Multi-State Partnership for Security in Agriculture; Center for Food Security and Pubic Health 1

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1 Just-In-Tm Tranng for Anma Hath Emrgncs 2 3 Carcass Dsposa Compostng Compostng Carcasss ayr wth organc matra Thrmophc mcrobs Hat gnraton Accrats boogca composton Dstroys pathogns Ratvy saf an smp Nutrnt rch, organc byprouct humus Just In Tm Tranng 202 Compost Componnts Ntrogn Carcasss, manur Carbon Pant co-compost awust, groun cornstaks, panut hus, much, poutry ttr, avs 3-5 yars 3/ 000# carcass Carbon: Ntrogn rato 25: to 40: a Just In Tm Tranng 202 Jun 202 Durng an anma hath mrgncy, thr may b a n for anma carcass sposa masurs. Catastrophc natura sastrs or arg-sca sas outbraks can rsut n a arg numbr of a anmas. In ths stuatons, th sposa of anma carcasss an rat matras n a tmy, saf, boscur, asthtcay accptab an nvronmntay rsponsb mannr w b ncssary to prvnt th spra of sas. Ths Just-In-Tm tranng prsntaton w ovrvw prncps of compostng as on mtho of carcass sposa urng anma hath mrgncs. Compostng s a carcass sposa mtho that uss naturay occurrng mcrobs (bactra an fung) to compos carcasss. Th procss gnrats vat tmpraturs whch stroys sas-causng organsms prsnt n th carcasss. [Not: th composng bactra ar thrmophc manng thy ar ab to grow an thrv n tmpraturs hghr than 30 o F]. Compostng s a ratvy saf an smp mtho of sposa whn compar to othr carcass sposa mthos. Whn on corrcty, compostng has th potnta to rsut n a bnfca, nutrnt rch, organc byprouct ca humus - that can b spra on cropan. [Not: Ths w not b aow for cass of crtan forgn anma sass]. [Imag shows an noor compost p that has bn convrt to humus. From Dan Bcktt-W, Iowa tat Unvrsty] Compostng rqurs sourcs of ntrogn, carbon, mostur an oxygn for optma tssu brakown. Carcasss srv as th ntrogn sourc, wh th aton of pant matra (rfrr to as co-compost) srvs to mt th carbon rqurmnt. A propr baanc of carbon an ntrogn s mportant for optma mcroba growth an rap graaton of carcasss. A carbon:ntrogn rato of 25: to 40: s consr optma. Anythng abov or bow ths rato w sow composton rats. Thr ar many possb carbon sourcs to b us n carcass compostng. Cocompost matras may ncu sawust or woo chps, groun cornstaks or corncobs, corn sag, panut hus, an much. Each vars n ts carbon contnt as w as abty for fu absorpton an buk-ang proprts. ag consstnty proucs th hghst tmpraturs most qucky, an s th bst matra for compostng catt carcasss that may harbor sas. Cornstaks, straw, sawust, woo shavngs ar consr nutrnt poor co-compost matras, but ar sutab for compostng mortats from non-sas ncnts (.g., fr, foo). awust s partcuary goo for absorbng xcss qu ras by cayng carcasss an s oftn us as a compost p bas ayr. Woo chps or groun corncobs hp to kp a compost p porous, nabng th ffuson of oxygn nto th p an composton gass out of th p. Poutry barn ttr a mxtur of woo shavngs an poutry manur s th most common co-compost matras us for turky an bror carcasss. Mxng two or thr typs of co-compost matras can prov a bttr baanc of proprts. In gnra, on can xpct to us 2-3 pouns of carbon sourc pr poun of carcass. Compostng may rqur 3-5 cubc yars of covr matras pr 000# carcass. Mut-tat Partnrshp for curty n Agrcutur; Cntr for Foo curty an Pubc Hath Jun 202

