Evaluation of inside surface condensation in double glazing window system with insulation spacer: A case study of residential complex
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1 Building and Environment 42 (2007) Evaluation of inside surface condensation in double glazing window system with insulation spacer: A case study of residential complex Seung-Yeong Song a,, Jae-Hun Jo b, Myoung-Souk Yeo b, Young-Don Kim b, Kyoo-Dong Song c a Department of Architecture, Ewha University, 11-1 Daehyun-dong, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul , Korea b Department of Architecture, Seoul National University, Seoul , Korea c School of Architecture, Hanyang University (Ansan), Gyeonggi-do , Korea Received 4 August 2005; received in revised form 26 August 2005; accepted 21 October 2005 Abstract Aluminum spacer used to keep the glass panes apart acts as a thermal bridge that increases the risk of inside surface condensation due to its high thermal conductivity. In this study, the inside surface condensation in double glazing window systems with conventional aluminum spacer and insulation spacers made of thermally broken aluminum and thick-walled plastic, respectively, is evaluated. Evaluation method and judgment criteria for preventing inside surface condensation are suggested. Thermal characteristics of window system in residential unit are analyzed and two-dimensional steady state heat transfer simulation is carried out in order to obtain the lowest inside surface temperature. The results show that the application of insulation spacer can substantially increase the lowest inside surface temperature, temperature difference ratio and inside air humidity for preventing inside surface condensation and satisfy the required minimum temperature difference ratio. r 2005 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. Keywords: Double glazing window system; Surface condensation; Insulation spacer; Warm edge technology 1. Introduction Double glazing window system is commonly used in buildings of today. The insulation performance of this double glazing window system is influenced by many factors such as glass type, thermal breaker in frame, spacer, etc. There have been many attempts to improve the insulation performance of this system such as low-e coating of glass surface, gas-filling between the glass panes, inserting a thermal breaker made of polyurethane or polyamide in frame, etc. However, aluminum spacer that is used to keep the glass panes apart still acts as a thermal bridge that increases the risk of inside surface condensation and heat loss due to its high thermal conductivity. Since inside surface condensation may cause many problems such as obstructing a view, damage to the interior finish, Corresponding author. Tel.: ; fax: address: archssy@ewha.ac.kr (S.-Y. Song). freezing in a colder climate, etc., it is necessary to be prevented (see Fig. 1). Therefore, in this study, the inside surface condensation in double glazing window systems with conventional aluminum spacer and insulation spacers made of thermally broken aluminum and thick-walled plastic, respectively, was evaluated. The window system of residential unit at the A residential complex located in Busan, Korea was selected. The lowest inside surface temperature was calculated by the two-dimensional steady state heat transfer simulation. In this simulation, it was determined whether the inside surface condensation occurred or not under the various combinations of inside air temperature, humidity and outside air temperature by the dimensionless number of temperature difference ratio. In addition, it was examined whether the minimum temperature difference ratio, which was suggested as judgment criteria for preventing inside surface condensation pursuant to Korean Building Code, was satisfied or not /$ - see front matter r 2005 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. doi: /j.buildenv
