLEL AND DISTRIBUTED SYSTEMS CLOUD COMPUTING Cloud computing is a model for enabling convenient, ondemand network access to a shared pool of configurable computing

More information

Cloud Computing in the Enterprise An Overview. For INF 5890 IT & Management Ben Eaton 24/04/2013

Cloud Computing in the Enterprise An Overview. For INF 5890 IT & Management Ben Eaton 24/04/2013 Cloud Computing in the Enterprise An Overview For INF 5890 IT & Management Ben Eaton 24/04/2013 Cloud Computing in the Enterprise Background Defining the Cloud Issues of Cloud Governance Issue of Cloud

More information

Draft WGIG Issues Paper on E-Commerce

Draft WGIG Issues Paper on E-Commerce Draft WGIG Issues Paper on E-Commerce This paper is a 'draft working paper' reflecting the preliminary findings of the drafting team. It has been subject to review by all WGIG members, but it does not

More information

ETSI TR 102 997 V1.1.1 (2010-04) Technical Report. CLOUD; Initial analysis of standardization requirements for Cloud services

ETSI TR 102 997 V1.1.1 (2010-04) Technical Report. CLOUD; Initial analysis of standardization requirements for Cloud services TR 102 997 V1.1.1 (2010-04) Technical Report CLOUD; Initial analysis of standardization requirements for Cloud services 2 TR 102 997 V1.1.1 (2010-04) Reference DTR/GRID-0009 StdRqmtsCloudSvc Keywords service,

More information

Leveraging the Private Cloud for Competitive Advantage

Leveraging the Private Cloud for Competitive Advantage Leveraging the Private Cloud for Competitive Advantage Introduction While it is universally accepted that organisations will leverage cloud solutions to service their IT needs, there is a lack of clarity

More information

BT Unified Trading communication. The Future Delivered

BT Unified Trading communication. The Future Delivered BT Unified Trading communication The Future Delivered BT Unified Trading With BT Unified Trading, BT has set the benchmark for the next decade by bringing to market a powerful, cost-effective, software-based

More information

Draft v0.7 July 27th. The Nature of Cloud

Draft v0.7 July 27th. The Nature of Cloud Global Security Challenges of Cloud Computing Extended Abstract Sadie Creese and Paul Hopkins International Digital Laboratory, WMG, University of Warwick, UK There is no doubt that cloud computing is

More information

Promoting Cross Border Data Flows Priorities for the Business Community

Promoting Cross Border Data Flows Priorities for the Business Community Promoting Cross Border Data Flows Priorities for the Business Community The movement of electronic information across borders is critical to businesses around the world, but the international rules governing

More information

Public Sector Enterprises and Cloud Computing: Realizing Efficiencies

Public Sector Enterprises and Cloud Computing: Realizing Efficiencies Public Sector Enterprises and Cloud Computing: Realizing Efficiencies Summary Catalyst Cloud technology, and its suitability for public services, continues to be a subject that polarizes CIOs. For some,

More information

The Future of Cloud Computing: Elasticity, Legacy Support, Interoperability and Quality of Service

The Future of Cloud Computing: Elasticity, Legacy Support, Interoperability and Quality of Service The Future of Cloud Computing: Elasticity, Legacy Support, Interoperability and Quality of Service Introduction and overview of the workshop Alex Delis and Michael Pantazoglou, University of Athens www.sucreproject.eu

More information

BT Quick Starts for Retail Banking Customers

BT Quick Starts for Retail Banking Customers BT Quick Starts for Retail Banking Customers An overview of BT s Quick Start services The retail banking industry continues to be heavily influenced by national and international issues including tax regimes,

More information

ETNO Reflection Document in reply to the EC consultation on Future networks and the Internet early challenges regarding the Internet of things

ETNO Reflection Document in reply to the EC consultation on Future networks and the Internet early challenges regarding the Internet of things ETNO Reflection Document in reply to the EC consultation on Future networks and the Internet early challenges regarding the Internet of things November 2008 Executive Summary The Internet of the future

More information

The NREN cloud strategy should be aligned with the European and national policies, but also with the strategies of the member institutions.

