Management and Modern Aspects of Safety in Civil Engineering

Transcription

1 Applied Mechanics and Materials Vols (2013) pp Online available since 2013/Aug/08 at (2013) Trans Tech Publications, Switzerland doi: / Management and Modern Aspects of Safety in Civil Engineering Petra Suchardova 1,a and Oldrich Sucharda 2,b 1 VSB-TU Ostrava, Faculty of Safety Engineering, Lumírova 13/630, Ostrava - Výškovice, , Czech Republic 2 VSB-TU Ostrava, Faculty of Civil Engineering, Ludvika Podeste 1875, Ostrava-Poruba, , Czech Republic a petra.suchardova.st@vsb.cz, b oldrich.sucharda@vsb.cz Keywords: Management, safety at work, communication, responsibility Abstract. The civil engineering belongs to one of the most important industrial area and to a sphere of increased requirements for Health & Safety. With the civil activities, there is connected the wide research in a lot of spheres such as material research, advanced analysis of building structures, experiment research and the others. The presented paper deals with possible approaches to safety management system resulting from the most widespread system used in praxis. This article also discusses modern elements of safety management. Introduction There are connected risks with each of a human activity, where the risk means the case where the real result differs from the supposed one. The deviation can be positive or negative. The civil engineering belongs to one of the most important industrial area and to sphere of the increased requirements for Health & Safety. With the civil activities, there is connected the wide research in a lot of spheres such as material research, advanced analysis of building structures [10], experiment research [11] and the others. There is quite important to evaluate the risks in cases of experiment performance, because the serious results even dead can happen. There exist a lot of approaches for the management itself. The presented paper deals with the possible approaches resulted from the most widespread system used in praxis in a connection with the other system such as the quality management etc. The company position in the national and foreign market depends on a lot of factors. It is mainly the business field, company size, market situation, orientation on a customer and the competitiveness [5]. The last aspect is very important and brings a question how the companies can obtain the competitive advantage and be great at the others in the current business world. Fig. 1 Integrated management system, created as per [6] All rights reserved. No part of contents of this paper may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means without the written permission of TTP, (ID: , Pennsylvania State University, University Park, USA-26/02/15,16:03:02)

2 Applied Mechanics and Materials Vols The companies in Czech Republic and Europe try to grip by the price and the quality of their products by the current and the potential customers. Among the possible management ways which enable to reach the required goals, such as the price and the products quality, the integrated management systems are [6]. These include the quality, Health & Safety, fire protection, occupational hygiene and environmental system, as it visible in Figure 1. The particular range of the integrated management system depends on the business branch of the company and the required criteria. There were created the recommendations, directives and standards which specify these requirements for particular activities and processes. The most widespread standard in a sphere of quality management is the Czech technical standard, series ČSN EN ISO 9000, which is implemented from the international standards. By the companies where the business field is mostly the production, then it is the standard ČSN EN ISO 9001 [1]. For the environmental management system there is created the Czech technical standard ČSN EN ISO [2], which tries to minimize negative consequences to environment. The sphere of safety at work and the occupational hygiene is comprised by the international standard ČSN OHSAS [3] and guide book ILO-OSH 2001 [4]. There exists also the national program in Czech Republic. This evaluates the level of Health & Safety whose result is the certification,,safe Enterprise. The program is annually announced by Ministry of labour in Czech Republic and National authority of labour inspection [16]. The program,,safe Enterprise [16] comprises also principles from the standard of series ČSN EN ISO 9001 and ČSN EN ISO Requirements for safety at work The basic requirements in a sphere of Health & Safety are stipulated by Directive no. 89/391/EHS from 1989 in countries in European Union. This is implemented in national legislature in particular member countries. The Directive is implemented in Labor Code in Czech Republic and in regulation no. 309/2006 Sb., which discussed the requirements of Health & Safety in the labour relations (In Czech: Zákon, kterým se upravují další požadavky bezpečnosti a ochrany zdraví při práci v pracovněprávních vztazích a o zajištění bezpečnosti a ochrany zdraví při činnosti nebo poskytování služeb mimo pracovněprávní vztahy). The system of safety conditions assures from the employer for employees the rights and the obligations, personal protective equipment policy, training from the legal and the other requirements and the others. The legal requirements are then elaborated to the regulations (government directives, standards) [7] in a detail. The safety management system is specific in each company because it depends on the performed branch of working activity. The companies where the safety technician is the internal employee, then the safety system is on the higher level. Safety management is currently dealt within the integrated management system and there is often used the specialized software. Certified Health & Safety system The companies with the integrated management system use the certified system in a compliance with the international standards when implementing the safety management system where in the Health & Safety sphere it is mainly the standard OHSAS This standard was created based on the requirements of the companies for the certification uniformity. The standard stipulates the requirements for the safety management system, where it must enable the control of occupational risks and the health protection. The system also has to lead to create the safety environment for the employees and for the contractors. The system standard brings a term of continuous improvement. The proper implementation of OHSAS standard in the company is verified by the independent authorized person. The company has to participate in the process of the certification to obtain the certificate. After the successful certification performed by the authorized company ČIA o.p.s., there is provided the certification with validity for three years. The company which is accredited by ČIA o.p.s. has the mark of the independence and the unified internationally recognized system of the assessment.