2 S.-Y. Song et al. / Building and Environment 42 (2007) Nomenclature T DR T is-min T o T i T c T oc temperature difference ratio the lowest inside surface outside air inside air inside air dew point outside air temperature at which the inside surface condensation begins (1C) q 00 heat flux (W/m 2 ) U overall heat transfer coefficient (W/m) h i inside surface heat transfer coefficient (W/ m 2 1C) T is inside surface T DRW the minimum temperature difference ratio to satisfy the insulation performance requirement for window system in the Code 2. Present condition of insulation spacer Spacers are generally made of aluminum and available in a variety of shapes, sizes and finishes. The primary purpose of the spacer is to maintain the air gap between the panes of glass. It also acts as the container of the desiccant and to control the depth of the perimeter sealant. Fig. 2 shows a cross section of a typical dual sealed double glazing unit [1]. A principal weakness that is observed in many multiple glazing units is the heat transfer that occurs through the aluminum spacer. To reduce this heat transfer, a few manufacturers now offer spacers with a significant insulation performance [1]. This reduces the thermal interaction between frame and glazing. In fact, in studies by Harris [2,3], the best insulation spacers were found to reduce the heat transfer through a simple window by 7.5% with conventional air-filled double glazing and by 11% with airfilled low-e double glazing (the performance gets better as the center glazing U-value is increased). The other advantage of insulation spacer is that the temperature of the warm side glass edge is also increased, which explains why insulation spacer was given the name warm edge spacer. With this insulation spacer, the occurrence of inside surface condensation can be reduced in the winter. We summarized the general types and characteristics of insulation spacer based on a market survey as shown in Table Evaluation method of inside surface condensation 3.1. Evaluation index of inside surface condensation The possibility of inside surface condensation occurring depends on the inside air temperature, humidity and outside air temperature. Thus, to evaluate inside surface condensation, we need to know whether the inside surface condensation will or will not occur under the various conditions. If there is an index with which we can determine whether the inside surface condensation will or will not occur under the various combinations of inside air temperature, humidity and outside air temperature, it would be easy to evaluate the inside surface condensation. For this, we can use the temperature difference ratio [4 7]. Temperature difference ratio (T DR ) is defined as the ratio of the difference between the lowest inside surface temperature (T is-min ) and the outside air temperature (T o ) to the difference between the inside air temperature (T i ) and the outside air temperature. Fig. 1. Inside surface condensation and freezing of double glazing window system. Fig. 2. Cross section of a dual sealed double glazing unit.
3 942 ARTICLE IN PRESS S.-Y. Song et al. / Building and Environment 42 (2007) Table 1 Types and characteristics of insulation spacer Types Products (manufacturers) Characteristics Thermally broken aluminum Warm light (Azon) As the two aluminum spacers are adhered to a resin thermal breaker with low Helitherm (Helima) thermal conductivity, heat transfer through spacer is decreased. It is possible to fabricate window system without changing existing equipments and manufacturing methods. Thick-walled plastic Swisspacer (SGG) Extruded FRP spacer is used. Inex (Inex spacer industries) The part that is connected to a sealant is coated with extremely thin aluminum foil for adhesion. Sealant with reinforcement Swiggle strip (Tremco) A thermoplastic mixed with drying agent is attached in aluminum strip and supplied in the form of tape. No additional sealant is required. Thin-walled stainless steel Intercept (PPG) Thin stainless-steel frame is attached to a drying agent. SST spacer (All metal) As thermal conductivity of stainless steel is lower than that of aluminum, the overall insulation performance is improved. Insulating foam Super spacer (Edgetech) Silicone foam rubber spacer is used. Supplied with self-adhesive tapes already in place. steady state conditions, the temperature difference ratio remains constant even though the inside and outside air temperatures change. Therefore, after obtaining the lowest inside surface temperature in any combinations of inside and outside air temperatures, the temperature difference ratio can be calculated using Eq. (1). After organizing Eq. (1) into Eq. (2), Eq. (3) can be calculated by replacing the lowest inside surface temperature with the inside air dew point temperature (T c ). Using Eq. (3), the outside air temperature at which the inside surface condensation begins (T oc ) can be obtained for any conditions. Dew point temperature is the temperature of moist air saturated at the same atmospheric pressure, with the same moisture content as that of the given moist air sample. Relative humidity is the ratio of the water vapor pressure in a given moist air sample to the water vapor pressure