most interested in identifying the demand for this degree and

Transcription

1 Learning Collaborative for Higher Education Continuing and Professional Education Program Custom Research Report February 2007 Demand for a B.S. in Pharmacy/ Pharmaceutics in NY-NJ Region Data Type Demand for Bachelor s Degree in Pharmacy Bachelor s Degree in Pharmacy Key Sources Bureau of Labor Statistics Pharmaceutical Industry Experts PHRMA State Labor Departments Institutional Websites Key Questions Catalog No. 116CPECRR0207 What is the potential market demand for a bachelor s degree in pharmacy/ pharmaceutics in the NY-NJ region? What is the level of support and demand from regional pharmaceutical companies? How are other degrees in pharmacy/pharmaceutics structured? Table of Contents Inquiry Overview 1 Methodology 1 Findings 2 Analysis & Recommendations 24 Bibliography 26 Inquiry Overview A CPE member in the Northeast census region sought data on the demand for a bachelor s degree in pharmacy defined by a B.S. focusing on areas relevant to the pharmaceutical industry, in the New York-New Jersey area. The member was most interested in identifying the demand for this degree and hiring expectations among pharmaceutical companies in the region. Additionally, the member sought to identify the structure of other undergraduate programs in pharmacy in order to gain insight into successful program design. Methodology In conjunction with the inquiring member, CPE staff identified organizations with potential demand for and insight into the need for a B.S. in pharmacy and interviewed human resources and pharmaceutical professionals at these employers and professional associations. CPE staff reviewed data from the Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS) and the NJ and NY Departments of Labor. CPE staff also referred to institutional Web sites of universities with established undergraduate programs in pharmacy to ascertain information on their structure. Custom Research Reports - In-depth analysis of issues of concern to individual members. The CPE program maintains dedicated staff to support members' needs for detailed, quick-turnaround research. Requests may be prompted by issues raised in the CPE program's Collaborative Research investigations, may seek to leverage the collective experience of the CPE membership, or may take the form of small-scale primary research investigations or reviews of secondary literature. Requests are fulfilled on a first-come basis and generally take ten weeks to complete subsequent to the receipt of an approved proposal. CPE staff work to deliver accurate, reliable data and information in all cases; however, we cannot guarantee the accuracy of data and information from all sources used. Copyright 2007 Eduventures, LLC Reproduction Prohibited 1 of 26

2 Key steps in this investigation included: Step 1 Step 2 Step 3 Step 4 Step 5 Define scope and objectives of inquiry, and formulate hypothesis Identify secondary and/or primary sources to be investigated Collect data and test research hypothesis Summarize key findings with reference to supporting evidence Recommend specific actions and areas for further research, if needed Interview CPE member regarding objectives for inquiry Formulate research hypothesis: There is opportunity to offer a bachelor s degree in pharmacy in the NY-NJ region Area pharmaceutical organizations PHRMA American Association of Colleges of Pharmacy Bureau of Labor Statistics Institutional Web sites Conduct interviews with area industry experts Collect data from secondary sources Adjust hypothesis based on analysis of data, as necessary Reactions to Conduct proposed degree primary are mixed research into interest from Area industry high school expectation for students hiring at the B.S. level in a Follow up generalist program with industry is moderate contacts to confirm Competitors findings within include SUNY- the report; Buffalo, Albany hold focus College, Wilkes groups University Findings The objectives of this report were to identify demand for a B.S. in Pharmacy/Pharmaceutics in the New York-New Jersey region. In addition, CPE staff explored the structure of other similar bachelor s degree programs. Thus, in this document CPE staff first review the potential market for a B.S. degree in pharmacy/pharmaceutics and then pharmaceutical industry demand and support for a B.S. in pharmacy, followed by a comparison of established programs. CPE staff undertook several different research methods to understand B.S. degree demand and existing supply. To assess demand, CPE staff reviewed secondary literature, including information from the BLS and the AACP. Interviews with regional industry experts and employers provided additional information on demand. To assess supply, CPE staff identified regional providers and profiled B.S. in Pharmaceutical Sciences programs at AACP Schools of Pharmacy within New York, New Jersey, Pennsylvania, Connecticut, and Massachusetts. 2 of 26