The NREN cloud strategy should be aligned with the European and national policies, but also with the strategies of the member institutions. 4 External influences PESTLE Analysis A PESTLE analysis is a useful tool to support the investigation and decision process relating to cloud services. PESTLE in general covers Political, Economic, Social,

More information

A Look into the Cloud

A Look into the Cloud A Look into the Cloud An Allstream White Paper 1 Table of contents Why is everybody talking about the cloud? 1 Trends driving the move to the cloud 1 What actually is the cloud? 2 Private and public clouds

More information

Cloud Computing. Bringing the Cloud into Focus

Cloud Computing. Bringing the Cloud into Focus Cloud Computing Bringing the Cloud into Focus November 2011 Introduction Ken Cochrane CEO, IT/NET Partner, KPGM Performance and Technology National co-leader IT Advisory Services KPMG Andrew Brewin Vice

More information

It s All About Cloud Key Concepts, Players, Platforms And Technologies

It s All About Cloud Key Concepts, Players, Platforms And Technologies It s All About Cloud Key Concepts, Players, Platforms And Technologies 3-day seminar Description Cloud computing has gained a lot of attention in recent years. It has mostly been used for non business

More information

Microsoft Response to DCMS Communications Review for a Digital Age

Microsoft Response to DCMS Communications Review for a Digital Age Microsoft welcomes the opportunity to respond to the Government s consultation on the review of communications support and regulation in the digital age. The UK has one of the world s leading ICT sectors,

More information

CLOUD MIGRATION STRATEGIES

CLOUD MIGRATION STRATEGIES CLOUD MIGRATION STRATEGIES Faculty Contributor: Dr. Rahul De Student Contributors: Mayur Agrawal, Sudheender S Abstract This article identifies the common challenges that typical IT managers face while

More information

A risky business. Why you can t afford to gamble on the resilience of business-critical infrastructure

A risky business. Why you can t afford to gamble on the resilience of business-critical infrastructure A risky business Why you can t afford to gamble on the resilience of business-critical infrastructure Banking on a computer system that never fails? Recent failures in the retail banking system show how

More information

1.1.1 Introduction to Cloud Computing

1.1.1 Introduction to Cloud Computing 1 CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION 1.1 CLOUD COMPUTING 1.1.1 Introduction to Cloud Computing Computing as a service has seen a phenomenal growth in recent years. The primary motivation for this growth has been the

More information

Information & Communication Technology Strategy 2012-15

Information & Communication Technology Strategy 2012-15 Information & Communication Technology Strategy 2012-15 Information & Communication Technology (ICT) 2 Our Vision To provide a contemporary and integrated technological environment, which sustains and

More information

BT Managed Mobility Expenses. Complete visibility and control to reduce your mobile communication costs

BT Managed Mobility Expenses. Complete visibility and control to reduce your mobile communication costs BT Managed Mobility Expenses Complete visibility and control to reduce your mobile communication costs The challenge of spiralling mobility costs Many organisations are struggling to control rising mobility

More information

Cloud Computing in the Enterprise: A Question of Control.. And who has it. INF5210 Ben Eaton 12/11/2013

Cloud Computing in the Enterprise: A Question of Control.. And who has it. INF5210 Ben Eaton 12/11/2013 Cloud Computing in the Enterprise: A Question of Control.. And who has it. INF5210 Ben Eaton 12/11/2013 1 The Cloud We all use it as consumers But I m going to talk about cloud computing in an enterprise

More information

FLEXIANT. Utility Computing on Demand

FLEXIANT. Utility Computing on Demand FLEXIANT Utility Computing on Demand Flexiant Flexiant is a software and services company, one of the world's first public/private Cloud providers. We provide cloud infrastructure software and services

More information

Summary of responses to the public consultation on Cloud computing run by CNIL from October to December 2011 and analysis by CNIL

Summary of responses to the public consultation on Cloud computing run by CNIL from October to December 2011 and analysis by CNIL Summary of responses to the public consultation on Cloud computing run by CNIL from October to December 2011 and analysis by CNIL 1. Definition of Cloud Computing In the public consultation, CNIL defined