2 Just-In-Tm Tranng for Anma Hath Emrgncs 4 Mostur Mostur 40-60% Cruca for mcroba growth < 40% owr graaton > 60% Fs ar pockts, ss oxygn/ar fow owr graaton Th mostur contnt of th p s anothr cruca mnt for th compostng procss. Lack of suffcnt watr w mpact th survva of th composng bactra. Mostur shou b n th rang of 40-60%. Lowr vs of mostur w st aow for graaton but at a sowr rat wh hghr vs of mostur w f n ar pockts n th compost p an cras oxygn prsnc an ar fow, aso rsutng n sowr graaton. Th compost shou b most but not soggy. If mostur can b squz from a hanfu of compost matra, t s too amp. Just In Tm Tranng Oxygn Mantans arobc nvronmnt 5% a Dpnnt on p porosty Encourag natura ar fow Araton Forc: us of fans Actv: mchanca turnng Passv: ar xchang wthn p Just In Tm Tranng 202 Compostng Procss st phas arobc Oxygn pnnt Hgh tmpratur (35-40 o F) 3-2 wks ~50% ructon n bograab sos 2 n phas curng Lowr tmpratur (77-86 o F) ays Araton ss crtca Buk nsty ruc 25% Just In Tm Tranng 202 For succssfu compostng, oxygn s aso ncssary to mantan an arobc nvronmnt for th rap growth of th composton mcrobs. A 5% oxygn v s a. If oxygn vs rop too ow, anarobc (ow oxygn) bactra w bcom mor prvant. Ths can rsut n gratr proucton of oorous gasss. Th oxygn avaab for compostng s pnnt upon th porosty of th p. Araton of compost matras may b forc, actv or passv. Forc araton nvovs a mchanz mtho usng arg fans an uctwork. Actv araton uss mchanca turnng of th compost matra. It s mportant to avo pathogn sprson by ths mthos. Passv araton nvovs ar xchang thr by ffuson or a by wn wthn th compostng matra. Frsh ar s pu nto th owr porton of th p as hat taks gass out of th uppr porton of th p. Propry shap ps usng gas-prmab co-compost matras w aow natura ffuson of ar nto th p an gasous composton proucts out of th p. Usng cours txtur matras (such as woo chps or chopp corn staks) on th bottom ayr ncourags natura ar fow. (Photo from Dr. Tom Ganv, Iowa tat Unvrsty, Dpartmnt of Agrcutura an Bosystms Engnrng) Th compostng procss conssts of two phass an actv phas an a curng phas. Th frst phas or actv phas s an arobc (oxygn pnnt) procss. Aquat araton an mostur urng ths phas s vta to mantan unform tmpratur an promot rap graaton of carcasss. Tmy araton an mostur atons w aow actv compostng to contnu n rpat hat cycs for months an mnmz tota compostng tm. Ths phas of th procss gnrats hgh tmpraturs. Hat s an mportant byprouct of th bactra actvty occurrng n th p, whch hps to k sas-causng mcroorgansms an rsuts n a arg ructon of bograab sos. Th voum an wght of th p can cras as much as 50 prcnt. Th graaton procss w cras p porosty an subsqunty, mt avaab oxygn u to th ack of ar spacs. Co-compost matra w aso stt urng th graaton procss. Ths may rsut n cracks or opnngs n th ps aowng scavngr or nsct nvason. Extra co-compost matra shou b kpt on han to a to th p to han ths stuatons. Th sr cor tmpratur of th compost p s btwn o F. Dpnng on th sz of carcass bomass ths tmpratur shou optmay b mantan for a ngth of tm. For sma- an mum-sz Mut-tat Partnrshp for curty n Agrcutur; Cntr for Foo curty an Pubc Hath 2 Jun 202

3 Just-In-Tm Tranng for Anma Hath Emrgncs 7 Tmpratur Tmpratur rang o F Montor frqunty Inconsstnt throughout p coo zon on surfac Ambnt tmpratur can nfunc composton Just In Tm Tranng 202 carcasss, th actv compostng pros may b up to thr months bfor th p s turn. Howvr for a arg carcass, th actv compostng phas may b up to sx months. Foowng th actv compostng phas, atona tm (ays to wks) may b n for sma- an mum-sz carcasss to compt composton, wh arg carcasss may rqur months. Phas I, ns whn th soft tssus ar gra an th bons ar can. Foowng th frst phas, th partay compost matra s mov to a sconary bn or ocaton for th curng phas. Ths mchanca movmnt aso srvs to brak