3 Among the key takeaways of this report are the following: Market Growth Impacting Demand for B.S. in Pharmacy The New York New Jersey region is anticipated to experience low population growth in the next five years; however, the household income level is rising and the most common educational attainment level is a bachelor s degree these trends indicate continued demand for undergraduate programming The pharmaceutical industry in the New York New Jersey region includes several very large firms such as Johnson & Johnson, Ortho-Neutrogena, and Merck & Co. these employers may be valuable partners in future pharmacy-related programming A bachelor s degree is typically an entry point into scientific positions within the pharmaceutical industry and those with a master s or Ph.D. have a greater number of opportunities the inquiring member should structure its programming to meet the needs of niche areas in which hiring at the bachelor s degree level is strong Nationally, high growth is expected among the following occupations in the pharmaceutical industry: medical scientists, business operations specialists, marketing and sales managers, and biochemists and biophysicists; regionally, high growth is anticipated among pharmacists, life scientists, and sales representatives the inquiring member s program should strive to meet the educational requirement of these fields or prepare students for related graduate study where applicable Approximately 20% of pharmaceutical scientists with the AAPS have a bachelor s degree and 80% have an advanced degree; individuals with a bachelor s degree and less than five years of experience typically earn just under $60,000 annually the high entry level pay may influence student interest in the proposed degree program Industry Perceptions of the Value of a B.S. in Pharmacy Hiring among the six employers interviewed is projected to be conservative and stable while the previous two years involved some contraction of the industry in general these growth trends are consistent with those of the state of New Jersey Areas where employers report the most hiring of B.S. prepared individuals include Quality Assurance, Sales, and R&D/Pharmaceutical Technology the inquiring member should structure its program to support these groups There were mixed impressions of the value of the B.S. in Pharmacy or Pharmaceutical Sciences to the industry: 3 firms indicated that the value of the program would be moderate to very high, and 3 firms suggest the program would be of moderate to very low value interviewees in business and recruiting operations tend to indicate a high value whereas interviewees working in a more technical capacity indicate a preference for advanced degree candidates Topic areas of greatest value within a B.S. include a firm understanding of the hard sciences and the following specific areas: sales and marketing, biology, drug development, biotechnology, quality assurance, and chemistry the inquiring member should require specific related content within its degree program Areas of concentration that employers indicate would have the greatest relevance in the industry include Sales and Marketing and Research & Development these two areas of focus should be offered within the degree program 3 of 26

4 Existing Programs Offering a B.S. in Pharmacy/Pharmaceutical Science CPE staff identified five institutions in the region offering a B.S. in Pharmaceutical Sciences: The State University of New York at Buffalo, Albany College of Pharmacy at Union College, the University of the Sciences in Philadelphia, Wilkes University, and the Massachusetts College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences there is significant regional competition which may also indicate demand; however, student graduation rates within the pharmaceutical sciences at the B.S. level are limited All programs are structured in a traditional four-year undergraduate program with face-to-face delivery modality Required courses commonly include biology, chemistry, mathematics, physiology pharmaceutics, and biochemistry depending on the focus, these courses should also be integrated into the inquiring member s curriculum Competitor programs indicate that graduates are prepared for entry-level employment in the pharmaceutical industry and for graduate school in a variety of areas The average tuition per credit is $663 for in-state students and $715 for out-of-state students among competitor programs in Pharmaceutical Sciences Demographic Trends Impacting Demand for a B.S. in Pharmacy/Pharmaceutics In order to understand the demand for a bachelor s degree in pharmacy, the inquiring member institution should consider the general demographic population growth and income in the region, the potential job opportunities for graduates of such a program, and the salary expectations for the fields in which graduates would likely be employed. The general population growth within New York and New Jersey is expected to be less than 1% per year for the next five years, indicating growth below the national average; however, this is consistent with much of the Northeast region. Figure 1. Population and Growth in New Jersey and New York Combined New York and New Jersey - Statewide 2006 Estimate 2011 Projection 2006 to 2011 Annual Growth Total Population 28,183,931 28,810, % 0.44% Source: Demographics Now Census data indicates that while the most common household income level among residents of New York and New Jersey is $50,000 - $74,999, the higher ranges of income levels are expected to grow into 2011, increasing the average household income to $80,301 and median household income to $58,231. These income levels may indicate increased demand for future post-secondary educational opportunities. 4 of 26

5 Figure 2. New York and New Jersey Average Annual Household Income Annual Household Income 2006 Estimate 2006% 2011 Projection 2011% 2006 to 2011 $0 - $15,000 1,463, % 1,390, % -5.00% $15,000 - $24, , % 941, % -5.70% $25,000 - $34,999 1,004, % 993, % -1.10% $35,000 - $49,999 1,351, % 1,226, % -9.20% $50,000 - $74,999 1,860, % 1,772, % -4.80% $75,000 - $99,999 1,254, % 1,313, % 4.80% $100,000 - $149,999 1,345, % 1,502, % 11.70% $150, , % 1,246, % 25.70% Average Hhld Income $74,128 $80, % Median Hhld Income $53,589 $58, % Source: Demographics Now The most common educational attainment level among the New York New Jersey population is a high school graduate, attained by over 30% of the population. This educational attainment level, as well as those with an associates, bachelor s, and graduate degree program are expected to grow again demonstrating that while the population may only be growing at a slow rate, the demand for post-secondary education will be rising consistently. Figure 3. New York and New Jersey Educational Attainment Levels Educational Attainment 2006 Estimate 2006% 2011 Projection 2011% 2006 to 2011 Age 25+ Population 18,884, % 19,523, % 3.40% Grade K - 8 1,035, % 814, % % Grade ,529, % 1,104, % % High School Graduate 5,825, % 6,323, % 8.50% Some College, No Degree 2,919, % 2,748, % -5.90% Associates Degree 1,383, % 1,519, % 9.90% Bachelor's Degree 3,640, % 4,117, % 13.10% Graduate Degree 2,550, % 2,894, % 13.50% Source: Demographics Now The pharmaceutical industry in the New York New Jersey region includes several large firms and related occupational opportunities. Across the United States, the pharmaceutical industry ranks among the fastest growing manufacturing industries, the largest industry class within manufacturing, and is important especially considering the declining growth of the general manufacturing industry. According to the BLS, almost 60% of jobs within the pharmaceutical industry are with firms employing over 500 employees. Large firms in the inquiring member institution s region include those listed in Figure 4. 5 of 26