More information

Time better spent. Take your organisation somewhere new with Fujitsu Mobile Business Solutions. Reshaping ICT, Reshaping Business

Time better spent. Take your organisation somewhere new with Fujitsu Mobile Business Solutions. Reshaping ICT, Reshaping Business Time better spent Take your organisation somewhere new with Fujitsu Mobile Business Solutions. Reshaping ICT, Reshaping Business Welcome to What would it mean to your organisation if your people were able

More information

Attacking the roadblocks preventing aggressive adoption of Cloud Standards:

Attacking the roadblocks preventing aggressive adoption of Cloud Standards: Attacking the roadblocks preventing aggressive adoption of Cloud Standards: How SNIA and other standards orgs are developing standards that benefit high priority use cases. John Eastman, CTO, Presented

More information

SDN Unlocks New Opportunities for Cloud Service Providers

SDN Unlocks New Opportunities for Cloud Service Providers White Paper SDN Unlocks New Opportunities for Cloud Service Providers Prepared by Caroline Chappell Senior Analyst, Heavy Reading www.heavyreading.com on behalf of www.juniper.net March 2014 Executive

More information

Interoute Virtual Data Centre. Hands on cloud control.

Interoute Virtual Data Centre. Hands on cloud control. Interoute Virtual Data Centre. Hands on cloud control. Scale your computing resource on demand Choose where in Europe you want your data Europe s most trusted and secure network www.interoute.com/vdc Interoute

More information

Specialist Cloud Services Lot 4 Cloud EDRM Consultancy Services

Specialist Cloud Services Lot 4 Cloud EDRM Consultancy Services Specialist Cloud Services Lot 4 Cloud EDRM Consultancy Services Page 1 1 Contents 1 Contents... 2 2 Transcend360 Introduction... 3 3 Service overview... 4 3.1 Service introduction... 4 3.2 Service description...

More information

Trade in Telecommunications and Barriers to it

Trade in Telecommunications and Barriers to it Trade in Telecommunications and Barriers to it OECD Experts Meeting on Telecommunications Services Paris 10 December 2008 Tilmann Kupfer Head of Trade Policy & International Public Affairs BT Group plc

More information

Application of Data Protection Concepts to Cloud Computing

Application of Data Protection Concepts to Cloud Computing Application of Data Protection Concepts to Cloud Computing By Denitza Toptchiyska Abstract: The fast technological development and growing use of cloud computing services require implementation of effective

More information

AskAvanade: Answering the Burning Questions around Cloud Computing

AskAvanade: Answering the Burning Questions around Cloud Computing AskAvanade: Answering the Burning Questions around Cloud Computing There is a great deal of interest in better leveraging the benefits of cloud computing. While there is a lot of excitement about the cloud,

More information

CoIP (Cloud over IP): The Future of Hybrid Networking

CoIP (Cloud over IP): The Future of Hybrid Networking CoIP (Cloud over IP): The Future of Hybrid Networking An overlay virtual network that connects, protects and shields enterprise applications deployed across cloud ecosystems The Cloud is Now a Critical

More information

89% IT Enterprise Services. Optimise your cloud investments with innovative hybrid cloud solutions. Hybrid cloud

89% IT Enterprise Services. Optimise your cloud investments with innovative hybrid cloud solutions. Hybrid cloud IT Enterprise Services Hybrid cloud Choosing the right cloud mix for your enterprise 89% of respondents who signified that deploying some sort of private cloud and hybrid infrastructure is a key priority

More information

Remote Voting Conference

Remote Voting Conference Remote Voting Conference Logical Architecture Connectivity Central IT Infra NIST Best reachability in India for R-Voting Initiative 200+ Physical MPLS POPs across India 5 Regional Data Centre at Pune,

More information

Digital Agenda for Europe Cartagena de Indias, September 1, 2015

Digital Agenda for Europe Cartagena de Indias, September 1, 2015 Digital Agenda for Europe Cartagena de Indias, September 1, 2015 Javier Huerta Bravo From the Digital Agenda (2010)... Commission ICT strategy for 2010-2020 Problems identified: Lack of investment in networks