in an air sample saturated at the same temperature and atmospheric pressure [8]. At the same temperature and atmospheric pressure, dew point temperature becomes higher as relative humidity is increased. Water vapor pressure can be calculated with temperature and relative humidity and dew point temperature can be calculated with water vapor pressure [9]. The dew point temperature according to relative humidity for the case where the inside air temperature is 20 1C is shown in Table 2. In case where the inside air temperature is 20 1C, the temperature difference ratio and outside air temperature at which the inside surface condensation begins to each inside air humidity are illustrated in Fig. 3. This chart can be easily drawn with the outside air temperature at which the inside Table 2 Dew point temperature according to the relative humidity (temperature 20 1C, atmospheric pressure kpa) Relative humidity (%) Dew point Relative humidity (%) Outside air temperature at which the inside surface condensation begins, T oc ( C) % 30% 40%50% 20% A Dew point Inside relative humidity 60% 70% 80% 90% Temperature difference ratio, TDR (inside air temperature, T i = 20 C) Fig. 3. Temperature difference ratio and outside air temperature at which the inside surface condensation begins to each inside air humidity. B
4 S.-Y. Song et al. / Building and Environment 42 (2007) surface condensation begins obtained by applying the dew point temperature and temperature difference ratio (range: 0 1) to the right-hand side of Eq. (3). T DR ¼ T is- min T o T i T o, (1) T o ¼ T DR T i T is- min ; T is- min ¼ 4T c, (2) T DR 1 T oc ¼ T DR T i T c. (3) T DR 1 Using the temperature difference ratio and chart, the inside surface condensation can be evaluated easily under the various conditions. For example, in case where the inside air temperature, inside air humidity and outside air temperature are 20 1C, 30% and 10 1C, respectively, we can easily presume that the inside surface condensation will not occur when the temperature difference ratio exceeds 0.40 (see the point A in Fig. 3). Or, in case where the inside air temperature, outside air temperature and temperature difference ratio are 20 1C, 15 1C and 0.60, we can easily presume that the inside surface condensation will not occur when inside air humidity falls below 40% (see the point B in Fig. 3) Judgment criteria for preventing inside surface condensation In Korea, the required insulation performance of the window system is specified in the Code of Design Criteria for Energy Efficient Building [10] showing the overall heat transfer coefficient according to the material of window frame, gas layer thickness and type of glazing. In this study, this was used as criteria to decide whether the insulation performance of window system is capable of preventing inside surface condensation. In the steady state condition, heat flux can be calculated with Eq. (4). Inside surface temperature (T is ) can be calculated by using Eq. (5). Eq. (6) can be induced if the lowest inside surface temperature in Eq. (1) is replaced with inside surface temperature in Eq. (5). The minimum temperature difference ratio to satisfy the insulation performance requirement for window system in the Code (T DRW ) can be determined by Eq. (6). q 00 ¼ UðT i T o Þ¼h i ðt i T is Þ, (4) T is ¼ T i U h i ðt i T o Þ, (5) Outside air temperature ( C) January Maximum Average Minimum February March April May June Fig. 4. Annual outside air temperature distribution in Busan, Korea. July August September October November December Year Table 3 Required overall heat transfer coefficient in the Code [10] and the minimum temperature difference ratio to satisfy the insulation performance requirement Type of glazing Required overall heat transfer coefficient (U, W/m 2 1C) according to the material of window frame and the minimum temperature difference ratio to satisfy the insulation performance requirement (T DRW ) Metal Wood Plastic Without thermal breaker With thermal breaker Gas layer thickness (mm) Double glazing U T DRW Double glazing (Low-e) U T DRW Double glazing (Argon-filled) U T DRW Double glazing (Low-e, argon-filled) U T DRW Triple glazing U T DRW Single glazing U T DRW
