SALES PROMOTION AS AN ANTECEDENT OF SALES VOLUME: A STUDY OF SELECTED MANUFACTURING INDUSTRY IN IBADAN, SOUTH WESTERN, NIGERIA.
|
|
- Asher Warner
- 7 years ago
- Views:
Transcription
1 SALES PROMOTION AS AN ANTECEDENT OF SALES VOLUME: A STUDY OF SELECTED MANUFACTURING INDUSTRY IN IBADAN, SOUTH WESTERN, NIGERIA. Amusat W.A Business Administration Department Osun State Polytechnic, Iree Adejumo D.A Department of marketing Osun State Polytechnic, Iree Ajiboye F.A Department of marketing Osun State Polytechnic, Iree Abstract This research paper investigates the effect of sales promotion dimensions on sales volume with a special reference to the selected manufacturing industry in Ibadan, south western Nigeria. Structure questionnaire was used to collect data from eighty (80) respondents through simple random sampling method. Regression analysis was used to analyze the data with the aid of statistical package for social science (SPSS) version 20. Result shown that sales promotion dimensions such as bonus, coupons, free samples, price promotion and premiums were joint predictors of sales volume (F (5, 74) = 2.261; R 2 = 0.13; P <.05). The predictor variables jointly explained 13% of the variance of sales volume, while the remaining 87% could be due to the effect of extraneous variables such as advertising, publicity, pricing, brand name, product quality etc. It was concluded that management of Nigerian manufacturing industry should increase budget on sales promotion dimensions and also set up more and effective sales promotion department with experience staff. Key words: Sales promotion, sales volume, coupons, bonus, and premiums 1.0 INTRODUCTION Sales promotion has become an effective marketing tool that assists organizations to wax stronger in a global competitive environment. Oyedapo et al,( 2012) identified sales promotion as a key ingredient in marketing campaigns which assist organization to achieve its objectives. The main aim of any organization is to maximize profit, have largest market shares and to become leader in a market competitive environment. Okoli (2011) confirmed that the essence of setting up a business organization is to make profit. Sales promotion simply exists to have a direct impact on the behavior of the firm's customers (Blattberg and Neslin 1990). Aworemi (2008) in his research finding said that sales promotion plays a significant effect on sales volume which help in achieving the organizational objectives. The role of sales promotion in achieving COPY RIGHT 2013 Institute of Interdisciplinary Business Research 465
2 organizational stated objectives cannot be underestimated. The purpose of sales promotion is to motivate the customers to immediately purchase a particular product thus enhancing its sales volume ( Sadia and Syeda, 2012; Odunlami and Ogunsiji; 2011; and Aderemi, 2003). According to Shimp (2003), sales promotion refers to any incentive used by a manufacturer to induce the trade (wholesalers, retailers, or other channel members) and/or consumers to buy a brand and to encourage the sales force to aggressively sell it. kotler (2003) sees Sales Promotion a key ingredient in marketing campaigns and consists of a diverse collection of incentive tools, mostly short term designed to stimulate quicker or greater purchase particular products or services by consumers. Sales promotions programmes are those activities other than stimulate consumer purchase. Sales promotion is an important component of an organizations overall marketing strategy along with advertising, public relations, and personal selling. Sale promotion acts as a competitive weapon by providing an extra incentive for the target audience to purchase or support one brand over another (Odunlami and Ogunsiji, 2011) It is on this premises that this research work wishes to examine the effect of sales promotion dimensions on sales volume with special reference to the selected manufacturing industry in Ibadan, south western, Nigeria. 2.0 RELEVANT STUDIES Sales promotion consists of a diverse collection of incentive tools, mostly short-term, designed to stimulate quicker and/or greater purchase of a particular product by consumers or the trade (Kotler 2003). Sales promotion is the direct inducement or incentive to the sales force, the distributor, or the consumer, with the primary objective of creating an immediate sale. Sales promotion is unique in that it offers an extra incentive for action (Adrian Palmer, 2004). Sales promotion refers to those promotion activities other than advertising, publicity and personal selling that stimulate interest, trial or purchase by final customers or others in the channel (Bagavathi Pillai, 2007). The American Marketing Association (AMA) defined sales promotion as those marketing activities other than personal selling, advertising, publicity that stimulate consumer purchasing and dealer effectiveness such as display, shows and exhibitions, demonstrations and various non-recurrent selling efforts not in the ordinary routine. Sales promotion represents those marketing efforts that are supplementary in nature, are conducted for a limited period of time, and seek to induce buying (Davis et al, 1994). Blattberg and Neslin (1990) defined sales promotion as an action-focused marketing event whose purpose is to have a direct impact on the behavior of the firm's customers. Ailawadi and Neslin (1998) posted that COPY RIGHT 2013 Institute of Interdisciplinary Business Research 466
3 sales promotion is to induce the present customers to visit the store more often. And Blattberg and Neslin (1990) also agreed that sales promotion is to increase brand awareness, attract new customers, and increase sales to present customers. Oyedapo et al, (2012 ) posited that sales promotion is a direct inducement that offers an extra value or incentive for the product to the sales force, distributors or the ultimate consumer with the primary objective of creating an immediate sale. Aham (2008) is of the opinion that sales promotion emerged as a reaction by manufacturers marketers, and marketing strategies alike to find a short term solution to the problems of excess stock of goods which are available in variables manufacturer s warehouses but are not demanded by consumers and organization. Also, Blythe (2006) viewed sales promotion as any activity intended to generate a temporary boost in sales. Shimp (3003) said sales promotion refers to any incentive used by a manufacturer to buy a brand and to encourage the sales force to aggressively sell it. Totten and Block (1994) stated that the term sales promotion refers to many kinds of selling incentives and techniques intended to produce immediate or short-term sales effects. Sales promotion refers to those promotional activities other than advertising, publicity and personal selling that stimulate interest, trial or purchase by final customers or others in the channel (Bagavathi Pillai, 2007). 