More information

IaaS Cloud Architectures: Virtualized Data Centers to Federated Cloud Infrastructures

IaaS Cloud Architectures: Virtualized Data Centers to Federated Cloud Infrastructures IaaS Cloud Architectures: Virtualized Data Centers to Federated Cloud Infrastructures Dr. Sanjay P. Ahuja, Ph.D. 2010-14 FIS Distinguished Professor of Computer Science School of Computing, UNF Introduction

More information

S-Series SBC Interconnect Solutions. A GENBAND Application Note May 2009

S-Series SBC Interconnect Solutions. A GENBAND Application Note May 2009 S-Series SBC Interconnect Solutions A GENBAND Application Note May 2009 Business Requirements A ubiquitous global voice service offering is the challenge among today s large service providers. The need

More information

EXPERTISE AN INNOVATIVE PROGRAMME ENABLING YOU TO LEVERAGE BT S CISCO RELATIONSHIP AND TO STIMULATE REVENUE

EXPERTISE AN INNOVATIVE PROGRAMME ENABLING YOU TO LEVERAGE BT S CISCO RELATIONSHIP AND TO STIMULATE REVENUE 1 WE MAKE IT POSSIBLE AN INNOVATIVE PROGRAMME ENABLING YOU TO LEVERAGE BT S CISCO RELATIONSHIP AND EXPERTISE TO STIMULATE REVENUE Join with BT Wholesale and Cisco to go Beyond Connectivity with the BTW

More information

Accelerate with Ampleflex Cloud! Highly adoptable and dependable platform for deploying services and applications into the Cloud. www.ampleflex.

Accelerate with Ampleflex Cloud! Highly adoptable and dependable platform for deploying services and applications into the Cloud. www.ampleflex. Accelerate with Ampleflex Cloud! Highly adoptable and dependable platform for deploying services and applications into the Cloud. www.ampleflex.com The Challenge Enterprises are updating applications to

More information

The Cadence Partnership Service Definition

The Cadence Partnership Service Definition The Cadence Partnership Service Definition About Cadence The Cadence Partnership is an independent management consultancy, specialising in working with a wide range of organisations, solving complex issues

More information

Securing Your Data In The Cloud: an insiders perspective

Securing Your Data In The Cloud: an insiders perspective Securing Your Data In The Cloud: an insiders perspective INTRODUCTION As the increasing use of cloud computing and other technologies is changing the world of data management, keeping your data private

More information

Mobile cloud business

Mobile cloud business 1 Mobile cloud business Sakari Luukkainen 2 Introduction term "cloud" was first used as a metaphor for the Internet, based on the cloud drawing used to depict the Internet as an abstraction of the underlying

More information

DIGITALEUROPE and European Services Forum (ESF) response to the Draft Supervision Rules on Insurance Institutions Adopting Digitalised Operations

DIGITALEUROPE and European Services Forum (ESF) response to the Draft Supervision Rules on Insurance Institutions Adopting Digitalised Operations DIGITALEUROPE and European Services Forum (ESF) response to the Draft Supervision Rules on Insurance Institutions Adopting Digitalised Operations Brussels, October 2015 INTRODUCTION On behalf of the European

More information

The Challenges Posed by BYOD.

The Challenges Posed by BYOD. The Challenges Posed by BYOD. The Challenges Posed by BYOD.... 1 Introduction... 3 Primary Bring Your Own Device Challenges... 3 Enable Workers to Securely Accomplish Business Tasks... 4 Managing Multiple

More information

University of Strathclyde: Information Services Directorate Operational Plan for 2014/15

University of Strathclyde: Information Services Directorate Operational Plan for 2014/15 University of Strathclyde: Information Services Directorate Operational Plan for 2014/15 Enabling the future: transforming our information systems and technology 2014/15 2014/2015 CONTENTS 1 DRIVERS, STRATEGIC