5 944 ARTICLE IN PRESS S.-Y. Song et al. / Building and Environment 42 (2007) T DRW ¼ T is T o ¼ 1 U. (6) T i T o h i The required overall heat transfer coefficient in the Code (U) and the minimum temperature difference ratio calculated with Eq. (6) by applying the inside surface heat transfer coefficient (h i ) of 8.29 W/m 2 1C [8] are shown in Table 3. In this study, the insulation performance was considered to be suitable to prevent inside surface condensation, as long as the temperature difference ratio calculated by Eq. (1) with the lowest inside surface temperature is higher than the minimum temperature difference ratio to satisfy the insulation performance requirement. 4. Evaluation of inside surface condensation 4.1. Simulation outline In this study, the window system of residential unit at the A residential complex located in Busan, Korea was evaluated. Meteorological information of Busan is shown in Fig. 4 and Table 4. Thermal characteristics of window Table 4 Location and design condition for heating and cooling system sizing of Busan, Korea Latitude Longitude Outside air design condition Winter Summer Dry-bulb Relative humidity (%) Dry-bulb Wet-bulb Table 5 Boundary condition Part Air Surface heat transfer coefficient (W/m 2 1C) Inside 20.0 a 8.29 b Outside 5.3 c 34.0 b Glass cutting plane Adiabatic Analysis condition Convergence tolerance: 1e 006 Relaxation factor: 1.0 a Design condition for inside heating set point temperature. b ASHRAE [8]. c Outside air design condition for heating system sizing of Busan, Korea. Table 6 Input condition for frame cavity heat transfer calculation Radiation model Cavity model Gas fill Emissivity (aluminum to aluminum) Simplified a NFRC b Air Side c Side c a Radiation effects are modeled as an effective conductance based on the temperature and emissivity of the two parallel faces perpendicular to the heat flow [12,13]. b The effective conductivity is calculated based on a rectangle that fully encloses the cavity. Convection correlations are based on the handbook of heat transfer fundamentals [12,14]. c ASHRAE [8]. Table 7 Material property [12] Material Thermal conductivity (W/m 1C) Material Thermal conductivity (W/m 1C) Aluminum Polyisobutylene Desiccant (silica gel) Polyurethane thermal breaker a Glass fiber reinforced composite a Sealant Gasket a This value is measured in the Korea Institute of Construction Materials by the KS L 9016 [15].
6 S.-Y. Song et al. / Building and Environment 42 (2007) Fig. 5. Horizontal section drawing of evaluated window system. Table 8 Thermal characteristics of window system Center of glass U-value (W/m 2 1C) Total window U-value (W/m 2 1C) a a This value is for window system with aluminum spacer. It can be slightly varied with the spacer type. Fig. 6. External appearance of insulation spacer: (a) thermally broken aluminum spacer; (b) thick-walled plastic paper. system were analyzed by Window 5.2 program [11] developed by LBNL. Two-dimensional steady state heat transfer simulation was carried out by Therm 5.2 program [12] developed by LBNL in order to obtain the lowest inside surface temperature. In Therm simulation, inside and outside air temperatures were set to design condition. Surface heat transfer was calculated with surface heat transfer coefficient and temperature difference between surface and adjacent air [12] to simplify calculation. In frame cavity, heat flow was assumed to be horizontal. In horizontal heat flow, governing temperature difference is between the inside and outside vertical walls of the cavity. Radiation and convection effects were modeled as an effective conductance and effective conductivity, respectively. It was assumed that material is isotropic and material property is not varied with temperature changes. The boundary condition, input condition and material property for the simulation are shown in Tables 5 7. To increase the accuracy of simulation result, thermal conductivities of main materials composing the insulation spacers were measured particularly in the Korea Institute of Construction Materials by the KS L 9016 [15] Description of evaluated region and simulation cases Horizontal section drawing of evaluated window system is illustrated in Fig. 5. A 24 mm double clear glass with aluminum spacer was applied (6 mm clear glass+12 mm air space+6 mm clear glass). Mullion was made of aluminum and polyurethane thermal breaker was used in frame. Thermal characteristics of window system are shown in Table 8. In this study, thermally broken aluminum and thickwalled plastic spacers (see Fig. 6) were selected as alternatives to conventional aluminum spacer, taking into consideration the unit cost and its applicability to the domestic window system manufacturer. Geometry and material of each spacer are illustrated in Fig. 7. Fig. 7. Geometry and material of each spacer for evaluation: (a) conventional aluminum spacer; (b) thermally broken aluminum spacer; (c) thick-walled plastic spacer.
