GSM Network Structure and Network Planning. Contents: Dipl.- Ing. Reiner Stuhlfauth, ROHDE & SCHWARZ; Training Centre

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1 GSM Network Structure and Network Planning Dipl.- Ing. Reiner Stuhlfauth, ROHDE & SCHWARZ; Training Centre Contents: 1. Geographical structures in a GSM network 2. Methods of network planning 2.1. Principles of cellular networks 2.2. Cluster method Cluster with sectorised cells 2.3. Analytical method 3. Radio cells 3.1. Antennas for mobile communication networks 3.2. Classes of radio cells 3.3. Radio cells optimisation and configuration 3.4. Capacity of the network 4. GSM Network structure 4.1. Mobile Station, MS 4.2. Base Station Subsystem, BSS 4.3. Switching and Management Subsystem, SMSS 4.4. Operation and Maintenance Subsystem, OMSS

2 1. Geographical structures in a mobile communication network GSM is a world-wide standard for mobile communication with an extensive coverage. Due to the mobility of the subscribers, the organisational structure must be subdivided into different processing elements. The defined areas are necessary to establish point-to-point connections. GSM Service Area PLMN Service Area MSC Service Area Location Area Cell Area Figure: Geographical structures in GSM GSM Service Area: This highest area describes the whole world of GSM; all realised network elements are part of this area. PLMN Service Area: The defined area of the Public Land Mobile Network is the service area of one network operator. The borders are not necessarily the political borders of one country, furthermore it is possible to define on-duty areas of different operators. MSC Service Area: Depending on the offered network capacity, one operator is subdividing his network into smaller service area, built up by one MSC. The MS is part of the switching network, responsible for connecting telephone calls. It possesses access to different data bases, containing the information about the subscribers profile, location and security functions. One MSC is the lowest switching level, it is forwarding the call into different networks. Two mobile stations inside one MSC Service Area establishing one connection are connected via the MSC, therefore it is forming the lowest switching level in the GSM world. Location Area: Inside the GSM Area, the location area is the lowest existing level of the location information of one subscriber. The mobility management layer only knows in which location area one subscriber is located. Each location area is identified by a so called LAI, Location Area Identity and belongs to exactly one MSC. A mobile station is allowed to roam within one location area without sending location information to the network. Only in case of changing the location area must the Mobile Station update the mobility management information. This procedure is called location update. Cell Area: The lowest area in the geographical layers is formed by one radio cell. The radio cell is stretched out by the radio coverage of one Base Transceiver Station, BTS and has a range between a few hundred metres up to a maximum of 35km. The Cell area forms the access point for the subscriber. After establishing a radio link to the BTS, the subscriber gets access to the whole backbone network of the mobile communication network. One radio cell is identified by its BSIC, the Base Station Identity Code. This code is broadcast in a periodic

3 manner to enable on the MS side a periodic survey of link strength and quality to both serving cell and neighbour cells. The whole network coverage is guaranteed by placing BTS s over the network area and equipping them with the certain capacity to deal with the expected traffic. The following pages describe strategies of network planning and optimisation. 2. Methods of radio network planning 2.1. Principle of cellular networks: In comparison to a cable based telephone network, in a mobile communication network the transfer of speech or data is performed by a radio link. This radio link will at least be established between the mobile station and the base station. The first existing radio networks were characterised by some features: Radio coverage, or serving cell area of about 60km radius. Radio link only within one serving cell, at the moment of leaving this serving cell, the call was terminated. Switching-by-hand, no automatic routing of the call to the endpoint A cellular network offers some further features to the user: Automatic mobility management and call routing: the network has a knowledge of subscribers location information that will be updated automatically. Calls are routed automatically to one subscriber, the mobile station is able to receive those socalled paging calls. The radio cells are overlapping, in case of transfer of one radio cell into another, the call will be handed over. This procedure is then called handover. As a simplified model of cellular networks, the cell area is painted as a hexagonal structure. Figure : Conventional network, Radius < 60km Figure : Cellular network, Radius maximal 35km, typically 5 8 km.