up th p, rstrbut xcss mostur an ntrouc a nw oxygn suppy. Cauton shou b takn whn turnng ps urng a sas outbrak stuaton, as ths may ncras th rsk of gnraton an ras of arborn partcuats that carry nfctous mcrobs. Th scon phas or curng phas gnrats owr tmpraturs (77-86 o F) an sowr bochmca ractons. Araton urng ths phas s not as crtca. Buk nsty s ruc by 25%. Tm to compt th scon phas s pnnt on carcass sz an can vary from ays. Th fnsh prouct ca humus appars ark brown to back, an s fr of unpasant oor whn turn. Ovra, th composton rat of ntact carcasss n propry manag compost ps s about 2.2# pr ay. Each compost batch shou unrgo a mnmum of thr hat cycs (wth tmpraturs ovr 30 o F) bfor fna utzaton as fnsh compost. It s mportant to montor th ntrogn, carbon, oxygn, an watr paramtrs, as w as tmpratur, frqunty (.g., ay) throughout th procss. Th tmpratur of th compost p s a major factor to consr as t pays a ro n stroyng pathogns. It shou b not that tmpratur w not b consstnt throughout th p. Th surfac or xtrna ara of th p rfrr to as coo zon w b coor than th cor. Cratng a thck ayr of compost matras hps to rtan hat whch s favor by th arobc mcroorgansms n aton to promotng rap cay an suffcnt arfow. Typca ntrna tmpraturs can rang from 20 o F-50 o F. Long stm thrmomtrs shou b us to rcor th ntrna tmpratur of th p so that ncssary masurs can b takn shou t fa to mt rcommn stanars. To assur that rcommn tms an tmpraturs ar rach, carcasss shou b compost wthn 24 hours of th anma s ath an shou not b aow to frz as xtra tm an hat w b rqur for thawng bfor composton can bgn. Aso, wh a w construct compost p w not b graty nfunc by wathr contons, warmr wathr can rsut n fastr carcass composton; convrsy, t may tak ongr n cor contons. (Photo from Tom Ganv, Iowa tat Unvrsty) Mut-tat Partnrshp for curty n Agrcutur; Cntr for Foo curty an Pubc Hath 3 Jun 202

4 Just-In-Tm Tranng for Anma Hath Emrgncs 8 Mxng Accrats composton Whn cor tmpratur > 40 o F <90 o F Form nw wnrow or transport to scon bn Just In Tm Tranng 202 Th procss of mxng, or turnng ovr th compost p may not b ssnta, howvr, t os hp to accrat composton by brakng up th p an rstrbutng any pockts of mostur that hav form. Turnng shou occur whn th compost p tmpratur xcs 40 o F or rops bow 90 o F. Accraton of th composton procss may aso b achv by grnng th rmanng carcass tssu to ncras surfac ara for bactra gston. Th groun matra s thn mx wth cocompost matra, an form nto a nw wnrow or p. Tstng compost ps for bactra actvty may b avs bfor th matra s mx or transport away from ts currnt ocaton. (Photo from Mchgan tat Unvrsty) COMPOT DEIGN Nxt, t s ook at mnts of compost sgn. 9 Just In Tm Tranng Inoors Lss affct by Wathr, ambnt tmpratur, wn, scavngrs pac mtatons Vhc movmnt Proong managmnt an montorng Just In Tm Tranng 202 Locaton Outoors Larg anma Covr to protct Wathr cavngrs t ocaton Away from pubc aras, anma aras, watr sourcs Vgtat st Cay/mprmab bas Compostng may tak pac noors or outs. Inoor compostng has bn wy us by th poutry nustry for br mortats. Inoor compostng s ss affct by wathr vnts, ambnt tmpraturs an sasonaty. Th compost ps ar mor protct from wn, scavngrs an ryng contons, provng as of contro ovr tmpratur an mostur vs. Changs nvov spac mtatons, rstrct spac for movng havy qupmnt, an cras naturay occurrng mostur an ar fow. Inoor compostng aso rqurs proong managmnt, mantnanc an montorng. Outoor compostng s typcay us for argr carcasss. t scton s crtca. ct w-ran ocatons that ar ocat away from pubc aras, anma proucton aras (watr