The Global Flight From Marriage : Has It Come to the Arabic World? A First Look at the Evidence
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1 The Global Flight From Marriage : Has It Come to the Arabic World? A First Look at the Evidence Nicholas Eberstadt, Ph.D. Henry Wendt Chair in Political Economy American Enterprise Institute <eberstadt@aei.org> Doha International Institute for Family Studies and Development Doha, Qatar January 2013
2 Outline The Second Demographic Transition Western Europe The Flight From Marriage East Asia The New Martial Trends in the Arabic Speaking World Arabic Societies New Marriage Patterns In Western Perspective Concluding Observations
3 Countries Under Consideration Arabic Speaking Societies Developed Western Societies Algeria EU-15 Countries North America Bahrain* Egypt Austria Canada Iraq Belgium United States Jordan Denmark Kuwait* Finland Lebanon * = GCC Member France East Asia Libya Germany Oman* Greece Morocco Ireland Hong Kong Palestine Italy Japan Qatar* Luxembourg Republic of Korea Saudi Arabia* Netherlands Singapore Syria Portugal Tunisia Spain UAE* Sweden Yemen United Kingdom
4 Main Data Sources In This Analysis United Nations Population Division, World Marriage Data United Nations Statistics Division, UNData Database World Bank, World Development Indicators International Institute for Applied Systems Analysis (IIASA) Projection of Populations by Level of Educational Attainment, Age and Sex for 120 Countries for
5 Some Concepts Discussed In This Presentation Second Demographic Transition Flight From Marriage Singulate Female Mean Age at Marriage (SMAM) Age-Specific Percentage Of Women Never Married Age-Specific Percentage Of Women Not Currently Married Crude Marriage Rate Crude Divorce Rate Divorces per 100 Marriages Total Female First Marriage Rate Total Female Divorce Rate Cohabitation Rate Extramarital Birth Ratio
6 Transition from Never-Married ( Single ) Status: Possible States And Pathways Bradatan, Cristina. Kulcsar, Laszlo. Between marriage and cohabitation: women first union patterns in Hungary. Figure 1. pg. 30. Princeton University. (Accessed: Jan. 15, 2013)
7 Features of The Second Demographic Transition (SDT) and The Asian Flight From Marriage (FFM) By Contrast to Previous Early Postwar Universal Marriage Regimens SDT FFM First Identified s Where Western Europe East Asia Key Researchers van der Kaa, Lesthaege Leete, GW Jones Mean age at marriage Sharp rise Sharp rise (Not currently married in childbearing age groups) Sharp rise Sharp rise Percent never marrying Sharp rise Sharp rise Total divorce rate Sharp rise Some increase (maybe) Non-marital cohabitation Sharp rise Still very limited Extramarital childbearing Sharp rise Still very limited Fertility Level Below replacement Below replacement
8 Total Female First Marriage Rates and Total Female Divorce Rates EU15 Countries, c EU- 15 Countries, c Total Female First Marriage Rate Total Female Divorce Rate Austria Belgium x Denmark Finland France Germany 0.98 i Greece 1.06 ii xi Ireland vii n/a n/a n/a Italy 0.98 iii xii Luxembourg 0.88 iv viii 0.1 xiii Netherlands 1.05 v Portugal 0.94 vi xv Spain n/a Sweden ix United Kingdom xiv xvi Note: Total Female First Marriage Rate and Total Female Divorce Rate refers to probability, on current age- specific schedules, for a woman to enter into a first marriage by age 50, or for a married woman to divorce by age 50. Note: For the following observazons, measurements were made in these years: i- 1970; ii- 1970; iii- 1960; iv- 1970; v- 1960; vi- 1960; vii- 1995; viii- 2003; ix- 2002; x- 1970; xi- 1970; xii- 1970; xiii- 1970; xiv- 1970; xv- 2002; xvi- 1995; Source: Council of Europe, "Recent Demographic Developments in Europe: 2004", h]p:// Demo2004EN.pdf, Tables T2.4 and T2.5