More information

Standards in the RESERVOIR Project

Standards in the RESERVOIR Project IaaS Cloud Interoperability through Standards in the RESERVOIR Project Fermín Galán Márquez Telefónica I+D The research leading to these results is partially supported by the European Community's Seventh

More information

CYBER SECURITY Audit, Test & Compliance

CYBER SECURITY Audit, Test & Compliance www.thalescyberassurance.com CYBER SECURITY Audit, Test & Compliance 02 The Threat 03 About Thales 03 Our Approach 04 Cyber Consulting 05 Vulnerability Assessment 06 Penetration Testing 07 Holistic Audit

More information

Software Defined Networking

Software Defined Networking Software Defined Networking Part 1: The rise of programmable networks Market context Technology concept Business benefits In summary: As IDC points out, the emergence of Software Defined Networking (SDN),

More information

Distributed Systems. Cloud & the Internet of Things. Björn Franke University of Edinburgh, 2015

Distributed Systems. Cloud & the Internet of Things. Björn Franke University of Edinburgh, 2015 Distributed Systems Cloud & the Internet of Things Björn Franke University of Edinburgh, 2015 OVERVIEW Cloud Computing vs. Distributed Computing Examples SAAS, PAAS, IAAS Goals, Types, Characteristics

More information

The Promise and the Reality of a Software Defined Data Center

The Promise and the Reality of a Software Defined Data Center The Promise and the Reality of a Software Defined Data Center Authored by Sponsored by Introduction The traditional IT operational model is highly manual and very hardware centric. As a result, IT infrastructure

More information

Service Definition Document

Service Definition Document Service Definition Document QinetiQ Secure Cloud Protective Monitoring Service (AWARE) QinetiQ Secure Cloud Protective Monitoring Service (DETER) Secure Multi-Tenant Protective Monitoring Service (AWARE)

More information

Defining the Enterprise Cloud

Defining the Enterprise Cloud Defining the Enterprise Cloud David Bartholomew Publication date: February 2012 Defining the Enterprise Cloud Cloud services promise to unlock the value of IT and start to deliver strategic business value.

More information

CLOUDCATALYST. Cloud Trends and Critical Success Factors for European SMEs

CLOUDCATALYST. Cloud Trends and Critical Success Factors for European SMEs CLOUDCATALYST Cloud Trends and Critical Success Factors for European SMEs INDEX CLOUDCATALYST PROJECT: BACKGROUND, OBJECTIVES, OUTPUTS AND TARGETS CLOUD COMPUTING TRENDS: SURVEY DEMOGRAPHICS, KEY FINDINGS

More information

How To Use Bbt 1.1.1 (Bbt) For Business

How To Use Bbt 1.1.1 (Bbt) For Business Service Description 1. Service Description The solution provides business customers a telecommunication solution which contains the following basic elements: Delivery and operation of a hosted PBX service

More information

AVAILABILITY SERVICES CLouD SECuRITY

AVAILABILITY SERVICES CLouD SECuRITY AVAILABILITY SERVICES CLouD SECuRITY Buyer Be aware There is one simple but golden tenet: security in the cloud is exactly the same as security in a physical shared environment and should be approached

More information

1. What are your views on Ofcom s proposed priorities for 2007/2008?

1. What are your views on Ofcom s proposed priorities for 2007/2008? CWU Response to Ofcom s Draft Annual Plan 2007/2008 The Communication Workers Union (CWU) has over 70,000 members working in the UK telecommunications sector. Around three quarters are employed in BT,

More information

Privacy in the Cloud A Microsoft Perspective

Privacy in the Cloud A Microsoft Perspective A Microsoft Perspective November 2010 The information contained in this document represents the current view of Microsoft Corp. on the issues discussed as of the date of publication. Because Microsoft

More information

Making Contact Centres Efficient. Meet the needs of your customers and your business

Making Contact Centres Efficient. Meet the needs of your customers and your business Making Contact Centres Efficient Meet the needs of your customers and your business Customers are different these days Customers today are far more demanding than five years ago. They expect you to be

More information

COMMISSION STAFF WORKING DOCUMENT. Executive Summary of the Impact Assessment. Accompanying the document