4 To establish the radio communication, every BTS gets a certain number of duplex frequency channels assigned. This assignment offers a fix capacity to each cell. To enhance the capacity, the philosophy is not a small number of large radio cells with lots of frequency channels, it is rather a big number of small radio cells with few frequency channels each. Every radio cell gets a certain number of duplex frequency channels assigned, depending on the expected traffic that must be conveyed. It is obvious, that the allowed frequency channels are assigned to multiple base stations several times, getting into consequences, that every frequency channel is superimposed on the same frequency channel, transmitted by another BTS. The network operators have to avoid interference due to a skilful frequency planning to avoid common channel interference as well as adjacent channel interference. Interferences in cellular Mobile Radio Systems Interference signals Information signal Information signal Figure: Origin of interference in a mobile communication network In GSM we calculate a tolerated minimum of Common Channel Interference level of C/Imin = 9dB.

5 Common channel interference Information Signal and interfering Signal are in the same spectrum S(f) Received Spectrums Information Signal Interfering Signal f T f = C/I Carrier to Interference Ratio GSM defines minimum C/I-distance C/I min = 9dB Figure: Common Channel Interference

6 2.2 Cluster method: The Cluster Method is a method of network planning, deriving from the analogue technique, where it was more essential to avoid interference. A digital radio communication network is more robust against interference. A practical operation of this method is mostly failed because of missing premises, like ideal sites, plane environment, homogenous traffic distribution, etc. But the cluster method allows the demonstration of the basic problems because of its clarity. The frequency allocation follows strong schemes, a so-called frequency reallocation plan. The covered area is subdivided into different cells, all modelled in a simplified manner as hexagonal figures. Each radio cell will get assigned a subset of frequency channels out of the whole number of frequency channels. Such a cluster is formed by a number N of radio cells containing all allowed frequency channels with the premises that one frequency channel is not repeated inside a cluster. Clustermethod Example: 7 Cluster D R Cells with reuse of frecuencies Cluster = Group of cells, that each frecuency occurs only once in a cluster

7 The important magnitude delimiting the cluster size is the Signal to Noise Ratio that can be calculated approximately: C I 4 D R = ( 3N ) 2 The table delivers some typical values for different cluster sizes: N C/I C/I in db , , , ,6 Apart from the cell radius, the network capacity is forming an essential parameter as well. The smaller the cluster, the more users can be supplied Cluster with sectorised cells Also for a sectorised network there are frequency reuse tables: C1 A1 3 C3 C2 A3 3 4 A2 2 2 B1 3 1 B3 2 B2 1 Figure : Cluster with sectorised radio cells

8 2.3. Analytical Method: The cluster method is requesting a lot of premises that can t be found in a realistic scenario. The used method of network planning by real network operators is hardly differing from the scenarios just described. In reality, we can find the following, contradictory effects for the cluster method: No flat ground: equidistant placing of BTS s would have as a consequence that the radio wave ranges would differ a lot and some BTS s would have to be placed at impossible sites, e.g. at the bottom of a valley. Inhomogeneous traffic distribution: For every cell the network operator must provide a certain traffic capacity level. A standardised traffic per cell would lead to the effect, that the high-traffic-cells would be in congestion state for a long time and in low-traffic-areas, the investments would be wasted. Different site density: High populated areas would have the same BTS density as low populated areas. Different propagation of radio waves: The propagation of radio waves depends from topographic and topologic conditions. In reality, computer based methods are used for the planning and implementing of Base Transceiver Stations, taking into account the real conditions like: buildings and cultivation, expected air time, population, wave propagation, etc. Prerequisites of this model are computer based data bases responsible to build the expert knowledge. Site data base: Contains all geographical and technical details of the configuration of Base Transceiver Stations. Altitude: Knows the altitude deployment of the environment of the BTS Morphology: Cultivation of the ground: water, forests, rivers, etc. Expected traffic: Because of known measured traffic over the air interface, the network operator is able to forecast the expected development of the traffic inside his network. This database allows the planning of the dimensions of the network. Antennas: The skilful configuration of antennas allows the modification of the wave propagation over the air. This data base permits an optimisation of the existing network in real life or in advance of the realisation. System parameter: The GSM-Specifications are well known in the calculation algorithms to allow prediction of the coverage with radio wave field strength and radio link quality. Empirical parameters: Most time, network planning is computer work, all the parameters are derived out of simulations. But they can t replace the reality, the existing knowledge of the real network is placed inside this data base to enhance the prediction with aid of the simulation. Wave propagation: There are several calculation models to perform the calculation of the wave propagation. Most models are based on 2-dimension, but there are 3-dimension calculation algorithms too. Handover algorithm: If the computer wants to calculate the cell area sizes it has to simulate the handover from one cell into the neighbour cell. This algorithm allows the simulation of handover. Frequency allocation: Given by the optimisation problem, to assign a maximum number of frequency channels to all base station under consideration of the existing assumptions and conditions.