7 946 ARTICLE IN PRESS S.-Y. Song et al. / Building and Environment 42 (2007) Simulation results and discussions The lowest inside surface temperature was found at the meeting point of glazing and mullion (see Figs. 8 13). According to the two-dimensional steady state heat transfer simulation results, in case of conventional aluminum spacer, the lowest inside surface temperature and temperature difference ratio were 7.6 1C and 0.51, respectively. In case of thermally broken aluminum spacer, the lowest inside surface temperature and temperature Fig. 8. Temperature distribution (for conventional aluminum spacer) Fig. 11. Heat flux distribution (for thermally broken aluminum spacer). Fig. 9. Heat flux distribution (for conventional aluminum spacer). Fig. 12. Temperature distribution (for thick-walled plastic spacer). Fig. 10. Temperature distribution (for thermally broken aluminum spacer). Fig. 13. Heat flux distribution (for thick-walled plastic spacer).
8 S.-Y. Song et al. / Building and Environment 42 (2007) difference ratio were 9.8 1C and 0.60, respectively. In case of thick-walled plastic spacer, the lowest inside surface temperature and temperature difference ratio were C and 0.63, respectively. In case of thick-walled plastic spacer, the lowest inside surface temperature and temperature difference ratio were increased by 3.1 1C and 0.12, respectively, compared with the case of conventional aluminum spacer. The inside heating set point temperature of residential unit was designed to be C and the outside air design temperature for heating system sizing of Busan was 5.3 1C. The inside (18, 20 and 22 1C, respectively) and outside ( 15, 10, 5.3, 0 and 5 1C, respectively) conditions at which points inside surface condensation occurred were evaluated using the temperature difference ratio (see Tables 9 11). According to the results, in case of conventional aluminum spacer, when the inside air temperature was 18, 20 and 22 1C, respectively, and the outside air temperature fell below 5.3 1C, inside surface condensation occurred when inside air humidity was over 47%, 44% and 42%, respectively, and when the outside air temperature fell below 0 1C, inside surface condensation occurred when inside air humidity was over 57%, 53% and 50%, Table 9 Temperature difference ratio and the condition at which points inside surface condensation occurs (for conventional aluminum spacer) The lowest inside surface 7.6 Temperature difference ratio ( )/( ) ¼ 0.51 Inside air temperature (1C) Outside air Inside air humidity (%) Chart of temperature difference ratio
9 948 ARTICLE IN PRESS S.-Y. Song et al. / Building and Environment 42 (2007) respectively. On the other hand, in case of thermally broken aluminum spacer, when the outside air temperature fell below 5.3 1C, inside surface condensation occurred when inside air humidity was over 54%, 52% and 49%, respectively, and when the outside air temperature fell below 0 1C, inside surface condensation occurred when inside air humidity was over 63%, 60% and 57%, respectively. the same condition, inside air humidity for preventing inside surface condensation was higher than the case of conventional aluminum spacer by 6 8%. In case of thick-walled plastic spacer, when the outside air temperature fell below 5.3 1C, inside surface condensation occurred when inside air humidity was over 57%, 55% and 52%, respectively, and when the outside air temperature fell below 0 1C, inside surface condensation occurred when inside air humidity was over 65%, 62% and 60%, respectively. the same condition, inside air humidity for preventing inside surface condensation was higher than the case of conventional aluminum spacer by 8 11%. In the window system of residential unit, the minimum temperature difference ratio to satisfy the insulation performance requirement was found to be 0.60 (see Table 3, material of window frame: metal with thermal breaker, air layer thickness: 12 mm, type of glazing: double Table 10 Temperature difference ratio and the condition at which points inside surface condensation occurs (for thermally broken aluminum spacer) The lowest inside surface 9.8 Temperature difference ratio ( )/( ) ¼ 0.60 Inside air Outside air Inside air humidity (%) Chart of temperature difference ratio