9 Percent of Extramarital Births, Selected Countries Lesthaeghe, Ron. The Unfolding Story of the Second Demographic Transition. Figure 1. Pg. 11. Royal Belgian Academy of Sciences. Presented at Conference on Fertility in the History of the 20 th Century Trends, Theories, Public Discourses, and Policies. Akademia Leopoldina & Berlin-Brandenburgische Akademie. January 21-23, (Accessed: Jan 15, 2013)
10 Extramarital Birth Ratio vs. Total Divorce Ratio: Europe, 2000 Bradatan, Cristina. Kulcsar, Laszlo. Between marriage and cohabitation: women first union patterns in Hungary. Graphic 1. pg. 29. Princeton University. (Accessed: Jan. 15, 2013)
11 Partnership and Prevalence of Cohabitation Recent Years 1 OECD (2012), OECD Family Database, Chart SF3.3.A, pg. 2, OECD, Paris ( January 7, (Accessed: Jan 15, 2013)
12 Asia s Flight From Marriage (I): Singulate Mean Age at Marriage, Selected Asian Countries Jones, Gavin W. Changing Marriage Patterns in Asia. pg. 19. Table 1. Working Paper Series No Asia Research Institute. National University of Singapore. January (Accessed: Jan 15, 2013)
13 Asia s Flight From Marriage (II): Increases in Percentages of Never-married Women in Selected Asian Populations, , Age Groups and Lesthaeghe, Ron. The Unfolding Story of the Second Demographic Transition. Table 2. Pg. 25. Royal Belgian Academy of Sciences. Presented at Conference on Fertility in the History of the 20 th Century Trends, Theories, Public Discourses, and Policies. Akademia Leopoldina & Berlin-Brandenburgische Akademie. January 21-23, (Accessed: Jan 15, 2013)
14 Japan--Woman s Life Time Probabilities and Distributions by Family Status: Cohorts Born in (Estimated and Projected) Work Session on Demographic Projections. Table 3. Pg Eurostat. Methodologies and Working Papers epp.eurostat.ec.europa.eu/cache/ity_offpub/ks- RA /EN/KS-RA EN.PDF (Accessed: Jan 15, 2013)
15 Japan: Childless and Non-grandchild Ratio among Women Medium Projections, Cohorts born Work Session on Demographic Projections. Figure 7. Pg Eurostat. Methodologies and Working Papers epp.eurostat.ec.europa.eu/cache/ity_offpub/ks- RA /EN/KS-RA EN.PDF (Accessed: Jan 15, 2013)
16 Proportion of Births out of Wedlock: OECD Countries, 2009 OECD (2012), OECD Family Database, Chart SF2.4.A, pg. 1, OECD, Paris ( February 24, (Accessed: Jan 15, 2013)
17 Percentages of Japanese Men and Women reporting ever having cohabited: GGS Survey 2004 Lesthaeghe, Ron. The Unfolding Story of the Second Demographic Transition. Table 4. Pg. 27. Royal Belgian Academy of Sciences. Presented at Conference on Fertility in the History of the 20 th Century Trends, Theories, Public Discourses, and Policies. Akademia Leopoldina & Berlin-Brandenburgische Akademie. January 21-23, (Accessed: Jan 15, 2013)
18 100 Percentage of Women Currently Married Ages North America, EU15, East Asian Developed, North America EU15 East Asian Developed United NaZons, Department of Economic and Social Affairs, PopulaZon Division (2009). World Marriage Data Tables: Currently Married Women and Men (POP/DB/Marr/Rev2008). h]p:// (Accessed: Jan 11, 2013)