troughs, stock tanks), an groun an surfac watr sourcs. Th st shou b w vgtat to ruc th nvronmnta mpact. Th vgtaton w soak up p achat an kp t from ranng nto th watr tab or runnng off nto surfac watr. Choosng a st whr th so contans som cay can prov a ss prmab surfac to pac th p. On-farm traffc pattrns, qupmnt accss, anma housng, fstuff storag an movmnt, an aquat spac ar atona consratons. Th compostng procss s vry snstv to nvronmnta mostur, thrfor, outoor compost ps shou b covr wth a tarp or roof to mnmz xcss p wtnss an subsqunt proong compostng tms. Covrng carcasss wth suffcnt co-compostng matra aso mnmzs th attracton of fs an scavngrs. Outoor pacmnt os hav th avantag of bng mor aaptab for atona carcasss, as w as mprov accssbty to th p usuay from a ss. Mut-tat Partnrshp for curty n Agrcutur; Cntr for Foo curty an Pubc Hath 4 Jun 202

5 Just-In-Tm Tranng for Anma Hath Emrgncs Basc Dsgn Bas ayr (8-24 ) Porous Absorbnt Carcasss Who or groun Cauton f zoonotc Just In Tm Tranng 202 Th basc sgn of a compost p starts wth a bas ayr, whch s ma of a ry, carbon-rch, absorbnt matra, that s pac on top an mprmab matra, such as so or nr, to cras groun watr contamnaton. Th bas ayr srvs to prov suffcnt ar fow wh protctng th surrounng nvronmnt by absorbng xcss watr an achat, as w as bng ncssary for tmy composton. Ths ayr shou b thck nough (at ast 8 nchs thck) an strong nough to support th wght of th carcass wthout bng sgnfcanty compact. Th havr th carcass, th thckr th bas ayr shou b. Examps of xcnt bas matras ar groun hay or straw, sawust, nut hus, or fnsh compost. Nxt th carcass(s) ar pac on th bas ayr at ast 9 nchs away from th g. Tractors or sk oars wth buckts or forks on th front ar common mthos of movng arg quantts or arg sz carcasss urng th compost procss. Carcasss can b compost who or to sp th procss can b groun an mx wth co-compost pror to p formaton to mprov mcroba actvty an composton. Who carcasss shou b anc or vnt to mnmz boatng of th carcass an th accumuaton of composton gass. If a zoonotc sas s suspct, ancng of carcasss shou b avo or mnmz. Who carcasss shou b poston so thy o not touch ach othr; too many carcasss n on spot as to ocaz wt spots an poor cay. [Imag: Ths mag shows a rprsntaton of compost p ayrs. ourc: Natura Rnrng, Corn Wast Managmnt Insttut] 2 Basc Dsgn Layr wth co-compost (4-6 ) 5-7 ft hgh tota 2 nchs on ss Boftr ayr on top Wathr pnnt Coo wathr-sag Warm wathr-cornstaks Porous matras Absorbs mostur an promots ar fow Just In Tm Tranng 202 Carcasss ar thn covr wth 4-6 nchs of co-compost matra an surroun by at ast 2 nchs of mostn, w mx co-compostng matra. Incompt covrag can a to nsct an scavngr probms. Layrng of carcasss an co-compost matras contnus unt th bn or p s 5-7 ft. In a propry opratng compost procss, nw matra a to th bns rachs tmpraturs of o F wthn hours. For th co-compost covr ayr, sag s bttr n coo wathr as t can nsuat hat 0-30 o C hghr than most othr matras; groun cornstaks ar twc as prmab as sag an hav a hghr potnta for hat oss, so work w n warmr wathr. Usng strong, porous structura matras, for th outr most covr ayr, w srv a n absorbng xcss mostur from th surrounngs bfor t py pntrats th p an prvnt achat from spng out an contamnatng th nvronmnt. At th sam tm, t w st promot th sr ar fow pattrn of oxygn n an ammona gas out. To ruc oor an prator accss vn furthr, pac a covrng or boftr- ayr of absorbnt co-compostng matra ovr th ntr compost p. Ths can srv to oorz gass ras from actv p, mantan propr mostur, ph, nutrnts an tmpratur, an nhanc mcroba actvts of th p. Thrmomtrs shou b nsrt throughout th p to montor an confrm p tmpratur. Mut-tat Partnrshp for curty n Agrcutur; Cntr for Foo curty an Pubc Hath 5 Jun 202