2.1 SALES PROMOTION DIMENSIONS The following sales promotion dimensions were identified by Blattberg and Neslin (1990). 1. Coupons are paper offers that are available in magazines and newspapers, may be downloaded from the Internet, or are available at the point-of-purchase and entitle the recipient to a reduction in price for a product or service. 2. Premiums are items offered free or at a reduced price with the purchase of another item. 3. Bonus packs are offers by the manufacturer that provide additional product at the regular price in an enhanced package. 4. free sample offer consumers discounts or free product rewards for repeat purchase or patronage of the same product or company. 5. Price promotion offer a consumer cents or even naira off merchandise at the point-of-purchase through specially marked packages. COPY RIGHT 2013 Institute of Interdisciplinary Business Research 467
4 2.2 EMPIRICAL STUDIES ON THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN SALES PROMOTION DIMENSIONS AND SALE VOLUME Previous studies on the effect of sales promotion dimensions on sale volume are inconclusive. Most researchers agreed that sales promotion dimensions have no significant effect on sales volume (Davis et al. 1992; Dekimpe, Hanssens and Silva-Risso 1999; Pauwels et al. 2002; Gilbert and Jackaria, 2002; Srinivasan et al. 2000). While some research believed that sales promotion dimensions have positive effect on sales volume (Ailawadi, 2001; Ailawadi and Neslin 1998; Oyedapo et al, 2012; Odunlami and Ogunsiji, 2011; Bamiduro, 2001). The findings of Bamiduro (2001) confirmed that there is positive significant relationship between sales promotion dimensions and sales volume of the beverage industry. Oyedapo et al, (2012) conducted a research on the impact of sales promotion on organization effectiveness in Nigerian manufacturing industry and their findings revealed that the adoption of sales promotion dimensions significantly influence the effectiveness of beverage drink industry. According to Ailawadi (2001), sales promotions have a positive long-term effect on sales because promotions persuade consumers to change brands and to buy in larger quantity. Odunlami and Ogunsiji (20011) who researched on the effect of sales promotion as a tool on organizational performance. They concluded that the effective implementation of sales promotion dimensions lead to increase in sales volume. Moreover, Wayne (2002) found a link between sales promotion dimensions and product trial which eventually lead to increase in sales volume. Pauwels et al (2002) also discovered that sales promotion dimensions have permanent effect on sales volume. However, long-term effects are under an academic debate and different research shows opposing results. Some of the research shows that after a promotional purchase probability for a repeat purchase is lower than after a non-promotional purchase. Totten and Block (1994) found that sales promotion dimensions have no long term effect on sales volume. Dekimpe, et al (1999) and Srinivasan et al. (2000) their findings proved that sales promotion dimensions do not change the structure of sales volume over the long run. Sales promotion dimensions are considered to be an external stimulus and after when it is gone consumers are less likely to re-purchase (Dodson et al. 1978). 2.3 CONCEPTUAL FRAME WORK After the careful study of literature review, the following conceptual model is formulated to illustrate the relationship between sales promotion dimensions and sales volume. COPY RIGHT 2013 Institute of Interdisciplinary Business Research 468
5 Sale Promotion Dimensions Coupons Premiums Bonus Sale volume Free sample Price promotion Figure 1: Relationship between sales promotion dimensions and sales volume model. Source: Designed by Researchers 3.0 RESEARCH HYPOTHESIS Ho: Sales promotion dimensions have no significant effect on sales volume 3.1 RESEARCH METHODOLOGY Research design: The survey research design method was used in this study. It involves using a self-design questionnaire in collecting data from the respondents. Population of the study: the population of the study covered selected manufacturing industry in Ibadan. Sample size: The sample size for this study was eighty (80) respondents were randomly selected from fifteen marketing managers of selected manufacturing industry, twenty (20) of their distributors and forty five (45) of their customers respectively. Research Instrument: The instrument used in this study is a close-ended questionnaire that was designed by the researcher. Reliability and Validity: In order to establish the reliability of this instrument, a pilot study was carried out on a sample of eighty respondents, using a test retest method. The result of the reliability test ware: COPY RIGHT 2013 Institute of Interdisciplinary Business Research 469
6 Sales volume, 0.80; coupons, 0.75; premiums, 0.82; bonus, 0.79; free samples, 0.81; and price promotion, 0.91 respectively, showing that the instrument is reliable. In confirming the validities of the instrument, face and content validities were ensured the instrument was given to professionals for scrutiny and evaluation. Regression analysis was used to analyze the data with the aid of SPSS version 20. Table 1. Regression Result of sales promotion dimensions and sales volume (N=80) Independent variables b Beta T P R 2 Durbin- Watson ( constant) Coupons Premiums P < Bonus Free samples Price promotion Dependent variable: Sales volume Coupons Premiums Bonus Free sample Price promotion Sale volume Figure 2: Sales Dimensions Model. COPY RIGHT 2013 Institute of Interdisciplinary Business Research 470