19 Percentage of Women Currently Married Ages Arabic Middle East, Arab Middle East United NaZons, Department of Economic and Social Affairs, PopulaZon Division (2009). World Marriage Data Tables: Currently Married Women and Men (POP/DB/Marr/Rev2008). h]p:// (Accessed: Jan 11, 2013)
20 Percentage of Women Currently Married Ages Non-Arab Muslim Majority Societies, Remaining Muslim Majority NaZons United NaZons, Department of Economic and Social Affairs, PopulaZon Division (2009). World Marriage Data Tables: Currently Married Women and Men (POP/DB/Marr/Rev2008). h]p:// (Accessed: Jan 11, 2013)
21 Percentage of Women Currently Married Ages North America, EU15, East Asian Developed Societies, North America EU15 East Asian Developed United NaZons, Department of Economic and Social Affairs, PopulaZon Division (2009). World Marriage Data Tables: Currently Married Women and Men (POP/DB/Marr/Rev2008). h]p:// (Accessed: Jan 11, 2013)
22 100 Percentage of Women Currently Married Ages Arabic Middle East, Arab Middle East United NaZons, Department of Economic and Social Affairs, PopulaZon Division (2009). World Marriage Data Tables: Currently Married Women and Men (POP/DB/Marr/Rev2008). h]p:// (Accessed: Jan 11, 2013)
23 100 Percentage of Women Who are Currently Married Ages Non-Arab Muslim Majority Societies, Remaining Muslim Majority NaZons United NaZons, Department of Economic and Social Affairs, PopulaZon Division (2009). World Marriage Data Tables: Currently Married Women and Men (POP/DB/Marr/Rev2008). h]p:// (Accessed: Jan 11, 2013)
24 Divorces Per 100 Marriages Arabic Middle East Arab Middle East United NaZons, Department of Economic and Social Affairs, PopulaZon Division (2009). World Marriage Data Tables: Crude Marriage Rate, Crude Divorce Rate (POP/DB/Marr/Rev2008). h]p:// (Accessed: Jan 11, 2013)
25 Divorces Per 100 Marriages North America, EU15, East Asian Developed North America EU15 East Asian Developed United NaZons, Department of Economic and Social Affairs, PopulaZon Division (2009). World Marriage Data Tables: Crude Marriage Rate, Crude Divorce Rate (POP/DB/Marr/Rev2008). h]p:// (Accessed: Jan 11, 2013)
26 Divorces Per 100 Marriages North America, EU15, East Asian Developed, Arabic Middle East North America EU15 East Asian Developed Arab Middle East United NaZons, Department of Economic and Social Affairs, PopulaZon Division (2009). World Marriage Data Tables: Crude Marriage Rate, Crude Divorce Rate (POP/DB/Marr/Rev2008). h]p:// (Accessed: Jan 11, 2013)
27 Singulate Female Mean Age at Marriage (Years) Arabic Speaking World 2000s Yemen 2004 PalesZne 2004 Egypt 2005 UAE 1995 Saudi Arabia 2007 Oman 2003 Iraq 2004 Jordan 2004 Qatar 2004 Syria 2001 Bahrain 2001 Morocco 2004 Tunisia 1994 Kuwait 1995 Lebanon 2004 Algeria 2002 Libya 1994 UN PopulaZon Division, World Marriage Data 2008 h]p:// ; UN StaZsZcs Division h]p:// (Accessed: Jan. 15, 2013)
28 Percentage Women Never Married Ages Arabic Speaking World 2000s UN PopulaZon Division, World Marriage Data 2008 h]p:// ; UN StaZsZcs Division h]p:// (Accessed: Jan. 15, 2013)
29 Percentage Women Never Married Ages Arabic Speaking World 2000s UN PopulaZon Division, World Marriage Data 2008 h]p:// ; UN StaZsZcs Division h]p:// (Accessed: Jan. 15, 2013)
30 Singulate Female Mean Age at Marriage (Years) Arabic Speaking World 2000s, EU s, Developed East Asia 2000s Arabic Speaking World EU15 Developed East Asia UN PopulaZon Division, World Marriage Data 2008 h]p:// ; UN StaZsZcs Division h]p:// (Accessed: Jan. 15, 2013)