10 S.-Y. Song et al. / Building and Environment 42 (2007) Table 11 Temperature difference ratio and the condition at which points inside surface condensation occurs (for thick-walled plastic spacer) The lowest inside surface 10.7 Temperature difference ratio ( )/( ) ¼ 0.63 Inside air Outside air Inside air humidity (%) Chart of temperature difference ratio glazing). We found that only the cases of thermally broken aluminum and thick-walled plastic spacers could satisfy the required minimum temperature difference ratio for preventing inside surface condensation. 5. Summary and conclusions Based on a market survey, the general types and characteristics of insulation spacer were investigated. Insulation spacers made of thermally broken aluminum and thickwalled plastic, respectively, were selected as alternatives to conventional aluminum spacer for evaluation. An evaluation method of inside surface condensation using the temperature difference ratio was suggested and illustrated on a chart. The minimum temperature difference ratio to satisfy the insulation performance requirement pursuant to Korean Building Code according to the material of window frame, air layer thickness and type of glazing was suggested as judgment criteria for preventing inside surface condensation. Window system of residential unit at the A residential complex located in Busan, Korea was evaluated. It was found that the thermally broken aluminum spacer, compared with conventional aluminum spacer, increased
11 950 ARTICLE IN PRESS S.-Y. Song et al. / Building and Environment 42 (2007) the lowest inside surface temperature and temperature difference ratio by 2.2 1C and 0.09, respectively. the same condition, inside air humidity for preventing inside surface condensation was higher by 6 8%. The thickwalled plastic spacer, compared with conventional aluminum spacer, increased the lowest inside surface temperature and temperature difference ratio by 3.1 1C and 0.12, respectively. the same condition, inside air humidity for preventing inside surface condensation was higher by 8 11%. Furthermore, only the cases of applying the insulation spacers could satisfy the required minimum temperature difference ratio for preventing inside surface condensation. Acknowledgments This work was supported by Regional Research Centers Program of the Korean Ministry of Education & Human Resources Development (2005). References [1] CWCT. FACETS, version 1, disk number 090. Bath, UK: Center for Window and Cladding Technology; [2] Harris RM. Guide to the design of thermally improved glazing frames. Bath, UK: Center for Window and Cladding Technology; [3] Harris RM, Ledbetter SR. Use of advanced glazings. Bath, UK: Center for Window and Cladding Technology; [4] Oreszczyn T. Insulating the existing housing stock: mould growth and cold bridging. In: Susan R, Hancock M, editors. Energy efficient building: a design guide. New York: Halsted Press; p [5] Song SY, Kim KW. The optimal insulation detail of the thermal bridge adjacent to hot water pipes in apartment building slabs. In: Proceedings of the fifth IBPSA international conference, vol. II Prague, Czech Republic, p [6] Song SY. A study on the method for determining the optimal insulation details of thermal bridge at the joints of apartment building envelope. Ph.D. dissertation, Seoul National University, Korea, [7] Song SY. A study on the method for determining the extent of insulation to prevent the inside surface condensation at thermal bridges. Journal of Architectural Institute of Korea 1998;14(10): [8] ASHRAE. ASHRAE handbook 2001 fundamentals. Atlanta: American Society of Heating, Refrigerating and Air-Conditioning Engineers, Inc.; [9] Udagawa M. HVAC calculation methods by personal computer. Seoul, Korea: Hanmi; [10] MOCT. The Code of Design Criteria for Energy Efficient Building (no ). Seoul, Korea: Ministry of Construction & Transportation; [11] Windows and Daylighting Group. Window 5.0 user manual (LBL ). Berkeley: LBNL; [12] Windows and Daylighting Group. Therm 2.0 (LBL rev.2). Berkeley: LBNL; [13] ASHRAE. ASHRAE standard 142P, Standard method for determining and expressing the heat transfer and total optical properties of fenestration products, public review draft. Atlanta: American Society of Heating, Refrigerating and Air-Conditioning Engineers, Inc.; [14] Rohsenow WM, Harnett JP, Ganic EN. Handbook of heat transfer fundamentals. 2nd ed. New York: McGraw Hill; [15] KSA. KS L 9016, Test methods for thermal transmission properties of thermal insulations. Seoul, Korea: Korean Standards Association; 2000.
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