9 Algorithms Wave distribution Handoveralgorithm GSM Network Structure and Network Planning Frequency allocation Network planing with analytical mehtod Databases Site data base Height data base Morphology Antennas GSM-Specifications Compatibility matrix Traffic datas Channel requirement Empirical parameter Figure : Analytical network planning method Fieldstrength Cell Area Frequency allocation

10 Because of the inhomogeneous supply area, in reality, the number of frequency channels per cell will differ a lot, depending on the traffic and the cell size. The frequency channels will be assigned among need. The compatibility matrix is presenting the relation and compatibility of the radio cells. It contains the guard distance in unit of frequency channels that must be obeyed. E.g. two radio cells have a common channel prohibition, that means, that both cells are not allowed to use the same frequency channel. Manual entries in this compatibility matrix can extend the information gained out of simulation with real knowledge gained out of measurements. The following figure shows an real example of distribution of antenna sites. We can see that the realistic cell area is completely irregular, it differs a lot from the former presented hexagonal structures. Figure : Cell area plot of existing GSM network

11 3. Radio Cells In chapter 1 about the geographical structures within a GSM network it is already mentioned that one radio cell forms the smallest defined area in the structure and the access point into the network for the users. If the network operator performs a skilful planning of radio cells he can provide the needed coverage with field strength and capacity. The main job of the radio planning engineers is the distribution, configuration and optimisation of radio cells. The next chapter is describing the configuration of every single radio cell, in comparison to the already described relating of multiple radio cells. One radio cell is stretched out by one Base Transceiver Station, BTS, consisting of a transceiver unit combined with an antenna Antennas for mobile communication networks: One possibility to classify one radio cell is the size and kind of the installed antenna. In rural areas a common type is the omnidirectional antenna. Figure : Omnidirectional antenna A disadvantage of omnidirectional antennas is that one BTS is only forming one radio cell. Capacity depends of the number of frequency channels, therefore an omnidirectional antenna can t often fulfil all the requested number of channels. Due to a higher density in base station placement, a network operator is confronted with problems of frequency allocation. In high populated areas we can furthermore find the so called sectorised base station. They are using sector antennas, only transmitting a radio signal along a certain horizontal pattern. The beam is formed in this antenna.

12 Figure : Sectorised antenna A strategy of avoiding over-range in transmitting is the choice of antennas with a very small vertical aperture, typical values range from Frequently we can find antennas with electrical of manual setting of the tilt of the antenna. We call this feature downtilt. It allows the reduction of the transmitting range to avoid interference with other radio cells, maybe using the same frequency channel. Lots of Base Transceiver Stations are realised in that way, that 2 antennas are pointing in the same direction, with a horizontal or vertical distance of just a few metres. This configuration is called diversity. It is used to obtain a higher gain at the receiver side due to the superposition of 2 different received signals. Antennas are differing from each other concerning their radio network requirements in their horizontal and vertical aperture as well as in their antenna gain and their polarisation.

13 Figure : Principle of mechanical downtilt Classes of radio cells: In addition, radio cells are distinguished by their cell area size. This parameter depends mostly from the antenna mounting height and the transmitting power. In a mobile communication network, we distinguish mostly between the following three classes. Macrocells: It is the job of the macrocell to build up a wide area of coverage. Its radios range between 10km and 35km. Typically they are installed in low populated areas with a large coverage area but small traffic. Macrocells are mounted on very high buildings, much higher than the surrounding roofs. Microcells: Microcells are forming in the mean time the standard configuration in populated areas. With their configuration, a high base station density can be obtained and therefore the requested capacity can be provided. The radius of such a microcell is given in the range of 1 to 3km. The mounted antenna height is more or less similar to the height of the environmental buildings. The wave propagation and the cell range is delimited by the fading of the signal by buildings etc. On the other side, because of their smaller range, they must be placed in the middle of the covered area. We can find these radio cell classes for example in all cities. Picocells: picocells are used to ease the traffic of microcells. Most of the time they are not used to create some coverage in former uncovered areas, rather they are extending the existing coverage. Picocells can be found in Hot spot areas, or High-Traffic-Areas, e.g. market squares, fairs or street crossings. The mounted height of the antennas is below the roof height sie-mounted at the wall or below the height of the environmental buildings. Also the transmitting power is reduced to avoid overranging.