31 Singulate Female Mean Age at Marriage (Years) Arabic Speaking World 2000s, EU s, Developed East Asia 1980s Arabic Speaking World EU15 Developed East Asia UN PopulaZon Division, World Marriage Data 2008 h]p:// ; UN StaZsZcs Division h]p:// (Accessed: Jan. 15, 2013)
32 Percentage Women Never Married Ages Arabic Speaking World 2000s, EU s, Developed East Asia 2000s Arabic Speaking World EU15 Developed East Asia UN PopulaZon Division, World Marriage Data 2008 h]p:// ; UN StaZsZcs Division h]p:// (Accessed: Jan. 15, 2013)
33 Percentage Women Never Married Ages Arabic Speaking World 2000s, EU s, Developed East Asia 1980s Arabic Speaking World EU15 Developed East Asia UN PopulaZon Division, World Marriage Data 2008 h]p:// ; UN StaZsZcs Division h]p:// (Accessed: Jan. 15, 2013)
34 Percentage Women Never Married Ages Arabic Speaking World 2000s, EU s, Developed East Asia 2000s Arabic Speaking World EU15 Developed East Asia UN PopulaZon Division, World Marriage Data 2008 h]p:// ; UN StaZsZcs Division h]p:// (Accessed: Jan. 15, 2013)
35 Percentage Women Never Married Ages Arabic Speaking World 2000s, EU s, Developed East Asia 1980s Arabic Speaking World EU15 Developed East Asia UN PopulaZon Division, World Marriage Data 2008 h]p:// ; UN StaZsZcs Division h]p:// (Accessed: Jan. 15, 2013)
36 100,000 GDP per capita vs. Singulate Female Mean Age of Marriage: Developed and Arabic-Speaking Societies GDP per capita ( 1990 Geary- Khamis Dollars) 10,000 1,000 ln(y)=2.064*ln(x)-1.156*arab Speaking Dummy (3.20) (-7.93) (1.35) r-squared= Percent of Women Never Married, ages Arab Speaking World Developed East Asia EU15 Source: GDP per capita- Angus Maddison StaZsZcs of World PopulaZon, GDP and Per Capita GDP, AD, h]p:// Singulate Female Mean Age of Marriage- UN PopulaZon Division, World Marriage Data 2008 h]p:// ; UN StaZsZcs Division h]p:// Note: EU 15 includes Austria, Belgium, Denmark, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Ireland, Italy, Netherlands, Portugal, Spain, Sweden, and the UK. North America includes Canada and the US. Asian Tigers + Japan includes Hong Kong, Korea, Singapore, and Japan. Arab Speaking includes Algeria, Bahrain, Egypt, Iraq, Jordan, Kuwait, Lebanon, Libya, Morocco, Oman, Qatar, Saudi Arabia, Tunisia, UAE, West Bank and Gaza, and Yemen.
37 Currently Married Women Age vs. GDP per Capita PPP Currently Married Women Age ln(y)=-.215*ln(x)-.149*arab World Dummy (-6.30) (-2.58) (19.28) r-squared= North America EU15 East Asian Developed Arab World GDP per Capita PPP Maddison, Angus. Historical StaZsZcs. StaZsZcs on World PopulaZon, GDP and Per Capita GDP, AD. h]p:// (Accessed: Jan 14, 2013) United NaZons, Department of Economic and Social Affairs, PopulaZon Division (2009). World Marriage Data Tables: Currently Married Women and Men (POP/DB/Marr/Rev2008). h]p:// (Accessed: Jan 11, 2013)
38 Currently Married Women Age vs. GDP per Capita PPP: Developed And Arabic-Speaking Societies Currently Married Women Age ln(y)=-.140*ln(x)-.076*arab World Dummy (-5.59) (-1.80) (23.70) r-squared= North America EU15 East Asian Developed Arab World GDP per Capita PPP Maddison, Angus. Historical StaZsZcs. StaZsZcs on World PopulaZon, GDP and Per Capita GDP, AD. h]p:// (Accessed: Jan 14, 2013) United NaZons, Department of Economic and Social Affairs, PopulaZon Division (2009). World Marriage Data Tables: Currently Married Women and Men (POP/DB/Marr/Rev2008). h]p:// (Accessed: Jan 11, 2013)