6 Figure 4. Largest Pharmaceutical Companies in the Region Company Name Sales ($ mil) Employees Johnson & Johnson 50, ,600 Ortho- Neutrogena 7, ,600 Merck & Co., Inc. 22, ,500 Wyeth 18, ,732 Schering- Plough Corporation 9, ,600 Schering Corporation 2, ,400 Basfin Corporation 4, ,331 Pharmacia & Upjohn, Inc 2, ,000 Novartis Pharmaceuticals Corporation ,000 Hoffmann- La Roche Inc. 12, ,000 The Boc Group Inc 1, ,600 International Specialty Products Inc. 1, ,100 Berlin Schering Inc 1, ,712 Merck Holdings, Inc ,700 Johnson & Johnson Pharmaceutical Research & Development, L.L.C ,513 Rhodia Inc. 1, ,410 Cambrex Corporation ,041 Berlex, Inc. 1, ,000 Organon Pharmaceuticals Usa Inc ,747 Janssen, L.P ,600 Daiichi Sankyo, Inc ,500 Alpharma Inc ,400 Ge Health ,400 Kos Pharmaceuticals, Inc ,361 Dsm Nutritional Products, Inc ,200 Novo Industries Of North America, Inc 41 1,200 Lonza America Inc ,054 Source: Among those individuals employed in the pharmaceutical industry, pharmaceutical scientists are common; therefore, trends in the employment of chemical or related scientists are relevant to the pharmaceutical industry. According to the Bureau of Labor Statistics: A bachelor s degree in chemistry or a related discipline is the minimum educational requirement; however, many research jobs require a master s degree, or more often a Ph.D. Job growth will be concentrated in pharmaceutical and medicine manufacturing companies and in professional, scientific, and technical services firms. Graduates with a bachelor s degree will have opportunities at smaller research organizations; those with a master s degree, and particularly those with a Ph.D., will enjoy better opportunities at larger pharmaceutical and biotechnology firms. Figure 5 highlights growth trends across pharmaceutical occupations in the U.S. 6 of 26

7 Figure 5. Pharmaceutical Industry Occupational Employment and Growth in the U.S. Occupation Employment Number in 2004 Employment % in 2004 % Change % Annual Change Total, all occupations in pharma industry 291, Management, business, and financial occupations 53, Top executives 4, Marketing and sales managers 4, Industrial production managers 4, Natural sciences managers 5, Managers, all other 5, Business operation specialists, all other 7, Accountants and auditors 3, Professional and related occupations 85, Computer systems analysts 4, Industrial engineers, including health and safey 3, Industrial engineering technicians 3, Biochemists and biophysicists 4, Microbiologists 3, Medical scientist, except epidemiologists 10, Chemists 14, Biological technicians 8, Chemical technicians 5, Sales and related occupations 9, Sales representatives, wholesale and manufacturing, technical and scientific products 6, Office and administrative support occupations 34, Installation, maintenance, and repair occupations 13, Production occupations 79, First-line supevisors/managers of production and operating workers 7, Transportation and material moving occupations 13, Source: BLS Figure 6 identifies employment prospects within Long Island related to occupations relevant for professionals within the pharmaceutical industry. The largest growth is expected among pharmacists and sales representatives of technical and scientific products. 7 of 26

8 Figure 6. Long Island Pharmaceutical-Related Occupational Employment, Wage and Outlook Job Title Employment Prospects Median Wage Annual Average Openings Training Time Biological Technicians Favorable $39, Associate degree Chemical Technicians Favorable $38, Associate degree Chemists Favorable $64, Bachelor's degree Environmental Scientists and Specialists, Including Health Life, Physical, and Social Science Technicians, All Other Favorable $58, Master's degree Favorable $46, Associate degree Medical and Clinical Laboratory Technicians Very Favorable $38, Associate degree Medical and Clinical Laboratory Technologists Favorable $55, Bachelor's degree Medical Scientists, Except Epidemiologists Favorable $54, Doctoral degree Microbiologists Very Favorable $55, Doctoral degree Pharmacists Very Favorable $90, First professional degree Pharmacy Technicians Very Favorable $27, Moderate-term on-the-job training Sales Representatives, Wholesale and Manufacturing, Technical and Scientific Products Source: New York Department of Labor Very Favorable $66, Moderate-term on-the-job training Most occupations related to the pharmaceutical industry are experiencing favorable employment prospects. The following figure identifies hiring expectations in New York City. The largest need again is for pharmacists and sales representatives in the industry. Many of these related occupations require advanced graduate degrees. Figure 7. New York City Pharmaceutical-Related Occupational Employment, Wage and Outlook Job Title Employment Prospects Median Wage Annual Average Openings Training Time Biochemists and Biophysicists Favorable $54, Doctoral degree Biological Scientists, All Other Very Favorable $58, Bachelor's degree Biological Technicians Favorable $39, Associate degree Chemical Technicians Favorable $36, Associate degree Chemists Least Favorable $59, Bachelor's degree Environmental Scientists and Specialists, Including Health Very Favorable $63, Master's degree Life, Physical, and Social Science Technicians, All Other Very Favorable $42, Associate degree Medical Scientists, Except Epidemiologists Very Favorable $57, Doctoral degree Microbiologists Favorable $56, Doctoral degree Pharmacists Very Favorable $88, First professional degree Pharmacy Technicians Very Favorable $31, Moderate-term on-the-job training Sales Representatives, Wholesale and Manufacturing, Technical and Scientific Products Source: New York Department of Labor Very Favorable $76, Moderate-term on-the-job training The New Jersey Department of Labor provides insight to the general trends among pharmaceutical-related employment in the state. The most annual job openings in New Jersey include sales representatives, pharmacists, and life scientists. These trends are provided in Figure 8. 8 of 26