3 2878 Architecture, Building Materials and Engineering Management The right implementation is verified by the certification which comprises the elements such as the policy and goals, hazard identification and risk analysis with a risk matrix presented in Figure 2, education and training of employees, elaboration of necessary documentation, emergency preparedness and the reaction and the others. The national program,,safe Enterprise was firstly announced in year 1996 by current National authority of labour inspection under the auspices of Ministry of labour. The program is based on Deming principle of the continuous improvement. It comprises not only the safety assessment but also the elements of the quality management system and the environmental management. The system is voluntary and is focused mainly on a practical function of the safety management system. The participation and the certification by the National authority of labour inspection are for free. The owners of the certification commit themselves to enable the random control of the system function. The program is favourite mainly by the big companies including a lot of construction companies. The company seems then in the market as the company with properly implemented increased protection of the employees and surrounding of the company against the risks resulted from the business branch. Risk evaluation The both above mentioned certification system of Health & Safety management put the accent on the proper performance of the hazard identification and the risk analysis [14]. There is possible to use a wide range of the methodology approaches to carry out the risk analysis when the goal is to find the risks of the working environment, remove then, or possibly to minimize them to an acceptable level [8]. The possible approaches are e.g. the risk analysis as per the activities [12]. The part and parcel of the risk analysis is a determination of residual risk, i.e. the risk which is after the countermeasure implementation carrier of the hazard for the employees in the workplace. The big question is the acceptance of the occupational risk that is dependant on social responsibility, the particular company and the employee. The working area without the safety risk does not exist. These areas are necessary to be primarily secured by the technical countermeasures against the risks, also the residual, equip the employee by the proper personal protective equipment (PPEs). Fig. 2 Risks evaluation in a sphere of Health & Safety risk matrix, created as per [8, 14] The particular problem of the risk analysis in a sphere of safety at work are the construction companies, where is every product (the building) unique. In this case, it is the most suitable to elaborate the risk register for the particular construction activities to database where for every building, there is created an individual Health & Safety plan. There is necessary, for the detailed risk analysis, to be elaborated by the experienced authorized person in civil areas. This document is then a part of documentation of civil project preparation. The important aspect of Health & Safety plan is that there has to be taken into the consideration the particular construction technological processes. The most effective way is the usage of the advanced software which can connect the creation of building technological project, schedule, net graph, price calculation, environmental and Health & Safety plan in one part [9].