COMMISSION STAFF WORKING DOCUMENT. Executive Summary of the Impact Assessment. Accompanying the document EUROPEAN COMMISSION Brussels, 11.9.2013 SWD(2013) 332 final COMMISSION STAFF WORKING DOCUMENT Executive Summary of the Impact Assessment Accompanying the document Proposal for a Regulation of the European

More information

TECHNOLOGY TRANSFER PRESENTS MAX DOLGICER IT S ALL ABOUT CLOUD CONCEPTS, STRATEGIES, ARCHITECTURES, PLAYERS, AND TECHNOLOGIES

TECHNOLOGY TRANSFER PRESENTS MAX DOLGICER IT S ALL ABOUT CLOUD CONCEPTS, STRATEGIES, ARCHITECTURES, PLAYERS, AND TECHNOLOGIES TECHNOLOGY TRANSFER PRESENTS MAX DOLGICER IT S ALL ABOUT CLOUD CONCEPTS, STRATEGIES, ARCHITECTURES, PLAYERS, AND TECHNOLOGIES APRIL 2-4, 2014 RESIDENZA DI RIPETTA - VIA DI RIPETTA, 231 ROME (ITALY) info@technologytransfer.it

More information

How to ensure control and security when moving to SaaS/cloud applications

How to ensure control and security when moving to SaaS/cloud applications How to ensure control and security when moving to SaaS/cloud applications Stéphane Hurtaud Partner Information & Technology Risk Deloitte Laurent de la Vaissière Directeur Information & Technology Risk

More information

Market Definition and Analysis for SMP: A practical guide

Market Definition and Analysis for SMP: A practical guide Market Definition and Analysis for SMP: A practical guide David Rogerson Jim Holmes Incyte Consulting Ltd Incyte Consulting Pty Ltd United Kingdom Australia t/f +44 1324 870429 t/f +61 3 9752 7828 www.incyteconsulting.com

More information

Choosing a global cloud infrastructure provider

Choosing a global cloud infrastructure provider IMAGE: ANIMIND/FOTOLIA.COM Choosing a global cloud infrastructure provider Top considerations for choosing a global cloud infrastructure provider A guide for enterprises considering IaaS services, by Lisa

More information

Fujitsu Dynamic Cloud Bridging today and tomorrow

Fujitsu Dynamic Cloud Bridging today and tomorrow Fujitsu Dynamic Cloud Bridging today and tomorrow Contents Cloud Computing with Fujitsu 3 Fujitsu Dynamic Cloud: Higher Dynamics for Enterprises 4 Fujitsu Dynamic Cloud: Our Offering 6 High Security Standards

More information

ONLINE SERVICES. Business and ICT Service Delivery Redefined

ONLINE SERVICES. Business and ICT Service Delivery Redefined ONLINE SERVICES Business and ICT Service Delivery Redefined RULES AND ROLES Even ten years ago, the rules and roles which governed the provision of ICT business services were very different. Business demands

More information

A new regulatory focus: Regulated Access for Business Markets. Elaine Chow Head of Regulatory Affairs APAC BT Global Services elaine.chow@bt.

A new regulatory focus: Regulated Access for Business Markets. Elaine Chow Head of Regulatory Affairs APAC BT Global Services elaine.chow@bt. A new regulatory focus: Regulated Access for Business Markets Elaine Chow Head of Regulatory Affairs APAC BT Global Services elaine.chow@bt.com Setting the Scene A time of change: Global competition is

More information

Challenges in Hybrid and Federated Cloud Computing

Challenges in Hybrid and Federated Cloud Computing Cloud Day 2011 KTH-SICS Cloud Innovation Center and EIT ICT Labs Kista, Sweden, September 14th, 2011 Challenges in Hybrid and Federated Cloud Computing Ignacio M. Llorente Project Director Acknowledgments

More information

Your complete guide to Cloud Computing

Your complete guide to Cloud Computing Your complete guide to Cloud Computing 1 Doc V1.0 Dec 2013 Table of Contents Hosted Desk- 3 The Cloud and Cloud Computing... 4 The benefits of Cloud Solutions 6 The Cloud is Growing - Rapidly 7 Resolving