9 Figure 8. New Jersey Pharmaceutical-Related Occupational Employment, Wage and Growth Occupational Title n % n % n % Annual Average Job Openings Total, All Occupations 4,321, ,732, , ,540 Education/Training Requirments Life Scientists 7, , N/A Food Scientists and Technologists Bachelor's degree Biochemists and Biophysicists 1, , Doctoral degree Epidemiologists Master's degree Medical Scientists, Except Epidemiologists 3, , Doctoral degree Biological Technicians 2, , Associate degree Chemical Technicians 4, , Associate degree Environmental Science and Protection Technicians, Including Health Associate degree Pharmacists 7, , , First professional degree Pharmacy Technicians 4, , , Moderate-term on-the-job training Sales Representatives, Wholesale and Moderate-term on-the-job 57, , , ,240 Manufacturing training Sales Representatives, Wholesale and Moderate-term on-the-job Manufacturing, Technical and Scientific 14, , , training Products Source: New Jersey Department of Labor Change: The majority of individuals employed as pharmaceutical scientists (as reported by the American Association of Pharmaceutical Scientists) hold a Ph.D. Additionally, individuals with a master s degree and a bachelor s degree comprise approximately 40% of the pharmaceutical scientists. These trends indicate that the opportunity for a scientific position within the pharmaceutical industry is greater for individuals at the Ph.D. level. Figure 9. Educational Backgrounds of Members of the American Association of Pharmaceutical Scientists Other 2% Bachelor's 18% Ph.D. 58% Master's 19% PharmD 3% Source: AAPS Annual Salary Survey Pay in the pharmaceutical industry is relatively high compared to other industries. An individual s annual salary is positively related to their educational attainment and years of experience. The following figure identifies the average levels of pay by educational attainment (B.S., M.S., Pharm.D., Ph.D.) and by years of experience. Individuals with a 9 of 26

10 bachelor s degree often earn just under $60,000 annually with less than five years of experience. This estimation may be similar to what a graduate of a B.S. in Pharmacy or Pharmaceutical Sciences can expect to earn upon graduation. Figure 10. Annual Salary Based on Educational Attainment and Years of Experience $160,000 $140,000 $120,000 $100,000 $90,000 $102,800 $123,100 $124,500 $80,000 $60,000 $40,000 $20,000 $0 Total <5 years 5-9 years years years 30+ years Total <5 years 5-9 years years years 30+ years Total Total <5 years 5-9 years years years 30+ years BS MS PharmD PhD Source: AAPS Annual Salary Survey For individuals working within the pharmaceutical industry (as opposed to academic institutions or the federal government), salary trends are even higher. These salary trends of industry-employed pharmaceutical scientists are listed in Figure 11. Figure 11. Annual Salary Trends within the Pharmaceutical Industry Based on Education Level Industry Sector n 25% earn less 50% earn less 75% earn less Total 1,281 $87,000 $109,000 $140,000 BS 253 $64,900 $86,000 $108,000 MS 235 $76,500 $95,000 $121,000 PharmD 24 $91,500 $118,500 $158,600 PhD 762 $97,400 $120,000 $154,000 Source: AAPS Annual Salary Survey 10 of 26

11 Industry Perceptions of the Value of a B.S. Pharmacy CPE staff contacted individuals within pharmaceutical companies in the New York New Jersey region and engaged in interviews with seven industry experts with insight to the hiring expectations across the organization, and the value of a B.S. in Pharmacy/Pharmaceutics. The following figure identifies participating organizations interviewed by CPE staff: GlaxoSmithKline Company Johnson & Johnson Drug and Medical Devices Sales and Marketing Johnson & Johnson Pharmaceutical Research & Development Merck & Company Reliant Pharmaceuticals Sanofi-Aventis Figure 12. Employer Participants Interviewee Director Pharmacy Affairs and Education, Director of University Relations Director of Recruiting Director of Professional Recruiting Director of Pharmacy Affairs Director of Human Resources Senior Director, Pharmacy Practice and Trade Organizations Teva Pharmaceuticals Director of University Recruiting Hiring Trends In general, interviewees indicate that the pharmaceutical industry has a somewhat cyclical industry growth pattern and periods where there is more hiring. Interviewed representatives indicated that within the past two years the industry has experienced some consolidation and contraction in the New Jersey New York region. Several interviewed firms indicate that while they are still hiring, the size of their current workforce is relatively stable, with a few employer exceptions where hiring has been limited or, on the other hand, slightly higher than normal. To determine the value of an undergraduate degree in pharmacy, CPE staff asked interviewees to indicate the amount of hiring at the Bachelor s, Master s, and Ph.D. levels within specific functional areas of the organization. The following figure identifies trends in hiring across these credential levels by functional area. The functional areas with the highest levels of hiring at the B.S. level include Quality Assurance, Sales, and R&D/Pharmaceutical Technology. These functional areas may present stronger job opportunities to individuals graduating with a B.S. in Pharmacy/Pharmaceutics than other functional areas within the industry. 11 of 26