7 4.0 INTERPRETATION OF THE RESULT Looking at the Beta value of each independent variable in the model after taking out standard error effect, it can be inferred that the bonus constitutes the most significant beta value of follow by coupons, 0.107; free samples, 0.097; price promotion, and premiums, respectively. This implies that bonus play important role in predicting sales volume with (β = 0.225; t = 1.912; p <.05), coupons also contribute immensely to both short and long sales turnover with (β = 0.107; t = 0.107; p <.05) while free sample, with (β = 0.097; t = 0.852; p <.05), price promotion with (β = 0.097; t = 1.807; p <.05) and premiums with (β = ; t = 0.115; p <.05) are also predict sales volume respectively. This result is conform to Odunlami and Ogunsiji, (2011) who testified that sales promotion is back bone of any organization that wishes to remain and survive in a global competitive environment. The result shows that sales promotion dimensions such as bonus, coupons, free samples, price promotion and premiums were jointly predictor of sales volume (F (5, 74) = 2.261; R 2 = 0.13; P <.05). The predictor variables jointly explained 13% of the variance of sales volume, while the remaining 87% could be due to the effect of extraneous variables such as advertising, publicity, personal selling, public relation, pricing, brand name, product quality etc. It can be deduced from this analysis that sales promotion dimensions were significantly factors in predicting sales volume. This finding is in line with the results obtained by (Ailawadi, 2001; Ailawadi and Neslin 1998; Oyedapo et al, 2012; Odunlami and Ogunsiji, 2011; Bamiduro, 2001) who pointed out that sales promotion dimensions have positive effect on sales volume. Therefore, null hypothesis is rejected, which says sales promotions dimensions have no significant effect on sales volume, while alternative hypothesis should be accepted. 5.0 CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION This research work examined the effect of sales promotion dimensions on sales volume. The result shows that all sales promotion dimensions are independently and jointly predict sales volume. This implies that coupon, premiums, bonus, free samples and price promotion have significant effect on sales volume. On the basis of the findings of this study, it can be concluded that sales promotion dimensions have significant influence on sales volume. The study found that bonus has strong influence on sales volume which means if manufacturing industry wants to achieve its stated objectives, they should take cognizant of bonus as well as other dimensions such as coupons, price promotion, free samples and premiums COPY RIGHT 2013 Institute of Interdisciplinary Business Research 471
8 into consideration. Furthermore, management of Nigerian manufacturing industry should increase budget on sales promotion dimensions and also organization should set up more and effective sales promotion department with experience staff with the view of developing more promotional strategies in line with the company s objectives. COPY RIGHT 2013 Institute of Interdisciplinary Business Research 472
9 References Aderemi S. A (2003). Marketing Principles and Practice. Mushin: concept Publication Limited. Adrian Palmer (2004). Introduction to Marketing Theory and Practice. 2nd Edition, United State: Oxford University Press Inc. Aham A(2008). Dimensions of Marketing. Nigeria: Okigwe, Avan Global Publication. P. 58. Ailawadi Kusum, Neslin S (1998). the Effect of Promotion on Consumption: Buying More and Consuming it Faster. J. Mark. Res. American Marketing Association, in Osuala (1998). Fundamentals of Nigeria Marketing. Onitsha: Cape Publishers International Ltd. P. 79. Aworemi J.R (2008). Impact of Advertising, Sales Promotion, Publicity and Public Relations on the Performance of Niger State Transport Authority. Pak. J. Soc. Sci. 5(2): Pp Bagavathi Pillai R. S. N. (2007). Modern Marketing. Revised Edition. New Delhi: S. C hand and company Ltd. Bamiduro JA(2001). An Analysis of Sales Promotion on Sales Volume in the Beverage Industry: The case Study Nigeria Bottling Company Plc. J. Intellect. Scient. and Cult. Interest. 10 (1) : Blattberg, Robert C. and Scott A. Neslin (1990), Sales Promotion: Concepts, Methods, and Strategies, Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice Hall. Davis, Scott, J., Inman, Jeffrey, and McAlister, Leigh (1992): Promotion Has a Negative Effect on Brand Evaluations-Or Does It? Additional Disconfirming Evidence. Journal of Marketing Research 29, Dekimpe MG, et al (1999). Long run effects of price promotion in scanner markets. J. economet. 89 : Dodson, J.A., Tybout, A.M. and B. Sternthal (1978), Impact of Deals and Deal Retraction on Brand Switching, Journal of Marketing Research, 15, 1, Gilbert, D. C., and Jackaria. N. (2002). The Efficacy of Sales Promotions in UK Supermarkets: A Consumer View. International Journal of Retail and Distribution Management, 30(6), Kotler, Philip (2003), Marketing Management: Analysis, Planning, Implementation, and Control, seventh edition, Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall Inc. Odunlami IB, Ogunsiji A (2011). Effect of sales promotion as a tool on organizational performance. J. Emerg. Trends in Econ. And manage. Sci. (JETEMS). 2(1):9-13. COPY RIGHT 2013 Institute of Interdisciplinary Business Research 473
10 Ogundele O.J (2009). Management and Organization: Theory and Behaviour (2nd ed). Lagos: Lagos: Printmat Ventures. P Okoli B.E (2011). Evaluation of the Accounting Systems Used by Small Scale Enterprises in Nigeria: The Case of Enugu-South East Nigeria. Asian J. Bus. Manage. 3(4): Oyedapo W.O, Akinlabi B. H and Sufian J.B (2012). The impact of sales promotion on organization effectiveness in Nigeria manufacturing industry. Universal lournal of marketing and business research. Vol 14 pp Pauwels, K., Hanssens, D. M., & Siddarth, S. (2002). The Long Term Effects of Price Promotions on Category Incidence, Brand Choice and Purchase Quantity. Jornal of Marketing, Shimp, T A. (2003). Advertising, Promotion, and Supplemental Aspects of Integrated Marketing Communications. (Sixth Edition). United States of America: Thomson South-Western. Srini S., Srinivasan, S. S., and Anderson, R. E. (2000). Concepts and strategy guidelines for designing value enhancing sales promotions. Journal of Product & Brand Management, 7, 5, Syeda N.Z and Sedia M (2011). Impact of sales promotion on organizations profitability and consumer s perception in Pakistan. Interdisciplinary journal of contemporary research in business. Vol. 3 No. 5 Totten, J.C., & Block, M.P. (1994). Analyzing Sales Promotion Text & Cases: How to Profit from the New Power of Promotion Marketing, (2nd Edition). U.S.A.: The Dartnell Corporation. Wayne, M. (2002). Hitting your target with direct mail coupons. Marketing Magazine. 107 (22): 19-1/2p. COPY RIGHT 2013 Institute of Interdisciplinary Business Research 474
