La chemio-radioterapia nel trattamento del carcinoma del retto.
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1 La chemio-radioterapia nel trattamento del carcinoma del retto. Dott. Francesco Fiorica Dott. Giampaolo Zini U.O. Radioterapia Oncologica, Ferrara Ferrara 16/04/2011
2 Local Recurrence Usually seen within 2 years, seldom cured Factors influencing local recurrence include: TNM Stage Surgical experience/technique and completeness of resection (spillage) Use of adjuvant therapy Tumor differentiation and macroscopic appearance (circumferential, ulceration) LVI, NVI Stage 5 year, no adjuvant XRT T1 10% T % T % T4 >50% N % McCall J, et al. Int J Colorectal Dis Bokey EL, et al. BJS 1999; 86:1164. Shirouzu et al., Am J. Surg 1993; 165:233
3 Anni 90 RADIOTERAPIA: migliorare i risultati della chirurgia RADIOTERAPIA POSTOPERATORIA da sola o in associazione a chemioterapia RADIOTERAPIA PREOPERATORIA
4 RCTs Clinical practice Selected No Very high Experts Often undetected Limited Patient population Comorbidity Compliance Providers Adverse drug reactions Generalizability All comers Very frequent Variable Usual caregivers Usual setting of detection Broad
5 Typical exclusion criteria in registrative RCTs Age < 18 yrs Age > 65 yrs Normal ALT levels Low hemoglobin (<12 g/dl) Low WBC count (<3,000/mm 3 ) Neutropenia (<1,500/mm 3) Thrombocytopenia (< 100,000/mm 3 ) Decompensated liver disease Bilirubin >2.0 mg/dl Albumin <3.5 g/dl Protime >2 sec prolonged Creatinine >1.5 mg/dl Alphafetoprotein >50 mg/dl HBsAg+ Any other known liver disease Depression Psychiatric disease Coronary artery disease Cerebral vascular disease Neurologic illness Seizure disorders Alcohol abuse IV drug use Methadone treatment Hemophilia Hemoglobinopathy Autoimmunity Thyroid diseases Mental retardation Institutionalization Children
6 EVIDENCE BASED MEDICINE EFFECTIVENESS èil risultato che lo stesso intervento produce in condizioni di reale pratica assistenziale, al di fuori del contesto sperimentale EFFICACY èl efficacia di un intervento sanitario in condizioni sperimentali CLINICAL PRACTICE RCTs MA Bassa External validity Alta Internal validity
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8 EVIDENCE BASED RADIOTHERAPY EFFECTIVENESS EFFICACY CLINICAL PRACTICE RCTs MA Alta External validity Bassa Internal validity
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10 STATISTICAL CLINICAL VERSUS oggettivo preciso e misurabile definibile standardizzabile soggettivo impreciso e non quantificabile difficilmente definibile non standardizzabile
11 RADIOTERAPIA POSTOPERATORIA
12 RADIOTERAPIA POSTOPERATORIA
13 When CT is combined with RT: The goal is to obtain a positive therapeutic ratio, and thus to enhance the antitumor effect while minimizing toxicity to critical normal tissues. the tumor control curve shifts to the left, along with the response curvefor normal tissue damage.
14 RADIOTERAPIA POSTOPERATORIA + CHEMIOTERAPIA 5 yrs local recurrence 5 yrs distant metastases Fiorica, Cancer Treat Rev. 2010
15 RADIOTERAPIA POSTOPERATORIA + CHEMIOTERAPIA 5 yrs overall survival Fiorica, Cancer Treat Rev. 2010
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17 STATISTICAL CLINICAL VERSUS oggettivo preciso e misurabile definibile standardizzabile soggettivo impreciso e non quantificabile difficilmente definibile non standardizzabile
18 Anni 90 RADIOTERAPIA: migliorare i risultati della chirurgia RADIOTERAPIA POSTOPERATORIA da sola o in associazione a chemioterapia RADIOTERAPIA PREOPERATORIA
19 RADIOTERAPIA PREOPERATORIA 5 yrs local recurrence Cammà, Fiorica JAMA 2000
20 RADIOTERAPIA PREOPERATORIA 5 yrs overall survival Cammà, Fiorica JAMA 2000
21 Introduzione della chemioterapia nei regimi pre-operatori
22 RADIOTERAPIA PREOPERATORIA + CHEMIOTERAPIA 5 yrs local recurrence 5 yrs distant metastases Fiorica, Cancer Treat Rev. 2010
23 RADIOTERAPIA PREOPERATORIA + CHEMIOTERAPIA 5 yrs overall survival Fiorica, Cancer Treat Rev. 2010
24 RADIOTERAPIA PREOPERATORIA + CHEMIOTERAPIA Mortalità da eventi tossici Fiorica, Cancer Treat Rev. 2010
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26 HA UN RUOLO LA RADIOTERAPIA NELL ERA TME? TME is sub-optimal in more than 40% of patients where positive circumferential margin was detected. Nagtegaal, JCO 2008CO 2008 Positive circumferential margin is associated with a 51% increase in the likelihood of local Recurrence, JC Nagtegaal, JCO 2008
27 RADIOTERAPIA PREOPERATORIA E TME Kapiteijn, NEJM 2001 Fiorica, Cancer Treat Rev. 2010
28 Double Blind RCTs RCTs Studi di Coorte Studi caso-controllo Serie di casi Case -report Editoriali, opinioni.. A B C D Buone evidenze per utilizzarlo Discrete evidenze per utilizzarlo Scarse evidenze per consigliare o meno l utilizzo Discrete evidenze per non utilizzarlo Studi sperimentali: animali, in vitro