14 Picocell Microcell Macrocell Figure : Different classes of radio cells 3.3. Traffic Dimensions of radio cells: Each radio cell must be configured suiting the purpose of handling the expected traffic. After the decision of which type of antenna, sector or omnidirectional, which class of radio cell, the network operator must provide the needed number of carrier frequency channels. The hardware of a BTS is given by a Base Control Function, BCF and at least one Transceiver- Module TRX, representing the 8 TDMA channels on one frequency channel. The more traffic is expected, the more TRX must be provided and frequency channels assigned with the already demonstrated planning methods. On a computer-based knowledge, the operator can estimate, how many subscribers are served by the contemplated radio cell. His own experience makes him known, how long the average on-air-time of one person is. This traffic density is indicated by the Erlang- Distribution.function, the factor 1 Erlang indicates, that one physical channel is one hour busy. The network operator defines internally the grade of service rate. Tables, derived out of the Erlang B formula are informing about the number of TRX moduls to be installed in every BTS to handle the expected traffic. The presented table demonstrates such an example, with a blocking probability of 2% TRX per cell Number of timeslots Capacity in 2,9 8,2 14,9 21,9 28,3 35,6 43,1 Erlang Figure.: Erlang-B table for 2% blocking probability

15 3.4. Network capacity aspects Because of the increasing number of mobile network users and the expanding market in mobile communication there is a necessity for capacity increasing strategies. Generally the frequency planning leads to the experience, that the smaller the radio cells are, the easier the frequency planning. More often than not, the frequency channels can be reused. One factor, describing the network total capacity is the so-called frequency reuse factor. It is given by: # total channels # sites Frequency Reuse = # TRX Total number of available channels multiplied with the number of installed sites divided by the total number of used frequency channels over all contemplated sites. The higher the frequency reuse factor, the higher are the reserves concerning capacity. Cell Splitting: Smaller cell sizes are increasing the total capacity. One possibility is the replacement of one large cell with more smaller cells. One disadvantage is the loss of the already used location and the therefore resulting new investments. Sectorising: Increasing the grade of sectorised antennas, more radio cells in comparison to antenna sites. The replacement of omnidirectional antennas with sector antennas. Higher density of base stations: If the described strategies are not possible to realise, the network operator can increase the density of base station. The cell area will be reduced in the way, that between 2 cells, there will be an additional radio cell. This leads only to an positive effect, if the new BTS s are planned very carefully and skilfully. Hierarchical Cell Structure: To increase the total capacity it is not only advised to reduce the radio cell size or increase to density of BTS, furthermore it is possible to classify them hierarchically. In practice this means that one point is covered by signals coming from different BTS s. One BTS is forming an umbrella cell, collecting the remaining traffic. Below in the hierarchy are smaller cells, that will first be filled up with incoming traffic, until their maximum. The umbrella cell only gets into work if the lower cells are busy. Modifications of existing BTS: A radio network is not a fixed implemented configuration, furthermore it is a living scenario. To be able to handle the increasing traffic, the network must be modified all the time. Possibilities are, new antenna types, modification of the transmitting power, modifying the downtilt, etc.

16 Optimising method at the real network Because of the choice and definition of some parameters in the Operation Maintenance Center, OMC, it is possible to control the running operation of the network. Some examples are: Frequency Hopping: The transfer is not only performed on one timeslot of always the same carrier frequency. This carrier frequency is changed rapidly over the time, it is hopping over different frequency channels. Possible interference are smoothed regarding their influence. A total reduction of the allowed interference level leads to a higher number of assigned frequency channels. This strategy is then called: TFR, Tighter Frequency Reuse: The principle is, that the in case of frequency hopping, the global carrier to interference ratio can be reduced, possible interference is distributed over multiple subscribers. In the compatibility matrix this reduction effects the deleting of some common or adjacent channel interference relations and the better assignment of frequency channels. The total frequency reuse factor is smaller-> the total capacity is higher. Base Station Power Control: New BTS s are equipped with the ability to control the transmitting power dynamically. In a mean or average contemplation, the transmitted power is reduced because of this feature. This means that the network operator can also reduce the active interference potential of the considered base station and delete some simulated interference scenarios.