ROLE OF SALES PROMOTION ON SALES VOLUME IN THE CONTEXT OF FAST MOVING CONSUMING GOODS (FMCG) INDUSTRY IN DERA GHAZI KHAN
ROLE OF SALES PROMOTION ON SALES VOLUME IN THE CONTEXT OF FAST MOVING CONSUMING GOODS (FMCG) INDUSTRY IN DERA GHAZI KHAN Nadeem Iqbal Faculty of Management Sciences, Baha Uddin Zakariya University Multan,
More informationEffect of Sales Promotion as a Tool on Organizational Performance (A case Study of Sunshine Plastic Company)
Journal of Emerging Trends in Economics and Sciences (JETEMS) 2 (1): 9-13 Scholarlink Research Institute Journals, 2011 (ISSN: 2141-7024) jetems.scholarlinkresearch.org Journal of Emerging Trends Economics
More informationImpact of Advertising on Organizational Sales Turnover: Nigerian. Breweries Plc Experience
Impact of Advertising on Organizational Sales Turnover: Nigerian Abstract Breweries Plc Experience Sajuyigbe A.S 1 Amusat W.A 2 Oloyede Oluwayemi 3 1. Department of Business Administration and Management
More informationRole of Advertising on Sale s Performance: a Case Study of Bata & Service Shoes (Okara)
Role of Advertising on Sale s Performance: a Case Study of Bata & Service Shoes (Okara) Dr Ahsan Zia Assistant Professor, Management Sciences, Lahore leads University, Lahore, Pakistan Farrukh Shahzad
More informationSALES PROMOTION AS A CRITICAL COMPONENT OF A SMALL BUSINESS MARKETING STRATEGY
SALES PROMOTION AS A CRITICAL COMPONENT OF A SMALL BUSINESS MARKETING STRATEGY Faitira Manuere Lecturer Chinhoyi University of Technology, Chinhoyi, Zimbabwe Edison Gwangwava Lecturer Chinhoyi University
More information2011 Adebisi Sunday A., Babatunde Bayode O. STRATEGIC INFLUENCE OF PROMOTIONAL MIX ON ORGANISATION SALE TURNOVER IN THE FACE OF STRONG COMPETITORS
2011 Adebisi Sunday A., Babatunde Bayode O. 343 STRATEGIC INFLUENCE OF PROMOTIONAL MIX ON ORGANISATION SALE TURNOVER IN THE FACE OF STRONG COMPETITORS Adebisi Sunday. A (Ph.D) Department of Business Administration,
More informationover-the-counter selling personal selling field selling network marketing telemarketing outbound telemarketing inbound telemarketing inside selling
personal selling over-the-counter selling field selling network marketing outbound telemarketing telemarketing inbound telemarketing inside selling relationship selling consultative selling cross-selling
More informationChapter 17 Promotional Concepts and Strategies. Section 17.1 Promotion and Promotional Mix Section 17.2 Types of Promotion
Unit 6 Promotion Chapter 17 Promotional Concepts and Strategies Chapter 18 Visual Merchandising and Display Chapter 19 Advertising Chapter 20 Print Advertisements Chapter 17 Promotional Concepts and Strategies
More informationTechnological Attitude and Academic Achievement of Physics Students in Secondary Schools (Pp. 150-157)
An International Multi-Disciplinary Journal, Ethiopia Vol. 4 (3a) July, 2010 ISSN 1994-9057 (Print) ISSN 2070-0083 (Online) Technological Attitude and Academic Achievement of Physics Students in Secondary
More informationAN ASSESSMENT OF SALES PROMOTION AS EFFECTIVE TOOL FOR CUSTOMER RETENTION IN TELECOMMUNICATIONS INDUSTRY OF GHANA
International Journal of Economics, Commerce and Management United Kingdom Vol. II, Issue 10, Oct 2014 http://ijecm.co.uk/ ISSN 2348 0386 AN ASSESSMENT OF SALES PROMOTION AS EFFECTIVE TOOL FOR CUSTOMER
More informationPower Struggles and Sales Promotion
Chapter 18 Sales Promotion Power Struggles and Sales Promotion Sales promotion plays a key strategic role in the channel of distribution Big name brands need to supported with sales promotion and POP in
More informationTHE INFLUENCE OF MARKETING INTELLIGENCE ON PERFORMANCES OF ROMANIAN RETAILERS. Adrian MICU 1 Angela-Eliza MICU 2 Nicoleta CRISTACHE 3 Edit LUKACS 4
THE INFLUENCE OF MARKETING INTELLIGENCE ON PERFORMANCES OF ROMANIAN RETAILERS Adrian MICU 1 Angela-Eliza MICU 2 Nicoleta CRISTACHE 3 Edit LUKACS 4 ABSTRACT The paper was dedicated to the assessment of
More informationThe effectiveness of the promotional tools in creating awareness toward customers of Islamic banking in Malaysia
SECTION 2. Management in firms and organizations Abdul Jumaat bin Mahajar (Malaysia), Jasmani Binti Mohd Yunus (Malaysia) The effectiveness of the promotional tools in creating awareness toward customers
More informationThe Role of Integrated Marketing Communications (IMC) in Absorbing Tourists: A Case Study in Kish Island
The Role of Integrated Marketing Communications (IMC) in Absorbing Tourists: A Case Study in Kish Island Nazanin Sadat Fatehi Department of Tourism Management, University of Tehran, International campus,
More informationMarketing Mix, Not Branding
Marketing Mix, Not Branding Waheed Riaz Bachelors Business Administration (Marketing) Department of Management Sciences The Islamia University of Bahawalpur, Pakistan E-mail: Waheed.riaz@hotmail.com Asif
More informationSALES PROMOTION, EVENTS, AND SPONSORSHIPS
PART FIVE: INTEGRATION AND EVALUATION Chapter 16 Wells, Moriarty, Burnett & Lwin ADVERTISING Principles and Effective IMC Practice Koekemoer L. (2004)., Marketing Communications, Juta and Company Ltd.
More informationA STUDY ON THE AWARENESS OF CONSUMPTION OF HEALTH FOOD DRINKS BY CHILDREN, ADOLESCENTS AND YOUNG ADULTS WITH SPECIAL REFERENCE TO WORIYUR
A STUDY ON THE AWARENESS OF CONSUMPTION OF HEALTH FOOD DRINKS BY CHILDREN, ADOLESCENTS AND YOUNG ADULTS WITH SPECIAL REFERENCE TO WORIYUR Gomathy Muthu gomathymuthu70@gmail.com ABSTRACT- A consumer s decision
More informationSales Promotion, Events, and Sponsorships. Chapter Outline. Key Points. Chapter 16
Sales Promotion, Events, and Sponsorships Chapter 16 Chapter Outline I. Chapter Key Points II. The Practice of Sales Promotion III. Consumer Promotions IV. Trade Promotions V. Promotions that Cross the
More informationINVESTIGATING THE IMPACT OF MARKETING MIX ELEMENTS ON CONSUMER LOYALTY: AN EMPRICAL STUDY ON NIGERIAN BREWERIES PLC.
INVESTIGATING THE IMPACT OF MARKETING MIX ELEMENTS ON CONSUMER LOYALTY: AN EMPRICAL STUDY ON NIGERIAN BREWERIES PLC. Owomoyela S K Department of Business Administration, Osun State Polytechnic, Iree, Osun
More informationMarketing: Advertising and Sales Promotion
Marketing: Advertising and Sales Promotion Food Communication II Section G Communication Mix Strategies All of the information has been adapted from: Kotler P. Armstrong, G., 2004. Principles of Marketing.