12 Figure 13. Level of Hiring within Functional Areas Across Credential Levels Functional Area Hiring Level Across Credentials B.S. M.S. Ph.D. or PharmD Manufacturing Pharmaceutical Analysis Quality Assurance Sales Marketing Drug Regulatory Affairs R&D/Pharmaceutical Technology Biotechnology Pharmacology Toxicology Average Scale: 1=Low levels of hiring, 2=Medium levels of hiring, 3=High levels of hiring The average number of hires at the B.S. level is lower than that of the M.S. or Ph.D/PharmD level; however, within specific organizations, the demand for B.S. graduates was high in a few specific functional areas. Overall the areas of need for B.S. prepared employees most commonly include sales, quality assurance, and R&D. According to interviewed employers, there are specific areas that have relatively higher demand at the bachelor s degree level than others. These divisions where a bachelor s degree is valuable to specific employers are listed below: Teva Pharmaceuticals Drug Regulatory Affairs Reliant Pharmaceuticals Sales and Marketing GlaxoSmithKline Manufacturing, Sales, and R&D Sanofi Aventis Manufacturing, Quality Assurance, Sales, and Marketing Merck Pharmaceutical Analysis, Quality Assurance, Sales, and R&D Johnson & Johnson Sales, Manufacturing, Quality Assurance, R&D, and Biotechnology Key factors driving the demand for B.S. graduates at the interviewed firms are provided in the figure below. In addition, Figure 14 identifies functional areas within which the employers experience difficulty in finding qualified candidates 12 of 26

13 GlaxoSmithKline Company Johnson & Johnson Drug and Medical Devices Sales and Marketing Johnson & Johnson Professional Recruiting Merck & Company Reliant Pharmaceuticals Sanofi-Aventis Figure 14. Factors Impacting Demand and Hard-to-Fill Areas Factors Driving Demand for B.S. Graduates Development of new manufacturing sites, lack of qualified workforce Competition drives the demand, need for individuals that can communicate effectively with medical professionals Pipeline of drug development (e.g., if one is undergoing FDA approval, increase manufacturing and quality assurance operations) Need for an advanced degree and experience, so lack of demand at bachelor's level in general Primarily sales & marketing organization, having success with qualified applicants, looking for experience as well Entry level point for B.S. is within the sales force, other positions require advanced degree Difficult Functional Areas in Finding Qualified Candidates Manufacturing, some geographical locations Geography-based challenges Pharmacology, toxicology Pharmaceutical analysis, drug regulatory affairs, pharmacology, toxicology Pharmacology, toxicology N/A Teva Pharmaceuticals Drug regulatory environment impacts need for that background since they are a generic firm, potential for change and innovation in future business strategy Supply chain/distribution, regulatory affairs, tax and legal affairs, biotechnology Value of a B.S. in Pharmacy/Pharmaceutics In general, there were mixed opinions on the value of a B.S. in Pharmacy/Pharmaceutics to the interviewees. Employers indicate that the background in the hard sciences would be valuable for both sales and marketing positions and some R&D and scientific positions; however, two interviewed employers indicate that the value of this degree would be no greater (and potentially of less value) than other programs in the traditional sciences. Among interviewees primarily involved in business operations and recruiting for their pharmaceutical company, there was a general sense that this degree would be valuable for hiring purposes and within specific functional areas. In contrast, among interviewees involved in a very specialized or technical aspect of the industry, there was a level of skepticism in the value of this degree. The general perceptions of the value of the proposed degree program are presented in the following figure. 13 of 26

14 Company GlaxoSmithKline Johnson & Johnson Drug and Medical Devices Sales and Marketing Johnson & Johnson Professional Recruiting Merck & Company Reliant Pharmaceuticals Figure 15. Value of B.S. in Pharmacy/Pharmaceutics Overall Value of B.S. in Pharmaceutics Moderate/High Very High High Very Low Low/Moderate Reasoning Benefit to the organization to have candidates with a strong science background and understanding of the industry, relevant for key positions, need to educate the employers on the curriculum of the program and strengths it provides over traditional sciences Conduct a large amount of hiring at the B.S. level in sales, want candidates that have a strong aptitude in the sciences Line managers are interested in individuals with degrees in pharmaceutical sciences. Also interested in people with experience Prefer advanced degree candidates, preference for hard sciences, more value in the master's degree in pharmaceutical sciences/industry Primarily a sales organization looking for individuals with 5-7 years of experience, small R&D unit, preference for PharmD applicants Sanofi-Aventis Low Tend to hire at the graduate level, lack of value across the entire organization, may only be a few areas of relevance Teva Pharmaceuticals Moderate Depends upon alignment with the right part of the business (somewhat limited but relevant application specific to R&D, regulatory affairs, and sales), requires strong science background and some business experience Qualitative comments by employers profiled within this research investigation provide additional insight into their perception of the value of the proposed degree program. I think the industry is a great field to be in and it would certainly be a benefit to us to have these graduates in areas of manufacturing and for assistant scientists; however, students need to know how to market themselves and compare their backgrounds favorably against other individuals with a more traditional science background. Director of University Relations, GlaxoSmithKline We want to know that these folks can communicate on a professional level with medical professionals, they need an aptitude for the science behind the profession on a scale of 1 to 10, the attractiveness of this program for sales and marketing people is a 9, very attractive. Director of Recruiting, Johnson & Johnson, Drug and Medical Devices Sales and Marketing I am involved with hiring individuals who have experience across all professional positions line managers in New Jersey are definitely interested in the Pharmaceutical Science degree A general Pharmaceutical degree that encompasses the lab science and has a diverse mix of related courses would benefit individuals falling into some key job functions like manufacturing, quality assurance, R&D, and biotechnology. Director of Professional Recruiting, Johnson & Johnson R&D 14 of 26