17 4. GSM-Network Structure: The GSM Standard is defining the whole network infrastructure, consisting of hardware components and protocols between the certain entities. Whole network means that it is possible to implement a network completely based on the GSM standard, permitting an endto-end communication. For example, the DECT-standard only describes the interface between a mobile station and a home based base station. Interfaces and transitions into foreign networks out of the GSM network are optional, but they must be implemented to guarantee the overall availability. This implementation is done by the adaptation of some protocols in the Interworking Functions, IWF. GSM-mobile communication networks are building a hybrid network, consisting of 2 subnetworks, a radio network and a core network. There is only one interface that is always realised as a radio link, the connection between a Mobile Station MS and the fix implemented Base station, BTS. The fix installed GSM network can be subdivided into 3 subnetworks: Base Station Subsystem BSS, Switching and Management Subsystem SMSS and at least the Operation and Maintenance Subsystem OMSS The Mobile Station, MS: Mobile Stations are the electronic devices used by the subscribers to get access to the GSM network. They are also called Handy ; Mobile, Telefonino etc. and they are representing the mobile part in the Mobile Communication Network. Such an MS is subdivided into 2 different parts, a Subscriber Identity Module SIM and a Mobile Equipment ME. The usage of such a SIM card allows the differentiation between subscriber and equipment, the SIM card personalises the Mobile Station and controls the access to the network. A Mobile Station must perform the complete functions for data transfer over the air interface, e.g. A/D conversion, speech coding, interleaving, modulation, ciphering as well as time and frequency synchronised transmitting and receiving. We distinguish, regarding the MS the two states: attached and detached, i.e. switched on or off. In case of a MS that is switched on, we distinguish between idle and dedicated mode, i.e. waiting for a connection or the busy state. A MS can be characterised with its identity number, IMEI and the subscriber identities IMSI and MSISDN. There is another chapter: Tasks of a Mobile Station, describing all these functions in detail.

18 A OMC NMC OMC Abis Um OMC OMC Figure 4.1.: GSM-network structure

19 Base Station System Figure 4.2.: Structure of GSM network, radio network, core network 4.2. The Base Station Subsystem, BSS: The Base Station Subsystem consists of the components BTS and BSC and represents the radio network inside the fixed network in GSM. The BSS takes care of the radio coverage in a certain geographical area. GSM is only using the expression radio link if one point of a point-to-point connection is allowed to move. E.g. a microwave link is in terms of GSM a part of the fix network.

20 The Base Transceiver Station BTS: A radio cell is stretched out by a Base Transceiver Station, providing at least one frequency channel for communication via the air interface. In simplified terms, a BTS consists of a Control and Management Unit an antenna. For each frequency channel, the BTS needs one Transceiver, TRX. The BCF-Block (Base Control Function) controls all the multiple Transceivers. On the network side, the BTS is representing the air interface. One strategy is to reduce the complexity of the equipment that is installed several times. This is one reason why the most used functions for control and management are shifted into the BSC. The Base Station Controller,BSC: The BSC controls and surveys at least one, in real network several BTS s and is forming the interface to the MSC. For example, the Handover-scenario is deployed into the BSC, all the management of the radio links is implemented in the BSC and the BSC decides about the availability of radio resources The Switching and Management Subsystem, SMSS: The Switching and Management Subsystem consists of the Mobile Switching Centre MSC, and the databases: HLR, VLR, AUC and EIR, responsible for the supply of necessary information about subscribers location, profile, authentication and used equipment. This layer performs the management of the connection. The MSC is responsible that one subscriber gets a connection with another Mobile Station or with another subscriber in a external network. There is a strong separation between BSS and SMSS: The Switching Subsystem will never get into a direct connection with an MS, this will always be performed through to the BSS. A Base Station System will never get a connection with external telecommunication networks. There is an assignment of one or more BSS s to every MSC. The conveying of data between SMSS and BSS is done via interfaces of the core network, implemented either as cable based or as microwave links. The Mobile Switching Centre, MSC: If we want to replace the verb switching with connecting we get the main functionality of the MSC. It is responsible for forwarding the call, or connecting the incoming call with the outcome to guarantee that the two endpoints are connected. It offers, as well, interfaces into foreign or external networks and connections to other MSC s of the same network. In comparison to switching nodes of a fixed communication network, the MSC has to take into consideration the assigned physical resource, the mobility of the subscriber and security functions. Each MSC is responsible for the underlying MSC Service Area and is only responsible for the underlying BSC s and BTS s that are put in charge of it. To enable the interworking between the GSM network and the external networks like ISDN, PSTN, PSPDN, the MSC is extended by a so-called Interworking Function, IWF, that is mapping the different protocols onto each other and offers a relay functionality.