More informationClass B.Com VI Sem. (Management) Subject Sales Promotion & Public Relation
SYLLABUS Class B.Com VI Sem. (Management) Subject Sales Promotion & Public Relation UNIT I UNIT II UNIT III UNIT IV UNIT V Nature and importance of sales promotion, its role in marketing, forms of sales
More informationCREDIT POLICY AND ITS EFFECT ON LIQUIDITY: A STUDY OF SELECTED MANUFACTURING COMPANIES IN NIGERIA
The Journal of Commerce, Vol. 3, No. 3 ISSN: 2218-8118, 2220-6043 Hailey College of Commerce, University of the Punjab, PAKISTAN CREDIT POLICY AND ITS EFFECT ON LIQUIDITY: A STUDY OF SELECTED MANUFACTURING
More informationScholars Journal of Economics, Business and Management e-issn 2348-5302
Scholars Journal of Economics, Business and Management e-issn 2348-5302 Chandoriya KR.; Sch J Econ Bus Manag, 2014; 1(3):93-97 p-issn 2348-8875 SAS Publishers (Scholars Academic and Scientific Publishers)
More informationINFLUENCE OF SALESPERSONS COMPENSATION ON PERFORMANCE DURING SALES PROMOTION OF SELECTED COMPANIES IN ILORIN, NIGERIA
Nigerian Journal of Applied Behavioural Sciences, 2 (June) 2014, 236-244 Copyright Department of Pure and Applied Psychology ISSN: 2408-543X INFLUENCE OF SALESPERSONS COMPENSATION ON PERFORMANCE DURING
More informationAdoption of Point of Sale Terminals in Nigeria: Assessment of Consumers Level of Satisfaction Abstract Key words 1. INTRODUCTION
Adoption of Point of Sale Terminals in Nigeria: Assessment of Consumers Level of Satisfaction Olugbade Adeoti * Kehinde Osotimehin Department of management and accounting, Obafemi Awolowo University, Ile-Ife,
More informationThe Impact of Advertisement on Alcohol Consumption: A Case Study of Consumers in Bantama Sub-Metro
International Review of Management and Marketing Vol. 3, No. 1, 2013, pp.28-36 ISSN: 2146-4405 www.econjournals.com The Impact of Advertisement on Alcohol Consumption: A Case Study of Consumers in Bantama
More informationManaging Mass Communication: Advertising, Sales Promotion, Events and Experiences, and Public Relations
The best advertising is done by satisfied customers. Managing Mass Communication: Advertising, Sales Promotion, Events and Experiences, and Public Relations www.aenike.ub.ac.id Developing and Managing
More informationMarketing: Promotion Basics
Name: Class: Date Taken: Total Possible Marks: 39 Marketing: Promotion Basics Complete the following questions in the time allowed by your teacher Write a short, accurate definition for each of the following
More informationEFFECT OF TOTAL QUALITY MANAGEMENT ON THE PERFORMANCE OF BREWERY INDUSTRY IN NIGERIA: AN EMPIRICAL STUDY OF SELECTED BREWERIES IN LAGOS STATE, NIGERIA
ISSN: 0189-5958 Website: www.arabianjbmr.com/ngjsd_index.php EFFECT OF TOTAL QUALITY MANAGEMENT ON THE PERFORMANCE OF BREWERY INDUSTRY IN NIGERIA: AN EMPIRICAL STUDY OF SELECTED BREWERIES IN LAGOS STATE,
More informationBarriers to the implementation of Integrated Marketing Communications: The client perspective.
Barriers to the implementation of Integrated Marketing Communications: The client perspective. Discussions on Integrated Marketing Communications (IMC) in the academic and practitioner journals are gradually
More informationMarketing Management SUMMARY. Chapter 14 One to One: Trade Communication, Direct Marketing & Personal Selling
Marketing Management SUMMARY Chapter 14 One to One: Trade Communication, Direct Marketing & Personal Selling Chapter 14 Trade Sales Promotion: Targeting The B2B Customer Trade Promotions - Focus on members
More informationPrinciples of Marketing Lecture 13a: Promotional Mix Decisions: Advertising and Sales Promotion. The Traditional Communication Model. Noise.
Principles of Marketing Lecture 13a: al Mix Decisions: Advertising and Sales Target Market Product Place Price Personal Selling Mass Selling Sales Advertising Publicity The Traditional Communication Model
More informationLECTURERS PERFORMANCE APPRAISAL AND TOTAL QUALITY MANAGEMENT OF PUBLIC UNIVERSITIES IN SOUTH-WESTERN NIGERIA
LECTURERS PERFORMANCE APPRAISAL AND TOTAL QUALITY MANAGEMENT OF PUBLIC UNIVERSITIES IN SOUTH-WESTERN NIGERIA Peleyeju, Joshua Olusegun; PhD Department of Educational Management, Tai Solarin University
More informationWORKSHOP #4 CUSTOMER TARGETING (MARKETING) STRATEGY
WORKSHOP #4 CUSTOMER TARGETING (MARKETING) STRATEGY THE FUNDAMENTAL ELEMENTS OF THE DEFINITION OF A CUSTOMER TARGETING (MARKETING) STRATEGY Corporate Strategy Mission of the firm Strategic thrusts and
More informationChannel Incentive Travel: A Case Study
The Benefits of Incentive Travel For Channel Partners Channel Incentive Travel: A Case Study A channel incentive travel program is a travel experience awarded from a manufacturer to a retailer for meeting
More informationLECTURE 1 Introduction To Integrated Marketing Communications. Marketing satisfying needs and wants through the exchange process.
LECTURE 1 Introduction To Integrated Marketing Communications Marketing satisfying needs and wants through the exchange process. The Marketing Management Process 1. Situation analysis (PESTL). 2. Objectives.