15 The success rate of these programs [B.S. Pharmaceutical Sciences or Pharmacy] has not been that great. If we want someone with a broad background we hire an MBA. In addition, for someone to fill a position in pharmacology, regulatory affairs, and quality assurance we are going after chemists and people with master s degrees. There is a need for strong graduate programs in pharmacology, toxicology, and clinical patient management. Director of Pharmacy Affairs, Merck We are not hiring straight of school, we like to see people with 5-7 years of experience, and because of the re-orgs at Pfizer we have a strong applicant pool, so while this may be applicable to a few R&D positions or sales positions, we are not really in need of this degree. Director of Human Resources, Reliant I have a degree of skepticism from what I have seen people that are successful and desirable candidates are generally advanced people who have gone back and gotten an MBA or another graduate degree, there are only a few areas in which these graduates would have opportunities. Senior Director, Pharmacy Practice and Trade Organizations, Sanofi-Aventis As a supplement to the data collected within this investigation, the research collected in 2003 by the American Journal of Pharmaceutical Education discusses the value of a B.S. in Pharmaceutical Sciences. This research indicates that a B.S. in Pharmaceutical Sciences is valuable. Members of the American Association of Pharmaceutical Scientists (AAPS) were asked about the value of designing a B.S. in Pharmaceutical Sciences for industry employment. Their research indicates that 83% of respondents indicate that pharmacy schools should offer these programs to meet industry demand. The general agreement with the level of demand related to specific statements about such programs is provided in the following figure. 15 of 26

16 Figure 16. Perception of Value of Pharmaceutical Degree of Industry (Source: American Journal of Pharmaceutical Education 2003) Opinions of Whether or Not Pharmacy Schools Should Offer Undergraduate Degrees in Pharmacy (n=244) Mean Pharmacy schools should offer BS degrees specific to industry employment. 4.0 People with BS degrees in pharmacy would be valuable to my team. 4.0 Four year BS degrees in pharmacy should be offered as a foundation for graduate studies. 3.9 People with BS degrees in pharmacy would understand the drug development process better than persons with other BS degrees working for our company. 3.8 More people with BS degrees in pharmacy are needed in the industry. 3.8 People with PhD and BS degree in pharmacy would understand the drug development process better than PhDs who do not have a pharmacy degree. 3.6 People with a BS degree in pharmacy would have a medical knowledge base that makes them more valuable to industry than people with other BS degrees. 3.6 Work experience as a pharmacist is valuable for employment in industry. 2.9 People with a PharmD degree are better prepared to work in industry than 2.8 people with a BS degree in pharmacy. Being a registered pharmacist is necessary to work in industry 1.8 Scale: 1=Strongly disagree, 2=Disagree, 3=Neither disagree nor agree, 4=Agree, 5=Strongly agree 16 of 26

17 Content to Include in a B.S. in Pharmacy/Pharmaceutics Interviewees commented on the importance of specific content areas to a B.S. in Pharmacy/Pharmaceutics. The following figure identifies the relative rating of specific content areas to the value of the degree program. The topic areas cited as most important included biology, sales and marketing, drug development, biotechnology, chemistry, and quality assurance. Figure 17. Employer Rating of Content Importance to B.S. in Pharmacy/Pharmaceutics Biology Sales and Marketing Drug Development Biotechnology Chemistry Quality Assurance Microbiology Mathematics Pharmaceutical Science/Pharmaceutics Biochemistry Pharmaceutical Healthcare Biostatistics Immunology Manufacturing Pharmacy Pharmaceutical Engineering Industrial Pharmacy Scale: 1=Not at all important, 2=Not very important, 3=Neutral, 4=Important, 5=Very Important Additional areas cited by some interviewees, which would be relevant to individuals pursuing a bachelor s degree in pharmacy or pharmaceutics, include the following: Regulatory affairs Business (general, supply chain, finance, marketing, legal environment) Communication (including writing) Formulation development and scaling up for large manufacturing operations Within the American Journal of Pharmaceutical Education, industry respondents identified the value of specific courses to a B.S. in Pharmaceutical Sciences. The areas identified as most important in this research included drug development, organic chemistry, basic physicochemical principles, and conventional drug delivery systems. 17 of 26

18 Figure 18. Perceptions of Industry Respondents Agreeing that Courses in Stated Content Areas Would be Valuable for a B.S. in Pharmacy Degree (ASPE 2003) Drug development Organic chemistry Basic physicochemical prin-ciples Conventional drug delivery systems Solid oral dosages Pharmacokinetics Biochemistry Drug stability Industry rotation Biopharmacetics Controlled release Research methods Biostatistics Regulatory affairs Quantitative chemistry Novel/tareted drug delivery systems Physical chemistry Sterile products Biology Physiology Calculus Microbiology Inorganic chemistry Immunology Physics Radiopharmacy Scale: 1=Strongly disagree, 2=Disagree, 3=Neither disagree nor agree, 4=Agree, 5=Strongly agree Source: ASPE 2003 Taking into consideration the potential job opportunities and areas of demand among profiled employers, the respondents indicated the value of specific undergraduate areas of concentration that would bring additional value to the B.S. program. Areas of concentration that employers think may be most applicable for a degree in pharmacy/pharmaceutics include those listed below: Sales and Marketing (most commonly cited) Research and Development (most commonly cited) Cosmetics/Consumer Products Medical Devices and Diagnostics Engineering 18 of 26

