The Role of Technology in Future Energy Supply Systems

Transcription

1 WIR SCHAFFEN WISSEN HEUTE FÜR MORGEN Alexander Wokaun :: Energyand Environment :: Paul Scherrer Institut and ETH Zurich The Role of Technology in Future Energy Supply Systems

2 Agenda PSI: Short Overview; European Megatrends The Challenge: Fluctuating renewables and decentralized generation The Approach: Enhanced flexibility by storage and energy carrier conversion Competence Center "Heat and Electricity Storage" Competence Center "Biomass Conversion" Flexibility by Energy System Integration The Energy System Integration Platform at PSI Virtual Energy Systems Linking the Swiss Platforms Seite 2

3 Paul Scherrer Institute - the Swiss National Lab Basel Germany Aarau/Bern Zürich material sciences nanotechnology radio chemistry radio pharmacy hotlab biology PSI east SwissFEL solar concentrator energy research neutron source proton accelerator muon source PSI west proton therapy synchrotron light source Seite 3

4 Mission Matter and materials Energy and environment Human health Development Construction Operation Knowledge & expertise Education Large research facilities Swiss and foreign users from academia and industry more that 2400 external users/year (39 beamports) Technology transfer Seite 4

5 Megatrends (1): Population and Age Structure men women men women Europe's population is decreasing; unfavorable development of the age structure Ireland China European Union Germany Bulgaria Population growth rate, ages Source: T. Themistocleous, R. Garcia, Die Zukunft Europas, UBS 2016 Source: Berlin-Institut, "Die demografische Zukunft von Europa, dtv 2008 Seite 5

6 (2): Share of Western Countries in Global GDP Rest of World India China USA Europe Source: T. Themistocleous, R. Garcia, Die Zukunft Europas, UBS 2016 Seite 6

7 (3): Generation Capacity in Europe fossil nuclear solar wind others flexible capacity Sources: Neue Zürcher Zeitung, , p.26; NZZ-Infografik/cke; Bloomberg Seite 7

8 Installed Power in Germany July 2014 Wind plus Solar: > 72 GW! Seite 8

9 Planned and actual production by solar + wind, DE 2014 planned production, solar + wind electricity actual production, solar + wind electricity old paradigm: demand forecasting actual production adapted to instantaneous demand newparadigmwithwind and solar: intermittent production can not be controlled supply and demand are decoupled problems: supply forecasts often inaccurate high positive / negative power gradients Seite 9

10 Inverse modulation of conventional generation, negative spot market prices! Seite 10

11 System Integration of Renewable Energies Seite 11

12 The Challenge: How to match demand and supply Challenges temporary supply excess lower revenues for producers power timeofday band production temporary high grid loads increased transmission costs reduced production of band electricity decreased grid stability higher demand for system services Seite 12

13 Options for an Energy Hub 1. Electricity storage for later use 2. Conversion of electricity to other energy forms 3. Controlling and temporally shifting consumption 4. Cutting and discarding surplus electricity Offer / Demand 0 h Day time 24 h Seite 13

14 Swiss Competence Centers for Energy Research Efficiency SCCER FEEB&D Future Energy Efficient Buildings & Districts Power supply (supply of electrical energy) SCCER SoE Supply of electricity Efficiency SCCER EIP Efficiency of Industrial Processes Economy, environment, law, behavior SCCER CREST Competence Center for Research in Energy, Society and Transition Grids and their components, energy systems SCCER FURIES Future Swiss Electrical Infrastructure Storage SCCER HaE Heat & Electricity Storage Efficient concepts, processes, components in mobility SCCER Mobility Efficient Technologies and Systems for Mobility Biomass SCCER BIOSWEET Biomass for Swiss Energy Future Seite 14

15 SCCER "Heat and Electricity Storage" Prof. Dr. Thomas J. Schmidt Seite 15

16 Importance of Energy Storage Intermittency of Renewable Energy Sources calls for ENERGY STORAGE SYSTEMS Seite 16

17 Storage Options Addressed in SCCER Photovoltaic Electrolysis H 2 storage Fuel cell Wind co-electrolysis CH 4 storage CO 2,H 2 conv. Geothermal CO,H 2 conv. Batteries Heat pump Heat storage Turbine Solar chemical M, H 2 O conv. CO,H 2 conv. Photo chemical H 2 storage Solar thermal Heat storage Phase change Seite 17

18 SCCER "Biomass Conversion" Prof. Dr. Oliver Kröcher Seite 18

19 Research and Development Field Pretreatment of biomass Microbiological processes Consolidated bioprocessing (multi-species) NEW Conventional hydrolysis and fermentiation CH 4 Redox cycles H 2 Thermochemical technologies NEW Sorbent enhanced steam reforming Conventional gasification Synthesis gas: CO + H 2 Liquid fuels Utilization for transport and CHP (micro gas turbines, engines) Hydrothermal processing Biomass potential and availability Energy system integration and design Seite 19

20 The «+100 Petajoule» Vision Algae 0 PJ + 33 PJ* Additional 100 Petajoules for the Energy Transition 2050 in Switzerland Energy storage Electricity (CHP) Gaseous and liquid biofuels Wood 37 PJ + 33 PJ Heat (CHP) Biowaste / manure 19 PJ + 33 PJ *production mainly outside Switzerland Seite 20