More informationAdvertising value of mobile marketing through acceptance among youth in Karachi
MPRA Munich Personal RePEc Archive Advertising value of mobile marketing through acceptance among youth in Karachi Suleman Syed Akbar and Rehan Azam and Danish Muhammad IQRA UNIVERSITY 1. September 2012
More informationAnalysis of The Gross Domestic Product (G.D.P) of Nigeria:1960-2012
Analysis of The Gross Domestic Product (G.D.P) of Nigeria:1960-2012 Onuoha Desmond O 1., Ibe Akunna 2, Njoku Collins U 3 And Onuoha Joy Ifeyinwa 4 1&2 Department of Mathematics and Statistics Federal Polytechnic
More informationExecutive Cover Memo. The Allround brand is in a favorable position, but the cold medicine is also becoming a
Executive Cover Memo The Allround brand is in a favorable position, but the cold medicine is also becoming a cash cow. I believe that Allround needs to increase its unit sales with both grocery stores
More informationCustomer Relationship Management: an Organizational Survival Approach to Perceive Customer Loyalty
Customer Relationship Management: an Organizational Survival Approach to Perceive Customer Loyalty Dr. Mehran Molavi1, Ayub Nahardah2 1-Department of Public Administration, College of Human Sciences, Mahabad
More informationEffect of sales promotion on consumer behavior based on culture
African Journal of Business Management Vol. 6(1), pp. 98-102,11 January, 2012 Available online at http://www.academicjournals.org/ajbm DOI: 10.5897/AJBM11.739 ISSN 1993-8233 2012 Academic Journals Full
More informationMapping Hospital Growth Through Strategic Service Promotion Management
World Journal of Social Sciences Vol. 2. No. 6. September 2012 Issue. Pp. 101 112 Mapping Hospital Growth Through Strategic Service Promotion Management 1. Introduction Sanjay Bhalerao* and Rajendra Singh**
More informationThe Effect of Information Technology (IT) Support on Innovations Concepts: A study of Textile Sector in Pakistan
The Effect of Information Technology (IT) Support on Innovations Concepts: A study of Textile Sector in Pakistan Abstract Muhammad Mohsin MBA (Quality Management), Govt College University Faisalabad, Pakistan
More informationEffects of Relationship Marketing (RM) on Customer Loyalty (Case Study: Mehr Bank, Kermanshah Province, Iran).
Effects of Relationship Marketing (RM) on Customer Loyalty (Case Study: Mehr Bank, Kermanshah Province, Iran). Peyman Jesri MA in MBA in Islamic Azad University, Sanandaj, Iran Freyedon Ahmadi Departement
More informationin nigerian companies.
Information Management 167 in nigerian companies. Idris, Adekunle. A. Abstract: Keywords: Relationship Marketing, Customer loyalty, Customer Service, Relationship Marketing Strategy and Nigeria. Introduction
More informationA review of Marketing strategy of motorcycle products in Bangladesh.
A review of Marketing strategy of motorcycle products in Bangladesh. *Farooq Hossan *Issa Ahammad Abstract In Bangladesh extensive road network has been made in the rural areas as part of the infrastructural
More informationPROMOTION TRHOUGH THE MARKETING CHANNEL
Chapter 12 PROMOTION TRHOUGH THE MARKETING CHANNEL Chapter Objectives One of the major tools the manufacturer uses for implementing an integrated promotional program is selling support by channel members.
More informationBRAND EQUITY AND BRAND SURVIVAL: EVIDENCE FROM AN EMERGING WINE REGION
BRAND EQUITY AND BRAND SURVIVAL: EVIDENCE FROM AN EMERGING WINE REGION Duhan, D.F., Laverie, D.A., Wilcox, J.B., Kolyesnikova, N., Dodd, T.H. Texas Tech University, Lubbock, Texas, USA Abstract This paper
More informationDirect Marketing & Other promotional mix Methods
Direct Marketing & Other promotional mix Methods Uni.Vie.Marketing Group9:Feraldi Zahir Ilka Djajakusuma Tanja Tratting Wei Huang The Meaning of direct Marketing Definition Covers a wide array of methods
More informationA Study on Consumer Behavior of Aavin Milk in Bhel Township: Trichy
ISSN: 2321-7782 (Online) Volume 1, Issue 4, September 2013 International Journal of Advance Research in Computer Science and Management Studies Research Paper Available online at: www.ijarcsms.com A Study
More informationSales Promotion. The Marketers Dilemma. Sales Promotion Defined:
Sales Promotion The Marketers Dilemma Sales Promotion Defined: A direct inducement that offers extra value or incentive for the product to the salesforce, distributors, or the ultimate consumer with the
More informationCreating a Mailing List
Creating a Mailing List by BNET Editorial Tags: marketing, mailing list, direct marketing, tool A quality mailing list is probably the most important element in a direct-marketing program, and assembling
More informationHigh Performance Eng 9 Overview of Marketing
High Performance Eng 9 Overview of Marketing Definition: Marketing is the performance of business activities that direct the flow of goods and services from producer to consumer or user in order to satisfy
More informationThe$Nigeria$Hospitality*Industry*Experience*on*Customer* Relationship,Management,and,Marketing,Effectiveness)
Advances)in)Social)Sciences)Research)Journal) )Vol.,)No.2) Publication)Date:Feb.25,2 DoI:.478/assrj..7. Opara,' B.' C.,' &' Nwulu,' S.' C.' (2).The' Nigeria' Hospitality' Industry' Experience' on' Customer'
More informationNon-personal communication
Week 8: Promotions Integrated Marketing Communications: advertising, Sales Promotion, Public Relations, and Direct Marketing Strategic Goals Of Marketing Communication Create awareness Build positive images
More informationMkt501 final term subjective Solve Questions By Adnan Awan
Mkt501 final term subjective Solve Questions By Adnan Awan Question No: ( Marks: 3 ) How public relations are helpful in creating goodwill for organizations? ANSWER Corporations use marketing public relations
More informationJournal of College Teaching & Learning July 2008 Volume 5, Number 7
Prerequisite Coursework As A Predictor Of Performance In A Graduate Management Course Amy McMillan-Capehart, East Carolina University Tope Adeyemi-Bello, East Carolina University ABSTRACT There have been
More informationSOCIAL CUSTOMER RELATIONSHIP MANAGEMENT (SCRM) IN INDIAN RETAIL INDUSTRY
SOCIAL CUSTOMER RELATIONSHIP MANAGEMENT (SCRM) IN INDIAN RETAIL Dr. A.R. Annadurai* INDUSTRY Abstract: Social CRM is an advanced form of customer relationship management that uses social media services,
More informationGlobal Distribution and Advertising
Liberty University DigitalCommons@Liberty University Faculty Publications and Presentations School of Business 2008 Global Distribution and Advertising Kevin L. Rawls Liberty University, klrawls@liberty.edu
More informationThe Influence of Sale Promotion Factors on Purchase Decisions: A Case Study of Portable PCs in Thailand
2011 International Conference on Financial Management and Economics IPEDR vol.11 (2011) (2011) IACSIT Press, Singapore The Influence of Sale Promotion Factors on Purchase Decisions: A Case Study of Portable
More informationVALIDITY OF CONTINUOUS ASSESSMENT SCORES AS PREDICTORS OF STUDENTS' PERFORMANCE IN JUNIOR SECONDARY EXAMINATIONS IN NIGERIA
VALIDITY OF CONTINUOUS ASSESSMENT SCORES AS PREDICTORS OF STUDENTS' PERFORMANCE IN JUNIOR SECONDARY EXAMINATIONS IN NIGERIA Dr. O.A. Oyedeji ABSTRACT The National Policy on Education (WPE) clearly specified
More informationSlide 1. Welcome to Chapter 11. This chapter is called Marketing. The author is Vicente Lluch.