19 Future Dual Degree Opportunities Most employer interviewees indicate that there is some value in pursuing a dual degree; however, while it may broaden eligibility for more positions or make a candidate slightly more attractive, it is not a requirement for any position in the field. Candidates can increase their general attractiveness in other ways. In addition, the dual degree may be more attractive to the student than it is to an employer. The dual degree program with the most relevance, and identified as attractive by three employers is a dual PharmD and MBA. One employer indicated that the BSN and MBA may be attractive for individuals interested in pursuing a sales career. Additionally the interviewee from Merck suggests that the PharmD/PhD combination is attractive in areas of Statistics, Population Analysis, and Pharmaco/Epidemiology. These areas are valuable for Pharmaceutical Benefit Managers and the ability to obtain perspective into population analysis is a future demand in the industry. In addition, the Director of Professional Recruiting at Johnson & Johnson suggests a strong value in a PharmD/PhD compared to other dual degree options. Existing B.S. in Pharmacy/Pharmaceutical Sciences Programs CPE staff identified Northeast region members of the American Association of Colleges of Pharmacy (AACP) and reviewed the offerings of these schools to identify those with B.S. programs in Pharmacy/Pharmaceutics/Pharmaceutical Sciences. Of those institutions in New York, New Jersey, Pennsylvania, Connecticut, and Massachusetts, five offer a B.S. in Pharmaceutical Sciences. The institutions, degree titles, and Web links are provided below. Figure 19. Institutions with a B.S. in Pharmaceutical Sciences in the Northeast Institution * Degree Title Web Link The State University of New York at Buffalo B.S. Pharmaceutical Sciences s.shtml Albany College of Pharmacy at Union College B.S. Pharmaceutical Sciences University of the Sciences in Philadelphia B.S. Pharmaceutical Sciences Wilkes University B.S. Pharmaceutical Sciences Massachusetts College of Pharmacy and Health B.S. Pharmaceutical Sciences Sciences ceutical_sciences/bs_pharm_sci/ *Schools that are members of AACP (American Association of Colleges of Pharmacy) that have B.S. programs in Pharmacy/Pharmaceutical Sciences in New York, New Jersey, Connecticut, Massachusetts, and Pennsylvania All of the programs identified are structured in a four-year traditional undergraduate format. The delivery method for all programs is a face-to-face on-campus modality. Required courses for the degree program typically include biology, chemistry, mathematics, physiology, pharmaceutics, and biochemistry. The figure on the next page identifies the specific required courses for the major (and some suggested courses in addition to those specifically required). 19 of 26

20 Institution Figure 20. Required & Suggested Courses in the B.S. Degree Program Required Courses The State University of New York at Buffalo Principles of Biochemistry Principles of Pharmacology I and II Introduction to Analytical Chemistry Human Physiology I and II Pharmaceutical Mathematics and Statistics Physical Pharmacy Case Studies in the Pharmaceutical Sciences Introduction to Research Undergraduate Research Participation in Pharmaceutical Sciences Introduction to Pharmacokinetics and Biopharmaceutics I Pharmaceutics Seminar I and II Pharmaceutical Analysis Pharmaceutical Principles Pharmaceutical Biotechnology: From Bench to Bedside and Virtual Laboratory Important Advances in Pharmaceutical Sciences Methods of Scientific Communication Science electives or PHC 408 Undergraduate Research Participation in Pharmaceutical Sciences Two science electives Albany College of Pharmacy at Union College General Biology I and II General Chemistry I and II Math Concepts Calculus I and II Humanities I and II and III Academic Reading and Writing or Principles of Communication* Organic Chemistry I and II Physics I and II Statistics Biochemistry Molecular Biology Physiology/Pathophysiology I and II Pharmaceutics I (Physical Pharmacy) and II (Dosage Forms) Pharmaceutical Analytical Techniques I and II Pharmacology I Scientific Communication Independent Research I and II University of the Sciences in Philadelphia College Composition and Introduction to Literature General Biology I and II General Chemistry I and II with Labs Mathematical Analysis I and II Pharmaceutical Sciences Orientation I Physical Education I and II Social Science Fundamental Requirement I and II Intellectual Heritage I and II Introduction to Biostatistics or Core Elective Introductory Physics I and II Organic Chemistry I and II and Labs Human Structure & Function I & II Pharmaceutical Sciences Orientation II Biochemistry/Molecular Biology I and Biology II Core Distribution Requirement Introduction to Communication and Scientific Writing Pharmaceutics and Biopharmaceutics I and II and Lab Pharmaceutical Sciences Seminar I Introduction to Biostatistics or Core Elective Legal Aspects of Drug Development, Production, and Marketing Manufacturing Pharmacy I and Lab Pharmaceutical Sciences Seminar II Project in Pharmaceutics (elective) Survey of Pharmacology Analytical Chemistry and Lab Controlled Release Dosage Forms Cosmetic Science and Lab Research Methods in Drug Delivery 20 of 26