4 Applied Mechanics and Materials Vols Statistics of occupational injuries The statistics in Health & Safety in a sphere of occupational injuries connected to safety at work in Czech Republic is not completely positive when comparing it in Europe. The number of the occupational injuries and their frequency gives Czech Republic under the average in European Union. In Czech Republic, there were caused in the workplaces totally occupational injuries in year 2010 [17]. The occupational injuries are the most often caused by fall of persons, fall of loads and injury caused by edges and wrong manipulation with tools or manually controlled appliances. The most frequent cause of the occupational injury in the world is the fall from height or over the free depth [15]. The above mentioned information leads to think about the reasons of so big number of occupational injuries. The experts say that the big portion is given by the fact that the employers do not equip their employees by the personal protective equipment (PPEs) or the PPEs are not suitable for the work. This is valid mainly for small and middle companies which do not have in a lot of examples the safety management system. One of the biggest problems which endanger the human health is a manipulation with dangerous chemical substances or products without usage of proper personal protective equipment stipulated in the risk analysis. Modern elements of management when increasing the Health & Safety level The modern elements of Health & Safety are the active approaches focus on human factor, and sharing of experience and information about the occupational risks. The human factor comprises the human activity activation and cooperation with particular employees. The active approach to Health & Safety means to convince the particular employees about the importance of safety and to include them to a process of risk mitigation in the workplace. The goal is that the employees will think about the particular workplace or working procedures modification or the choice of PPEs. The active approach of the company management should include the everyday discussion about Health & Safety to the regular meetings. To share the experience and information about the occupational risks, it is suitable to use: television information systems, company magazine, Intranet. The presented media could, for an instance, by the messages naturally provide the actual information about the implementing projects, trainings and the occupational injuries. The new information and the education of the employees, it is suitable to realize by the projects with a different topics such as health and safety days, weeks of lifestyle, communication meetings etc. The important is the inclusion of the state authority departments such as in Great Britain, there was created the possibility of the free of charge telephone for the discussion about the occupational risks. Conclusion The safety at work has become one of the important elements of the integrated management system where for the implementation to the company processes and activities, there is the most often used the international standard OHSAS or national program Safe Enterprise. The authors deal with this topic also in [13]. The important aspect of successful Health & Safety management in the company is not the certification obtaining. Here is the field of activity for the small and the middle companies in the civil engineering business. The business market and also the state authorities can help to mitigate the bad statistics of the occupational injuries by the active approach in everyday praxis of this human activity.

5 2880 Architecture, Building Materials and Engineering Management Acknowledgements This work has been completed thanks to the financial support of the Czech Republic through the Grant Competition for Students within the research performed in the Technical University of Ostrava. The registration number of this project is SP2013/99. References [1] ČSN EN ISO 9001: Quality management systems Requirements. Praha: Úřad pro technickou normalizaci, metrologii a státní zkušebnictví, [2] ČSN EN ISO 14001: Environmental management systems - Requirements with guidance for use. Praha: Úřad pro technickou normalizaci, metrologii a státní zkušebnictví, [3] ČSN OHSAS 18001: Occupational health and safety management systems - Requirements. Praha: Úřad pro technickou normalizaci, metrologii a státní zkušebnictví, [4] ILO-OSH 2001: Guidelines on occupational safety and health management systems. Geneva: International Labour Office, (2001). ISBN [5] M. Vaněk: Management v hospodářské praxi. SPBI, Ostrava, (2006). ISBN [6] J. Nenadál a kol: Integrated Management System (In Czech: Integrovaný systém řízení : praktická příručka pro managery jakosti, ekology a bezpečnostní techniky, Dashöfer, Praha, (2006). ISBN [7] Nařízení vlády č. 591/2006 Sb., o bližších minimálních požadavcích na BOZP na staveništích. [8] M. Oravec: Vybrané kapitoly z manažérstva rizik I, Základy teórie rizik, Manažérstvo priemyselnych havárií, Slovník pojmov. Nová Lesná: EQUILIBRIA, (2011). ISBN [9] Č. Jarský: K počítačovému modelování realizace výstavby pro investory a dodavatele, Časopis Stavebnictví č. 08/2008, Pages 74 77, EXPO DATA spol s r.o., Brno, ISBN [10] J. Kralik, J. Kralik: Seismic analysis of reinforced concrete frame-wall systems considering ductility effects in accordance to Eurocode. Engineering structures, Vol. 31, (2009), iss.12, p ISSN [11] A. Lokaj, K. Vavrusova, E. Rykalova: Application of laboratory tests results of dowel joints in cement-splinter boards velox into the fully probabilistic methods (SBRA method). [2011 SREE Workshop on Applied Mechanics and Civil Engineering, AMCE 2011]. Applied Mechanics and Materiále, Volume 137, (2011), Pages 95-99, ISSN DOI: / [12] T. Pětvaldský, P. Suchardová: Risk analysis by ArcelorMittal activities (In Czech: Analýza rizik ArcelorMittal dle činností). In Sborník přednášek z mezinárodní konference Bezpečnost a ochrana zdraví při práci (2012), Ostrava, VŠB-TU Ostrava, (2012), Pages , ISBN [13] P. Suchardová, E. Štoudková, O. Sucharda: Moderní aspekty řízení BOZP. Konstrukce, Vol. 11, (2012), n. 4, p ISSN [14] Information on (Portal BOZPinfo.cz). [15] Information on (Státní úřad inspekce práce). [16] Manual - Bezpečný podnik, Státní úřad inspekce práce, Praha, (pdf). [17] Information on (Český statistický úřad).

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