29 5-year local control 5-year local control NNT= 17 NNT= 16
30 5-year distant metastases control 5-year distant metastases control
31 5-year overall survival 5-year overall survival
32 mortality related to toxic events mortality related to toxic events NNH=70
33 Meta-analysis summary for preoperative approach n.s. n.s.
34 Meta-analysis summary for postoperative approach n.s. n.s.
35 CRT PREOPERATORIA VS. CRT POSTOPERATORIA 5 yrs local recurrence 5 yrs distant metastases 5 yrs overall survival Fiorica, Cancer Treat Rev. 2010
36 CRT PREOPERATORIA VS. CRT POSTOPERATORIA Overall survival and DFS Local recurrence and DM Sauer, NEJM,2004
37 CHEMIOTERAPIA ADIUVANTE DOPO APPROCCIO NEOADIUVANTE Bosset, JCO 2010 Fiorica, Cancer Treat Rev. 2010
38 Conclusions 1 Conclusions 1 In patients with resectable rectal cancer, CRT does not increase overall survival, despite the fact that preoperative CRT significantly reduces the risk of the local recurrence. No reduction in the distant metastases rate was found. Toxicity-related mortality is significantly increased by the concomitant approach, emphasizing the need for safer treatment combinations.
39 Fiorica, Arch Gerontol Geriatr. 2009
40 Conclusions 2 Conclusions 2 In elderly patients compliance with radiotherapy is good and rate of toxicity is acceptable patients with no or mild co-morbidities have a significantly better survival Increasing severity of co-morbidity may sufficiently shorten remaining life expectancy to cancel gains with adjuvant radiotherapy.
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42 Conclusions 3 Conclusions 3 The addition of IORT to conventional treatment methods has improved local control as well as survival in recatal cancer in both the primary and locally recurrent disease settings
43 Use of of Novel and Molecular targeted chemo-therapies combined to RT Capecitabina Oxaliplatino Cetuximab Bevacizumab
44 Use of of Novel and Molecular targeted chemo-therapies combined to RT Capecitabine RCT: XELODA vs 5FU + RT (50.40 Gy) An higher rates of pathological T and N downstaging but these differences did not reach statistical significance. Hofheinz, JCO 2009 A n ongoing trial NSABP R-04 trial
45 Use of of Novel and Molecular targeted chemo-therapies combined to RT Oxaliplatin RCT: Studio Terapia Adiuvante Retto (STAR-01) RT + 5FU with or without Oxaliplatin weekly No statistical differences in outcome, only an increase of toxicities in Oxaliplatin group (24%vs 8%). Aschele, JCO 2009 RCT: ACCORD 12/0405-Prodige 2 RT + Xeloda with or without Oxaliplatin weekly An higher rate of complete response, but an increase of toxicity Gerard, JCO 2010
46 Use of of Novel and Molecular targeted chemo-therapies combined to RT Cetuximab Glynne-Jones reviewed a series of phase 1 and 2 studies with cetuximab incorporated in neoadjuvant chemoradiotherapy. -Increase of diarrhea -Complete response rate 9.1% Glynne-Jones, Acta Oncol 2010 Ongoing XERXES study
47 Use of of Novel and Molecular targeted chemo-therapies combined to RT Bevacizumab Willet et al. : RT +5FU + Bevacizumab High rate of pathological downstaging Willet JCO 2009 Crane et al. 32% of pathologic complete response Crane, IJROBP 2010 ECOG 3204: phase 2 Pathological response 33% Landry IJROBP 2009
48 Biomarkers for Response to Neoadjuvant Chemoradiation for Rectal Cancer p53 The majority of studies revealed no correlation between p53 and treatment outcome. Four of 21 studies claimed a positive correlation; one claimed that p53 staining (mutation) predicted good response, whereas the other three claimed that p53 staining was a predictor of poor response. These data suggest that p53 is unlikely to serve as a predictor of response to neoadjuvant CRT EGFR Only one study revealed an association between positive/negative EGFR staining and treatment outcome. It may be more valuable to quantitatively measure EGFR expression rather than assessing whether biopsies stain positive or negative for EGFR. Two of the four studies, involving 87 and 183 patients, that evaluated. Kuremsky JG IJROBP 2009