21 Institution Figure 20. Required & Suggested Courses in the B.S. Degree Program (Continued) Required Courses Wilkes University Principles of Mod. Bio. I and. II Elements & Compounds & Associated Laboratory The Chemical Reaction & Associated Laboratory Calculus I and II First-Year Foundations and Composition Organic Chemistry I & II & Associated Laboratory General Physics I and II Elementary Statistics Fundamentals of Speech and Technical Writing Computers & Applications Distribution Requirements I and II Medicinal Chemistry Instrumental Analysis & Associated Laboratory Physical Chemistry I and II A&P I and II Distribution Requirements Clinical Research Design Medical Biochemistry Advanced Pharmaceutics Pharmaceutical Regulatory Affairs Heterogeneous Pharmaceutical Systems Operation of Quality Control Systems Solid Dosage Forms Externship Biopharmaceutics and Pharmacokinetics Senior Research Project Pharmacology and Medicinal Chemistry Massachusetts College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences Biology I: and Biology II (w/lab) Chemical Principles I and II (w/lab) First Year Seminar 1 Expository I and II Introduction to Psychology or Introduction to Sociology Foundations of Calculus I and II American Culture, Identity and Public Life Medical Microbiology (w/ lab) Organic Chemistry I and II (w/ lab) Statistics Introduction to Health Care Delivery Analytical Chemistry Interpersonal Communication in the Health Professions Economics Human Physiology and II Medical Biochemistry Pharmaceutics I and II with Labs Introduction to Pharmacy Practice Management Physico-Chemical Properties of Drug Molecules 3 Pathophysiology Health Care Ethics Computer Applications Pharmaceutical Regulation and Pharmacology for Allied Health Professionals Pharmaceutical Technology 21 of 26

22 Most program descriptions indicate that the content of the degree involves a heavy focus in the sciences, with elements that contribute to knowledge of the pharmaceutical industry and also assist students in analysis and laboratory components. These program descriptions suggest that the degree provides a foundation for a career in the pharmaceutical industry or further study in pharmacy-related topics. The specific marketing messages and proposed outcomes for individuals majoring in pharmaceutical science are provided in the following figure. Figure 21. Description of B.S. Degree Programs and Suggested Outcomes or Career Paths for Graduates Institution Description Outcomes The State University of New York at Buffalo This four-year science degree program emphasizes the foundational principles of science and research relevant to the pharmaceutical sciences discipline. The program was one of the Graduates of this program are well educated and well first in the country, with the first degree conferred in the 1960s. The prepared to fulfill positions within the pharmaceutical industry, program's comprehensive approach to educating students has led sales, or graduate studies. Students interested in the major to an outstanding reputation throughout the world. The must apply to the pharmaceutical sciences program in the pharmaceutical sciences program emphasizes a laboratory spring of their second (sophomore) year. research experience by requiring a structured laboratory course, participation in a research project, and presentation of research results. Albany College of Pharmacy at Union College ACP s four-year B.S. in Pharmaceutical Sciences degree provides a strong foundation in the pharmaceutical sciences. Graduates from this four-year program will be well-prepared for entrance into graduate (M.B.A., M.S., Ph.D.), business, medical, dental, veterinary and law school programs. Students also will be highly qualified for entry-level positions in pharmaceutical, chemical and biotechnology industries. Admission criteria are the same as the Pharm.D. program University of the Sciences in Philadelphia As a specialist in pharmaceutical sciences, you will aid in developing, manufacturing, and evaluating products such as tablets, capsules, ointments, and liquids for medicinal, nutritional, and cosmetic use. Our four-year degree prepares you for a career in: Research, Drug delivery, Product development/formulation, Production/manufacturing, Quality control/quality assurance, Packaging, Drug stability testing, Regulatory affairs. USP's program also offers excellent preparation for those who want to pursue M.S. or Ph.D. degrees in pharmaceutics, as well as those planning to enter medical/osteopathic, dental, M.B.A., or law programs Wilkes University The rapid change in the pharmacy field is complemented by an equal boom in pharmaceutical research and development..the BSPS degree in the pharmaceutical sciences will prepare students who are interested in pharmaceutical research and development of new drugs rather than a career in direct patient care. It will also prepare those who are interested in graduate school. Massachusetts College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences This full-time undergraduate program provides a broad-based education in the basic biological and pharmaceutical sciences with a focus on core areas of industrial pharmacy. Learner-centered teaching fosters student engagement and develops intellectual vitality and critical thinking skills. The program integrates the preprofessional studies with the Arts and Sciences core curriculum, emphasizing the basic sciences, oral and written communication skills, the liberal arts, and ethics. The curriculum is designed to develop critical thinking and decision-making skills, encourage the development of honesty, integrity, professionalism and personal responsibility, as well as adaptability and flexibility in response to the ever-changing external environment. The BS in pharmaceutical sciences program provides skills and experience for use in pharmaceutical, biotechnology and medical device development, formulation, manufacturing, and evaluation and the regulatory oversight of the drug and medical device industry. Graduates are also prepared to continue their education in post-graduate programs that could include pharmaceutics/industrial pharmacy, biotechnology and regulatory affairs masters or doctoral degrees. 22 of 26