Slide 1 Welcome to Chapter 11 This chapter is called Marketing. The author is Vicente Lluch. Slide 2 In this chapter we will address the learning objectives by answering the following questions: What is
More informationInfluence of Aggressivenessand Conservativenessin Investing and Financing Policies on Performance of Industrial Firms in Kenya
IOSR Journal of Economics and Finance (IOSR-JEF) e-issn: 2321-5933, p-issn: 2321-5925.Volume 2, Issue 5 (Jan. 2014), PP 27-32 Influence of Aggressivenessand Conservativenessin Investing and Financing Policies
More informationThe Macrotheme Review A multidisciplinary journal of global macro trends
The Macrotheme Review A multidisciplinary journal of global macro trends IMPACT OF GOVERNMENT EXPENDITURE ON NIGERIA S ECONOMIC GROWTH (1992 2011) Nwaeze Chinweoke* Njoku Ray** and Nwaeze Okeoma Paschal***
More informationEvaluation of Effectiveness of Sales Promotional Tools on Sales Volume (Case Study: Iran Tractor Manufacturing Complex (ITMC))
Middle-East Journal of Scientific Research 11 (4): 470-480, 2012 ISSN 1990-9233 IDOSI Publications, 2012 Evaluation of Effectiveness of Sales Promotional Tools on Sales Volume (Case Study: Iran Tractor
More informationEuropean status report on alcohol and health 2014. Reducing the negative consequences of drinking and alcohol intoxication
European status report on alcohol and health 2014 Reducing the negative consequences of drinking and alcohol intoxication Reducing the negative consequences of drinking and alcohol intoxication Background
More informationADVERTISING AND SALES PROMOTION
C.B.C.S.S. B.Com Programme Semester V Complementary Course- 1 ADVERTISING AND SALES PROMOTION 1. Promotion mix includes Sales Promotion, Personal Selling, Advertising and a) Marketing b) Sales c) Publicity
More informationEquipment Leasing: A Facet of Corporate Financing Strategy
Journal of Management and Corporate Governance 2014 Cenresin Publications Volume 6, Number 2, 2014 www.cenresinpub.org Equipment Leasing: A Facet of Corporate Financing Strategy 1 ALEXANDER OLAWUMI DABOR
More informationTHE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN WORKING CAPITAL MANAGEMENT AND DIVIDEND PAYOUT RATIO OF FIRMS LISTED IN NAIROBI SECURITIES EXCHANGE
International Journal of Economics, Commerce and Management United Kingdom Vol. III, Issue 11, November 2015 http://ijecm.co.uk/ ISSN 2348 0386 THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN WORKING CAPITAL MANAGEMENT AND DIVIDEND
More informationEffects of Project Management on the Performance of a Construction Firm in Nigeria
Effects of Project Management on the Performance of a Construction Firm in Nigeria Irefin, Isaac Adeyemi, PhD African Institute for Science Policy and Innovation Obafemi Awolowo University Ile-Ife, Nigeria
More informationImpact of Leadership Style on Organizational Performance: A Case Study of Nigerian Banks
American Journal of Business and Management Vol. 1, No. 4, 2012, 202-207 Impact of Leadership Style on Organizational Performance: A Case Study of Nigerian Banks Ojokuku R. M 1, Odetayo T. A 2* and Sajuyigbe
More informationImpact of Human Resource Practices on Employees Productivity A Comparative Study between Public and Private Banks in India
International Journal of Trade and Commerce-IIARTC January-June 2012, Volume 1, No. 1, pp. 142-148 ISSN-2277-5811 SGSR. (www.sgsrjournals.com) All right reserved. Impact of Human Resource Practices on
More informationINVESTIGATION OF EFFECTIVE FACTORS IN USING MOBILE ADVERTISING IN ANDIMESHK. Abstract
INVESTIGATION OF EFFECTIVE FACTORS IN USING MOBILE ADVERTISING IN ANDIMESHK Mohammad Ali Enayati Shiraz 1, Elham Ramezani 2 1-2 Department of Industrial Management, Islamic Azad University, Andimeshk Branch,
More informationA Knowledge Base Representing Porter's Five Forces Model
A Knowledge Base Representing Porter's Five Forces Model Henk de Swaan Arons (deswaanarons@few.eur.nl) Philip Waalewijn (waalewijn@few.eur.nl) Erasmus University Rotterdam PO Box 1738, 3000 DR Rotterdam,
More informationExploring the Antecedents of Electronic Service Acceptance: Evidence from Internet Securities Trading
Exploring the Antecedents of Electronic Service Acceptance: Evidence from Internet Securities Trading Siriluck Rotchanakitumnuai Department of Management Information Systems Faculty of Commerce and Accountancy
More informationStrictly as per the compliance and regulations of:
Global Journal of Management and Business Research: C Finance Volume 14 Issue 4 Version 1.0 Year 2014 Type: Double Blind Peer Reviewed International Research Journal Publisher: Global Journals Inc. (USA)
More informationDirect-to-Consumer Prescription Drug Advertising: Understanding Its Consequences
Direct-to-Consumer Prescription Drug Advertising: Understanding Its Consequences by Jisu Huh and Lee B. Becker James M. Cox Jr. Center for International Mass Communication Training and Research Grady College
More informationMARKETING STRATEGIES FOR RECRUITING 4-H MEMBERS IN WEST VIRGINIA. Gary J. Wingenbach, Assistant Professor Mississippi State University
MARKETING STRATEGIES FOR RECRUITING 4-H MEMBERS IN WEST VIRGINIA Gary J. Wingenbach, Assistant Professor Mississippi State University Cheryl Nestor, Graduate Student Layle D. Lawrence, Professor Stacy
More informationAdvertisement and Sales Volume: The Case of Food, Beverage and Fiber Companies in Nigeria
SCSR Journal of Information and Communication Technology (SCSR-JICT) Volume 1, Issue 1 (June, 2014), pp 19-24 www.scholarconsult.com Advertisement and Sales Volume: The Case of Food, Beverage and Fiber
More informationComparing Brand Equity of Digital Single Lens Reflex (DSLR) Camera. Abstract. Pramote Suppapanya 1 * Santi Boonkert 2
768 วารสารว จ ย มข. 15 (8) : ส งหาคม 2553 (DSLR) Camera Pramote Suppapanya 1 * Santi Boonkert 2 Abstract The objective of this study is to compare brand equity of Digital Single Lens Reflex (DSLR) cameras