More information

Strategic approach to cloud computing deployment

Strategic approach to cloud computing deployment Strategic approach to cloud computing deployment Slavko Gajin, (GN3plus, SA7T1) Datacenter IaaS workshop 2014 11-12. September, 2014 Cloud and NRENs Cloud is the latest big thing affecting NREN users Do

More information

Cloud Workload Migration

Cloud Workload Migration Cover Sheet Cloud Workload Migration Where the Cloud-Based Service Delivery Model Makes Sense Sungard(print)New branding.indd 1 28/03/2014 16:09 Summary of Research A significant majority of applications

More information

Lecture 02a Cloud Computing I

Lecture 02a Cloud Computing I Mobile Cloud Computing Lecture 02a Cloud Computing I 吳 秀 陽 Shiow-yang Wu What is Cloud Computing? Computing with cloud? Mobile Cloud Computing Cloud Computing I 2 Note 1 What is Cloud Computing? Walking

More information

Future of Cloud Computing. Irena Bojanova, Ph.D. UMUC, NIST

Future of Cloud Computing. Irena Bojanova, Ph.D. UMUC, NIST Future of Cloud Computing Irena Bojanova, Ph.D. UMUC, NIST No Longer On The Horizon Essential Characteristics On-demand Self-Service Broad Network Access Resource Pooling Rapid Elasticity Measured Service

More information

IBM 000-281 EXAM QUESTIONS & ANSWERS

IBM 000-281 EXAM QUESTIONS & ANSWERS IBM 000-281 EXAM QUESTIONS & ANSWERS Number: 000-281 Passing Score: 800 Time Limit: 120 min File Version: 58.8 http://www.gratisexam.com/ IBM 000-281 EXAM QUESTIONS & ANSWERS Exam Name: Foundations of

More information

Planning the Migration of Enterprise Applications to the Cloud

Planning the Migration of Enterprise Applications to the Cloud Planning the Migration of Enterprise Applications to the Cloud A Guide to Your Migration Options: Private and Public Clouds, Application Evaluation Criteria, and Application Migration Best Practices Introduction

More information

Big Data Analytics Service Definition G-Cloud 7

Big Data Analytics Service Definition G-Cloud 7 Big Data Analytics Service Definition G-Cloud 7 Big Data Analytics Service Service Overview ThinkingSafe s Big Data Analytics Service allows information to be collected from multiple locations, consolidated

More information

Cloud Workload Migration

Cloud Workload Migration Cover Sheet Infographic Summary Introduction Migration Potential Cloud Applications Security: Myth vs. Reality Data Retrieval Cloud Workload Migration Cloud Control Single vs. Multiple Providers Regulation

More information

Recommendations for companies planning to use Cloud computing services

Recommendations for companies planning to use Cloud computing services Recommendations for companies planning to use Cloud computing services From a legal standpoint, CNIL finds that Cloud computing raises a number of difficulties with regard to compliance with the legislation

More information

BT for Financial Services. Payments. A forward-thinking approach to get ahead of payment trends

BT for Financial Services. Payments. A forward-thinking approach to get ahead of payment trends BT for Financial Services Payments A forward-thinking approach to get ahead of payment trends The future of payments is communications Communications has changed the world of payments. Customers and clients

More information

CEN and CENELEC response to the EC Consultation on Standards in the Digital Single Market: setting priorities and ensuring delivery January 2016

CEN and CENELEC response to the EC Consultation on Standards in the Digital Single Market: setting priorities and ensuring delivery January 2016 CEN Identification number in the EC register: 63623305522-13 CENELEC Identification number in the EC register: 58258552517-56 CEN and CENELEC response to the EC Consultation on Standards in the Digital

More information

Hybrid Cloud Computing

Hybrid Cloud Computing Dr. Marcel Schlatter, IBM Distinguished Engineer, Delivery Technology & Engineering, GTS 10 November 2010 Hybrid Computing Why is it becoming popular, Patterns, Trends, Impact Hybrid Definition and Scope

More information