6 Just-In-Tm Tranng for Anma Hath Emrgncs P Typs: Bns Constructon Trat umbr or concrt 3 s, oors, rop-boar front z pnnt on carcass sz an qupmnt us conary bns For mxng or storng co-compost Dcrass scattr matra Rtans hat w Just In Tm Tranng 202 P Typs: Opn an Wnrows z pnnt on carcass Pac carcasss away from p g Thck covr ayr Managmnt mportant Chck tmpratur, montor p A xtra covr whn ncssary Just In Tm Tranng 202 Dstrbutng Compost FAD may mak compost unsaf for cropan oft tssu shou b compos Larg bons shou b bur Nutrnt vs shou b tst Rus as compost covr matra Just In Tm Tranng 202 Whthr noor or outoor ocatons ar sct, compost ps can b form n bns, n opn ps, n ovrappng ps, or n wnrows. Bns ar most commony construct from trat umbr or concrt. Thy may b 3 s, or qupp wth oors or rop-boar fronts to aow for asr accss. Gnray, mutp bns ar construct, to aow for movmnt an mxng of th p urng th compostng procss. Ths sconary bns can aso b us for hong xtra co-compost matra for asy aton to compostng ps whn n. Carcass pacmnt foows th basc sgn prvousy scrb bas ayr, carcasss, co-compost. Carcass sz w nfunc th ovra ara ncssary for bn constructon. Bn wth must aso b arg nough to prov th farm machnry us asy accss for oang an turnng th p. Carcasss shou b pac at ast 9-2 nchs from th g of th bn. Bn compostng s bnfca bcaus t crass th rsk of matras bng scattr by th wn or prators an s partcuary goo at rtanng hat to ncourag rap cay. [Photo from North Dakota tat Unvrsty] A convntona p or wnrow compostng systm s a bttr mtho for arg anma carcasss. Ps an wnrows ar gnray construct n th opn on compact so or a concrt foor. Was an roofs ar not gnray us thrby makng as of accss to th p asr. Wnrow compostng nvovs makng smar but ongr ps on th groun. Th ovra sz of th wnrow w b pnnt on th sz of th carcass t s ncasng. ma an mum-sz carcasss can b pac n ayrs n wnrows, but arg carcasss n to b pac n a sng ayr.th covr ayr shou b thckr than whn usng a bn snc wnrows ar mor pron to roson from wathr an nvason from scavngrs. [Top photo shows opn p stup (covr ayr s yt to b pac) from aqub Mukhtar, Txas A&M va Xtnson; Bottom photo shows an noor compostng wnrow, from Josh Payn, Okahoma tat Unvrsty va Iowa tat Unvrsty Extnson] On of th bnfts of compostng s th n rsut of nutrnt rch matra that can b spra on cropan. Crtan consratons n to b ma bfor ths s on. Th practc of sprang th compost on fs s pnnt on carcass sas status an composton ffctvnss. Th carcasss of anmas uthanz bcaus of crtan forgn anma sass cannot b spra onto fs bcaus of th constant rsk thy ar assum to ho. Othr sass nfctng anmas may rqur that th compost p rach spcf tmpraturs n a rcommn pro of tm f thy ar to b us as a rcyc frtzr. Dcomposton s aso not consr compt unt th fsh an othr soft tssu s fuy brokn own. If arg bons ar st prsnt n th compost p, as s frqunty th cas wth arg anmas, thy shou b bur bfor strbutng th compost matra. Ths w hp avo amagng tag qupmnt an attractng scavngrs. nc ffrnt cropan has ffrnt nutrnt rqurmnts, a samp of th compost prouct shou b tst for nutrnt prsnc an vs. Anothr opton of utzng th nutrnts from th fna prouct of compostng s to rus t as a covr matra. Ths w ony b ffctv f mostur vs ar aquat an th sam compost prouct s not rus too many tms. Mut-tat Partnrshp for curty n Agrcutur; Cntr for Foo curty an Pubc Hath 6 Jun 202