More informationChapter 3 Local Marketing in Practice
Chapter 3 Local Marketing in Practice 3.1 Introduction In this chapter, we examine how local marketing is applied in Dutch supermarkets. We describe the research design in Section 3.1 and present the results
More informationAn Assessment of the Performance Evaluation System Used to Evaluate Teachers in Secondary Schools in Meru Central District-Kenya
Doi:10.5901/ajis.2014.v3n6p199 Abstract An Assessment of the Performance Evaluation System Used to Evaluate Teachers in Secondary Schools in Meru Central District-Kenya Karuntimi Lucy Karuru Department
More informationInfluence of Branded Grains in Indian Retail Markets
IOSR Journal of Business and Management (IOSR-JBM) e-issn: 2278-487X, p-issn: 2319-7668. Volume 12, Issue 5 (Jul. - Aug. 2013), PP 41-45 Influence of Branded Grains in Indian Retail Markets 1 Dr. S. Franklin
More informationEvaluation of the Accounting Systems Used by Small Scale Enterprises in Nigeria: The Case of Enugu- South East Nigeria
Asian Journal of Business Management 3(4): 235-240, 2011 ISSN: 2041-8752 Maxwell Scientific Organization, 2011 Submitted: March 10, 2011 Accepted: August 05, 2011 Published: November 15, 2011 Evaluation
More informationAnderson Graduate School of Management at UCLA. Executive MBA Program. MGMT 478 - Customer Information Strategy. Fall 2003
Anderson Graduate School of Management at UCLA Executive MBA Program MGMT 478 - Customer Information Strategy Fall 2003 Objectives A customer or market orientation has become a necessity for the success
More informationInvestigating Effective Lead Generation Techniques
Investigating Effective Lead Generation Techniques by BNET Editorial There is always some degree of turnover in any customer base. To keep a business growing, it is essential to generate new prospective
More informationYour dream Our plan. We ll help you get there. Global Resources Team FLP
Your dream Our plan We ll help you get there Job security A thing of the past! The new millennium has spurred millions of Britons to make dramatic changes in their lives Huge numbers are unhappy with the
More informationStudy on the Working Capital Management Efficiency in Indian Leather Industry- An Empirical Analysis
Study on the Working Capital Management Efficiency in Indian Leather Industry- An Empirical Analysis Mr. N.Suresh Babu 1 Prof. G.V.Chalam 2 Research scholar Professor in Finance Dept. of Commerce and Business
More informationGuide to Trade Marketing. A guide to give you support and ideas for reviewing your trade marketing
Guide to Trade Marketing A guide to give you support and ideas for reviewing your trade marketing Synergy Creative works with clients to plan, design and implement trade marketing campaigns. Here we share
More informationSeparation -A Better Tomorrow-Economy A Study of Marketing Strategies On Automobile
Separation -A Better Tomorrow-Economy A Study of Marketing Strategies On Automobile Ekta Chakravarty Gauhati Commerce College, Gauhati University, E-mail : addictedlife24@gmail.com Abstract - Automobile
More informationPantene myshampoo Marketing Management Project
SOCIAL SCIENCES INSTITUTE MBA PROGRAMME Pantene myshampoo Marketing Management Project Mehmet Nuri ÇANKAYA June, 2003 Table of Contents Selection Of The Product... 3 Market Segments and Target Markets...
More informationEXPLAIN THE EFFECTIVENESS OF ADVERTISING USING THE AIDA MODEL
EXPLAIN THE EFFECTIVENESS OF ADVERTISING USING THE AIDA MODEL SAHAR GHARIBI a DR.SEYED YAHYAH SEYED DANESH b DR.KAMBIZ SHAHRODI c Abstract The main objective of this research, Explain the effectiveness
More informationBritish Journal of Economics, Finance and Management Sciences 49 October 2011, Vol. 2 (1)
British Journal of Economics, Finance and Management Sciences 49 Inventory Management in Small Business Finance: Empirical Evidence From Kwara State, Nigeria Abdulrasheed ABDULRAHEEM, Ph.D Department of
More informationInternational Journal of Advance Research in Computer Science and Management Studies
Volume 3, Issue 11, November 2015 ISSN: 2321 7782 (Online) International Journal of Advance Research in Computer Science and Management Studies Research Article / Survey Paper / Case Study Available online
More informationChapter 10 Sample Questions on Advertising, PR and Promotion
Chapter 10 Sample Questions on Advertising, PR and Promotion 1. One issue facing advertisers is that consumers screen out messages that are not relevant to them. 2. Glenn is using a push strategy to promote
More informationThe finance and marketing dilemma: Do promotional allowances actually increase revenue and profits for Atlantic City casinos?
The finance and marketing dilemma: Do promotional allowances actually increase revenue and profits for Atlantic City casinos? Toni Repetti, Ph.D. Abstract Casinos offer free items to attract new guests
More informationThe Relationships between Perceived Quality, Perceived Value, and Purchase Intentions A Study in Internet Marketing
The Relationships between Quality, Value, and Purchase Intentions A Study in Internet Marketing Man-Shin Cheng, National Formosa University, Taiwan Helen Cripps, Edith Cowan University, Australia Cheng-Hsui
More informationRanking Barriers to Implementing Marketing Plans in the Food Industry
Ranking Barriers to Implementing Marketing Plans in the Food Industry Shahram Gilaninia 1, Seyed Yahya Seyed Danesh 2, Mina Abroofarakh 3* 1 Department of Industrial Management, Rasht Branch, Islamic Azad
More informationEffects of public relations in fund raising events (A study of selected churches in Aba metropolis)
ISSN: 2347-3215 Volume 3 Number 5 (May-2015) pp. 272-281 www.ijcrar.com Effects of public relations in fund raising events (A study of selected churches in Aba metropolis) Chiemela Queen Adaugo and Nwokorie,
More information