21 Home Location Register HLR: The HLR is the home register that stores all the information of every subscriber of this home network. In GSM terms, a subscriber is identified by its MSISDN or IMSI number. The HLR forms the access with this number to the relayed information, e.g. home address of the person as well as bank account, etc. One important information inside the HLR is the pointer to the location of the mobile subscriber. The HLR is used by every telephone call as a central register for routing, location information as well as authentication functionality s. The following information can be found inside the HLR: MSISDN, IMSI, restrictions in services, like barring of calls, Supplementary Services, Call deviation, Address of the valid VLR and MSC. A query at the HLR results in the MS Roaming Number, MSRN, indicating information about the subscriber s location. Vistitor Location Register VLR: The Visitor Location Register contains all the information of all mobile stations roaming in the MSC Service Area. It can be responsible for one MSC or several MSC s. The VLR is necessary to avoid an overflow access to the HLR, to establish international roaming and to fasten up the speed during the establishment of a call set-up. In addition, the VLR contains the TMSI number, a temporary identity of the subscriber, assigned only for a short moment of time. This number is used at every access over the air interface to avoid the transmitting of the fix identity, IMSI and therefore it protects the subscriber s identity. As mobility management information, the VLR contains the LAI, the indicator of the serving Location Area, used to page the certain MS. Some data is copied out of the HLR to avoid the access to the HLR at every telephone call. The reasons for this are the different positions. The HLR only exists in the network of the home network operator of one subscriber, but the VLR describes the information available in the actual serving MSC of the roaming network. Example for a mobile terminated call The figure 4.3 is describing the symbolic call establishment between an external caller and a mobile user, this scenario is titled as Mobile Terminated Call, MTC. The incoming call is routed to the Gateway-MSC of the GSM operator, due to the Network Destination Code, NDC. The request in the HLR with the dialled number MSISDN will result in the address of the serving MSC and the VLR number, hidden in the MSRN. The call will be forwarded into that serving MSC. Network internally, the call will be identified by its TMSI number to protect the subscribers identity. The VLR contains information about the subscribers location, the LAI. After this step, a paging call over all the BTS s inside this location area will hopefully get a response from the called mobile station. Now the call can be established.

22 { { CC NDC { MSISDN SN MSC_A HLR MSISDN ( ) IMSI ( ) { MCCMNC MSIN{{ Dienste MSC + VLR-Nr.... MSC_B VLR MSISDN ( ) IMSI ( ) { MSIN{{ MCCMNC Dienste (Kopie aus HLR)... LAI Figure 4.3.: Establishment of a mobile terminated call, MTC with HLR and VLR

23 Authentication Center AUC: The Authentication Centre store secret keys and authentication algorithms assigned to every single subscriber. These keys are called Ki, Kc, and the algorithms are called A3 and A8. The chapter talking about security aspects will give further information about these algorithms. The AUC is calculating in one query step a number of parameter settings that will be stored temporarily in the HLR and VLR. Equipment Identity Register EIR: This register is an optional register and its usage depends on the certain network operators. It can store in a black, white or grey list all stolen mobile phones, all admitted phones or all phones put into a certain observation. It can be used to avoid theft of Mobile Stations, or allow the adding of special taxes onto Mobile Stations Operation and Maintenance Subsystem OMSS: The current operation of the network is controlled and managed away from the OMSS. The Operation and Maintenance Centre, OMC survey and controls the whole network. Some functions are: Management and commercial operation (subscriber, terminals, billing, statistic functions, charging data records, etc.) Security functionality Network configuration, network operation and Performance Management Maintenance and repair of network elements The control of the whole network can be centralised in one single Network-Management- Centre NMC. The OMSS forms the central Control- and Observation instance to allow the technical staff of the operator the whole control and maintenance of the GSM network.

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