49 Biomarkers for Response to Neoadjuvant Chemoradiation for Rectal Cancer TYMS Four of five studies evaluating TYMS expression revealed significant associations with clinical endpoints. Three studies revealed better outcome with low or absent pretreatment TYMS expression, whereas one study revealed better outcome with high TYMS expression. The study that found a correlation between low TYMS expression and downstaging failed to reveal a correlation with local recurrence or survival. The single study that found a correlation between high pretreatment TYMS expression and improved response involved only 19 patients who received both 5-FU and oxaliplatin. The extremely small number of patients and addition of oxaliplatin may have confounded this study's results. The two remaining studies supporting TYMS expression levels with outcome included small patient numbers. If there is an effect of TYMS on outcome, it could be due to enhancing 5-FU's effect. There is not enough evidence to support the use of TYMS protein quantification as a predictor of treatment response in rectal cancer. However, TYMS DNA may have value as a predictive biomarker, and its clinical utility should be evaluated as an adjunct in larger trials involving neoadjuvant CRT for rectal cancer. Kuremsky JG IJROBP 2009
50 Biomarkers for Response to Neoadjuvant Chemoradiation for Rectal Cancer Ki-67 On the basis of the literature, it seems unlikely that Ki-67 has any utility in predicting outcome to treatment for rectal cance p21 Two studies revealed improved outcomes with low or negative p21 expression, whereas two different studies showed improved outcomes in tumors with high or positive p21 expression. On the basis of in vitro studies, it would be predicted that tumors with low or absent p21 expression would be more radio- and/or chemosensitive, leading to better outcomes. The two studies that found a correlation between decreased or absent p21 staining and poor outcome involved treatments in addition to 5-FU and external-beam radiotherapy. The additional treatments may have confounded the results. Larger, prospective clinical trials should be conducted to determine the ability of low p21 expression to predict better outcome. Kuremsky JG IJROBP 2009
51 Biomarkers for Response to Neoadjuvant Chemoradiation for Rectal Cancer bax/bcl-2 More studies evaluating bax as a predictive biomarker are needed owing to the limited data available for bax. Because only one of 12 studies showed a significant correlation between bcl-2 expression and treatment outcome, it is unlikely that bcl-2 is a useful clinical marker. Microarray Both studies and reported the ability to accurately determine responders and nonresponders on the basis of microarray-determined gene expression profiles. Between the 54 genes differentially expressed in the Ghadimi study and the 43 genes differentially expressed in the Rumkus study, there was no concordance with even one gene between the two studies. Although gene array expression data generate interesting results that may lead to the further exploration of candidate genes, the complexity and magnitude makes the results difficult to interpret. Two studies with a small number of patients are not enough to validate the use of microarray-determined gene expression profiles to predict response to neoadjuvant CRT in rectal cancer. Kuremsky JG IJROBP 2009
52 Biomarkers for Response to Neoadjuvant Chemoradiation for Rectal Cancer p53 The majority of studies revealed no correlation between p53 and treatment outcome. Four of 21 studies claimed a positive correlation; one claimed that p53 staining (mutation) predicted good response, whereas the other three claimed that p53 staining was a predictor of poor response. These data suggest that p53 is unlikely to serve as a predictor of response to neoadjuvant CRT EGFR Only one study revealed an association between positive/negative EGFR staining and treatment outcome. It may be more valuable to quantitatively measure EGFR expression rather than assessing whether biopsies stain positive or negative for EGFR. Two of the four studies, involving 87 and 183 patients, that evaluated. Kuremsky JG IJROBP 2009
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55 Paziente prono Proiezione PA
56 Stesso caso con UDT, compressore ipogastrico e procubito di 15
57 Paziente prono Proiezione LL
58 Stesso caso con UDT, compressore ipogastrico e procubito di 15 proiezione latero-laterale
59 Visione 3D
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62 External validity Conclusions: RCTs stopped early for benefit are becoming more common, often fail to adequately report relevant information about the decision to stop early, and show implausibly large treatment effects. These findings suggest clinicians should view the results of such trials with skepticism. JAMA. 2005;294:
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