21 The SunCHem Process: Green Gas Hors Sol Nutrients, CO 2, H 2 O CO 2 H 2 O C Photo- Bioreactor Hydrothermal Gasification CH 4 O 2 Wet Biomass (micro algae) Seite 21

22 Renewable Energy System Integration Resources Fluctuating Electricity Biomass System Neighbouring Countries Switzerland Electricity System System Flexibility: Low Need for Flexibility: High Hydrogen Storage Gas System System Flexibility: High Need for Flexibility: Low Gas Storage Services Neighbouring Countries Other Consumption Heat Pumps, Heating Transport Industry, Heat Storage other Consumption Fuels for Transportation Gas Storage Seite 22

23 Multi-EnergyCarrier Concept: Energy System Integration ESI provides load (negative control power) and stores energy ESI provides controlpower and delivers energy Seite 23

24 Energy System Integration Platform (100 kw, Layout) Seite 24

25 Electricity Storage and Delivery ESI provides load (negative control power) and stores energy ESI provides controlpower and delivers energy Power-to-Power Seite 25

26 High Pressure Electrolysis High pressure hydrogen (optionally oxygen) is required for: Storage and transportation in pipelines around 50 bar Storage in pressure tanks for mobility up to 800 bar 300 bar test bench for fundamental investigations: Significant transport losses: two phase flow in porous titanium not well understood pressure dependence to be investigated Seite 26

27 Combining Electrolyzers with Efficient Fuel Cells kw FC 1.4 kg/kw Development with Michelin g kw FC Development with Belenos Clean Power kw FC 0.6 kg/kw Using both H 2 and O 2 from electrolysis yields fuel cell efficiencies of 70 %. Swiss Hydrogen Seite 27

28 Alternative Car Power Trains 2002 HY-POWER Development with VW 2004 HY-LIGHT Development with Michelin 2011 Development with Belenos 2015 MIRAI Toyota Seite 28

29 Use of Biomass to Produce Transporation Fuels Use of biomass for mobility, neutral with respect to electricity grid Biomass-to-Fuels Seite 29

30 Biomass as Flexible Positive Control Power Use of biomass to produce electricity, heat and fuels ESI provides controlpower and delivers energy Polygeneration Seite 30

31 Chemical Energy Storage by Power-to-Gas ESI provides load (negative control power) and stores energy Power-to-Gas Seite 31

32 Power-to-Gas: Methanisation as the Key for Linking Electricity Grid with Natural Gas Grid electricity grid natural gas grid wind power solar PV electrolysis H 2 Gas-Speicher H 2 methanisation CH 4 wood or dry waste biomass gasification CO, CO 2, CH 4, C 2 H 4 gas cleaning CO 2, CH 4 from biogas plants (fermenters) CO 2 rich gas (flue gas from combustion, blast furnaces, cement plants, eventually capture from air)

33 Linking Storage anddemand Side Demonstrators ReMaP Energy Hub NEST ESI MOVE future mobility ESI Platform at PSI chemical energy storage providing (positive / negative) control power to the grid facilitating the diverting of electricity excesses into mobility flexible combination with biomass power-to-gas for storage in gas grid Empa-Areal Energy Hub at Empa, eawag thermal, electrical, gas grids storage and delivery of energy demand side (campus and beyond) demand side (mobility) control by electrical microgrid Seite 33

34 move: Future Mobility Empa H 2 storage Using the Produced Energy Carriers for Transport H 2 compressor 350 bar H 2 fuelling station CNG CNG-Tankstelle + H 2 fuelling station PtG for gas vehicles Erdgas/Biogas (CNG)- Verdichter/Speicher electrolysis plant CNG + H2 driving tests ultrafast / induction BEV charging 350 bar H 2 - street sweeper 700 bar H 2 passenger car

35 Summarizing Remarks Integration of intermittent renewable energies into the system requires options of flexibilizing / storage, and of adapting the electricity demand to the supply. Chemical and electrochemical energy storage must provide a major contribution. Catalysis is a key competence to facilitate the inter-conversion between chemical energy carriers, electricity and heat. The two SCCERs (Biomass and Storage) integrate the competences of the participating laboratories. The full range of 'Technological Readiness Levels' (TRLs) from fundamental investigations (TRL 1-2) to pre-industrial demonstrators (TRL 6-7) must be explored. The Energy System Integration Platform enables this step and acts as the proving ground for achieving targets and milestones of the SCCERs. Seite 35

36 Acknowledgments Oliver Kröcher and members of the "Bioenergy and Catalysis" laboratory Jeroen van Bokhoven, "Catalysis and Sustainable Chemistry" laboratory Peter Jansohn and members of the "Combustion Research" laboratory Thomas J. Schmidt and members of the "Electrochemistry" laboratory Stefan Hirschberg and members of the "Energy System Analysis" Laboratory Urs Elber and Marcel Hofer, Coordinators of the Energy System Integration Platform Funding by ETH Board, CCEM, SNF, CTI, Federal Office of Energy is gratefully acknowledged. Thank you for your attention Seite 36