39 Currently Married Women Age vs. GDP per Capita PPP: Developed And Arabic-Speaking Societies Currently Married Women Age ln(y)=-.091*ln(x)-.038*arab World Dummy (-4.34) (-1.08) (25.88) r-squared= North America EU15 East Asian Developed Arab World GDP per Capita PPP Maddison, Angus. Historical StaZsZcs. StaZsZcs on World PopulaZon, GDP and Per Capita GDP, AD. h]p:// (Accessed: Jan 14, 2013) United NaZons, Department of Economic and Social Affairs, PopulaZon Division (2009). World Marriage Data Tables: Currently Married Women and Men (POP/DB/Marr/Rev2008). h]p:// (Accessed: Jan 11, 2013)
40 GDP per capita vs. Percent of Women Never Married, ages 40-44: Developed and Arabic Speaking Societies GDP per capita ( 1990 Geary- Khamis Dollars) EU 15 ln(y)=.116*ln(x) 1.10*Arab Speaking Dummy (2.82) ( ) (67.57) r- squared=.56 North America Asian Tigers + Japan Arab Speaking Middle East Percent of Women Never Married, ages Source: GDP per capita- Angus Maddison StaZsZcs of World PopulaZon, GDP and Per Capita GDP, AD, h]p:// Marriage- United NaZons PopulaZon Division World Marriage Data 2008, h]p:// Note: EU 15 includes Austria, Belgium, Denmark, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Ireland, Italy, Netherlands, Portugal, Spain, Sweden, and the UK. North America includes Canada and the US. Asian Tigers + Japan includes Hong Kong, Korea, Singapore, and Japan. Arab Speaking includes Algeria, Bahrain, Egypt, Iraq, Jordan, Kuwait, Lebanon, Libya, Morocco, Oman, Qatar, Saudi Arabia, Tunisia, UAE, West Bank and Gaza, and Yemen.
41 Average years of Education, Women ages vs. Percent of Women Never Married, ages 35-39: Developed 100 and Arabic Speaking Societies Average Years of EducaGon for Women, ages EU 15 North America ln(y)=.31*ln(x).67*arab Speaking Dummy (5.74) (- 6.55) (13.65) r- squared=.53 Asian Tigers + Japan Arab Speaking Middle East 0.1 Percent of Women Never Married, ages Source: EducaZon- Encyclopedia of NaZons InternaZonal InsZtute for Applied Systems Analysis, h]p:// iiasa- years- schooling female.html Marriage- United NaZons PopulaZon Division World Marriage Data 2008, h]p:// Note: EU 15 includes Austria, Belgium, Denmark, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Ireland, Italy, Luxembourg, Netherlands, Portugal, Spain, Sweden, and the UK. North America includes Canada and the US. Asian Tigers + Japan includes Korea, Singapore, and Japan. Arab Speaking includes Bahrain, Egypt, Jordan, Morocco, Saudi Arabia.
42 Average years of Education, Women ages vs. Percent of Women Never Married, ages 40-44: Developed and Arabic Speaking Societies 100 Average Years of EducaGon for Women, ages EU 15 North America Asian Tigers + Japan ln(x)=.24*ln(x).72*arab Speaking Dummy (4.49) (-6.69) (17.19) r-squared=.52 Arab Speaking Middle East 0.1 Percent of Women Never Married, ages Source: EducaZon- Encyclopedia of NaZons InternaZonal InsZtute for Applied Systems Analysis, h]p:// iiasa- years- schooling female.html Marriage- United NaZons PopulaZon Division World Marriage Data 2008, h]p:// Note: EU 15 includes Austria, Belgium, Denmark, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Ireland, Italy, Luxembourg, Netherlands, Portugal, Spain, Sweden, and the UK. North America includes Canada and the US. Asian Tigers + Japan includes Korea, Singapore, and Japan. Arab Speaking includes Bahrain, Egypt, Jordan, Morocco, Saudi Arabia.
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