7 Just-In-Tm Tranng for Anma Hath Emrgncs 6 CONIDERATION Now t s ook at som fna consratons rgarng compostng as an anma carcass sposa mtho. Just In Tm Tranng Compostng Consratons On-st procss Aaptab procss Nutrnt rch n prouct Transport of co-compost matra Rguatons Just In Tm Tranng 202 Rcor Kpng tart at of ach compost batch Dat an quantty of a anma(s) or atons Intrna tmpratur of ach actv compost batch Masur, at mnmum, wky Dat compost matra arat Just In Tm Tranng 202 Boscurty Rsponrs must War approprat PPE Foow movmnt contro procurs Vhc canng an snfcton t scurty Pubc prcpton Just In Tm Tranng 202 Compostng s an on-st procss that rucs boscurty rsks assocat wth transportng carcasss to atona ocatons. Howvr, off-st carbon sourcs may st n to b obtan. Compostng s an aaptab procss, an p ngth can b ncras to accommoat atona carcasss. Anothr bnfts of compostng s th n rsut of nutrnt rch matras ( humus ) that can b spra on cropan. [Not: Ths w not b aow for cass of crtan forgn anma sass]. tats may vary n thr accptanc of compostng procurs, or may rguat th compostng paramtrs. B sur to chck for any oca, stat, or fra rguatons assocat wth anma carcass compostng bfor bgnnng procurs. Managmnt of compost ps s mportant. Frqunt chcks ar n to montor tmpratur an th conton of th compost p. Mantnanc may b n an aton of xtra covr matras, f parts of carcasss bcom xpos, xcss mostur accumuats or oor vops. Rcor kpng s aso ssnta whn compostng. Informaton rcor shou ncu: Th start at of ach compost batch, th at an quantty of a anma(s) or atons, an th at th compost matra was arat. Atonay, th ntrna tmpratur of ach actv compost batch shou b masur, at a mnmum, onc a wk an rcor. Durng an anma sas mrgncy stuaton, boscurty masurs whn compostng w b of th utmost mportanc to protct aganst th spra of sas as w as ruc any rsks to nvronmnta, pubc an rsponr hath. A rsponrs shou war approprat prsona protctv qupmnt whn hanng an workng wth carcasss. Any movmnt contro procurs for prsonn or vhcs must b foow. Any qupmnt or vhcs us for carcass sposa actvts must b can an snfct foowng thr tasks. t scurty w aso b mportant. Accss to th sposa st shou b mt to ony thos ncssary to th rspons procurs. A og book shou b mantan to rcor vhcs an nvuas ntrng an xtng th sposa st. Warnng or rstrcton sgns shou b post n an obvous ocaton at th prmtrs an ntrancs to th sposa st to scourag unauthorz vstors. Th pubc s prcpton of carcass sposa procurs s of utmost mportanc. Ma may b hpfu n rasng pubc awarnss wth approprat mssags. Howvr, sposa sts shou b protct from ma prsonn an th pubc. Car shou b takn to mt photography/vo. Mut-tat Partnrshp for curty n Agrcutur; Cntr for Foo curty an Pubc Hath 7 Jun 202

8 Just-In-Tm Tranng for Anma Hath Emrgncs 2 0 Rsourcs UDA Forgn Anma Dsas Prparnss (FAD PRP) Guns: Dsposa UDA Forgn Anma Dsas Prparnss tanar Opratng Procurs (OP): Dsposa o_mrgncy_toos.shtm For mor nformaton on carcass sposa ssus urng an anma hath mrgncy rspons, consut th UDA FAD PRP Guns an tanar Opratng Procurs on Dsposa. Just In Tm Tranng Acknowgmnts Dvopmnt of ths prsntaton was by th Cntr for Foo curty an Pubc Hath at Iowa tat Unvrsty through funng from th Mut-tat Partnrshp for curty n Agrcutur Authors: Jssca Knnckr, B Rvwr: Gna Dvorak, DVM, MPH, DACVPM Informaton prov n ths prsntaton was vop by th Cntr for Foo curty an Pubc Hath at Iowa tat Unvrsty Cog of Vtrnary Mcn, through funng from th Mut-tat Partnrshp for curty n Agrcutur. Mut-tat Partnrshp for curty n Agrcutur; Cntr for Foo curty an Pubc Hath 8 Jun 202