Extending Black Domain Name List by Using Co-occurrence Relation between DNS Queries
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1 Extending Black Domain Name List by Using Co-occurrence Relation between DNS Queries Kazumichi Sato, Keisuke Ishibashi, Tsuyoshi Toyono, and Nobuhisa Miyake 2010 NTT Information Sharing Platform Laboratories
2 Outline Motivation Method for detecting botnets by using blacklist Coverage of blacklist Proposed Method Extend blacklist by using co-occurrence relation Problems of naively using co-occurrence relation Eliminating popular domain names and heavy user effect Experimental Results Conclusion NTT Information Sharing Platform Laboratories
3 Botnet threats increasing Launching DDoS attacks Sending spam Motivation Stealing personal information Infecting other hosts Finding infected hosts and stopping malicious activities is necessary Infected Hosts Victim Hosts DDoS attack Spam Infecting host NTT Information Sharing Platform Laboratories
4 Black Domain Name List Match black domain names with DNS queries to detect infected hosts Bot sends DNS query to resolve domain name of C&C server Black domain name list created by capturing and analyzing bots Block connections from infected hosts to C&C servers to stop malicious activities DNS server 1. Resolving black domain names Infected hosts DDoS attack Spam Infecting host C&C server evil.com (black domain name) 2. Connecting C&C server and receiving commands Victim hosts 3. Launching attacks NTT Information Sharing Platform Laboratories
5 Problem of Black Domain Name List Blacklist does not cover all black domain names Numerous new bots are observed every day, so we cannot capture all bots Some bots resolve many different black domain names, so it is hard to maintain blacklist (e.g., Conficker worm) NTT Information Sharing Platform Laboratories
6 Extending blacklist Objective of Study Find unknown black domain names Stop malicious activities by blocking connections from infected hosts to C&C servers Using extended blacklist, find unknown infected hosts Alert infected hosts to remove bot NTT Information Sharing Platform Laboratories
7 Assumption One bot resolves several black domain names For redundancy of C&C servers Assumption If two domain names are resolved by the same host frequently and one is black, the other is also black. Known Black Unknown Black NTT Information Sharing Platform Laboratories
8 Approach Overview Unknown Infected Hosts Infected Hosts 4. Find hosts that resolve unknown black domain names 2. Find other domain names resolved by infected hosts 1. Find hosts that resolve known black domain names 2. Calculate score of domain names unknown.evil.com evil.com unknown.evil.com Unknown black 3. Add to blacklist evil.com Known black blacklist NTT Information Sharing Platform Laboratories
9 Our assumption Naive Scoring Method If two domain names are resolved by the same host frequently and one is black, the other is also black. Scoring method by using co-occurrence relation C( d 1, d 2 ) Focus on Co-occurrence relation #hosts that resolve d1 #hosts that resolve d 1 and d or d 2 2 Co-occurrence rate S( d) d m C( d blacklist m, d) Total co-occurrence rate with black domain names If score is high, assume d is black NTT Information Sharing Platform Laboratories
10 Problem of Popular Domain Name Non-infected Hosts Infected Hosts Many non-infected hosts are detected as infected Popular domain name co-occurs with black frequently evil.com Known black evil.com blacklist NTT Information Sharing Platform Laboratories
11 Weight of Number of Non-infected Hosts Focus on number of non-infected hosts that resolve a domain name Popular domain names are resolved by both infected and non-infected hosts Black domain names are resolved by only infected hosts Define weight of number of non-infected hosts W( d) #infected that resolve d #infected that resolve d # non - infected that resolve d If d is popular, W(d) is relatively small If d is popular, value is relatively large NTT Information Sharing Platform Laboratories
12 Problem of Infected Heavy User Non-infected Hosts Infected Heavy User Many non-infected hosts detected as infected Many domain names co-occur with black evil.com Known black evil.com blacklist NTT Information Sharing Platform Laboratories
13 Weight of Number of Queries Focus on number of domain names resolved by infected hosts Add weight of number of queries to naive cooccurrence rate Weighted co-occurrence rate h hoststhat resolved 1 #domain names resolved by 1 and d2 C' ( d1, d2) # hosts that resolve d or d 1 2 h If host is heavy user, value is small and C increases little NTT Information Sharing Platform Laboratories
14 Proposed Scoring Method Eliminate influence of infected heavy user Even if d is resolved by infected heavy user, C increases little S' W ( d ) d m C'( d blacklist m, d ) W ( d ) Eliminate influence of popular domain name If d is popular, W(d) is small NTT Information Sharing Platform Laboratories
15 Evaluation Validated high-scored domain names Applied proposed method to known blacklist and classified 100 high-scored domain names as black, legitimate, or unclear Validated effectiveness of extended blacklist Found hosts that resolved domain names in extended blacklist NTT Information Sharing Platform Laboratories
16 DNS traffic data Dataset Captured during one hour in Feb Blacklist Created by using honeypot during same period Blacklist has about 270 domain names NTT Information Sharing Platform Laboratories
17 Classification Results Domain names for top 100 scores consisted of 39% black, 4% legitimate, and 56% unclear Domain names for top 20 scores 70% black No legitimate domain names included Score Domain Name Result spy.nerashti.com Black bla.bihsecurity.com Black aaaaaaaaaaaaa.locop.net Black icq-msg.com Black mail.tiktikz.com Black x.zwned.com Black evolutiontmz.sytes.net Unclear dcom.anxau.com Black usa.lookin.at Unclear rewt.buyacaddi.com Black Score Domain Name Result unkn0wn Unclear google-analitucs.com/loader/ Black netspace.err0r.info Unclear win32.kernelupdate.info Black free.systemupdates.biz Unclear zjjdtc.3322.org Black ykln.3322.org Unclear dr27.mcboo.com Black china.alwaysproxy.info Black home.najd.us Black NTT Information Sharing Platform Laboratories
18 Details of Unclear Domain Names Some unclear domain names are suspicious Domain name whose subdomain differs from known black domain name ykln.3322.org (zjjdtc.3322.org is known black) Domain name with format <black>.<legitimate> Domain name for DNSBL lookups <IP address>.zen.spamhaus.org NTT Information Sharing Platform Laboratories
19 Finding Unknown Infected Hosts Rate of increase of number of unknown infected hosts is only 3% Insufficient rate Need to improve proposed method NTT Information Sharing Platform Laboratories
20 Conclusion Proposed scoring method for finding unknown black domain names Found unknown black domain names and extended blacklist Stop malicious activities by using extended blacklist more effectively Cannot find unknown infected hosts sufficiently Improve method for finding unknown infected hosts as future work NTT Information Sharing Platform Laboratories
21 Thank You NTT Information Sharing Platform Laboratories
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