TOWN OF. Smithers CORPORATE ENERGY & GHG EMISSIONS PLAN. For inventory years 2004 through 2010

Transcription

1 TOWN OF Smithers 2012 CORPORATE ENERGY & GHG EMISSIONS PLAN For inventory years 2004 through 2010

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3 TOWN OF Smithers CORPORATE ENERGY & GHG EMISSIONS PLAN For the 2004 to 2010 inventory years 2012 Prepared for: Prepared by: Town of Smithers 1027 Aldous Street, Box 879 Smithers, BC Canada V0J 2N0 Tel: (250) Fax: (250) Hyla Environmental Services Ltd. Port Moody, BC Canada Tel: (604)

4 Acknowledgement Staff are gratefully acknowledged for their efforts in the development of this plan. Unless otherwise stated, all photographs are courtesy of Alison Walker, Town of Smithers.

5 About Hyla Environmental Services Ltd. HES Ltd. specializes in developing corporate and community energy and emissions plans for municipal government and departments within senior levels of government (regional, provincial, and federal). With over 13 years of dedicated experience to emissions management, HES work extends to corporate and community sustainability plans, including integrated community sustainability plans. HES has developed software, Energy and Emissions Reporting and Monitoring System (EEMRS ), which is used to calculate emissions, develop emissions forecasts, and integrate account-level management to produce accurate, cost effective emissions management strategies. HES is a leader in this field having completed over 120 corporate energy and emissions inventories and 30 emissions management strategies. As well, HES produced the preliminary community-wide energy and emissions inventories for all municipal governments (189) in British Columbia on behalf of the Province of British Columbia s Ministry of Environment in Acronyms CO 2 Carbon Dioxide CO 2 e Carbon Dioxide Equivalent EEMRS Energy and Emissions Monitoring and Reporting System GHG Greenhouse Gas HES Hyla Environmental Services Ltd. Disclaimer: Notwithstanding financial support from the Government of Canada and the Federation of Canadian Municipalities, the views expressed are the personal views of the author, and the Government of Canada and the Federation of Canadian Municipalities accept no responsibility for them. Copyright 2012, Town of Smithers All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, recorded or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photographic, sound, magnetic or other, without advance written permission from the owner.

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7 Town of Smithers Table of Contents Executive Summary...xi 1 Introduction Inventory Overview and Trends Provincial Carbon Neutral Voluntary Commitment Trends, Forecasts, and Reduction Initiatives...31 Appendix I - Data Confidence Appendix II - Detailed GHG Emissions Inventories (2004 and 2010) Corporate Energy & GHG Emissions Plan 2011 vii

8 List of Tables Table Emissions Coefficients and Factors... 4 Table GHG Emissions and Percent Change (2004, 2007, & 2010)...10 Table Energy Consumption and Percent Change (2004, 2007, & 2010) Table Cost for Energy and Percent Change (2004, 2007, & 2010)...12 Table GHG Emissions and Percent Change (2004, 2007, & 2010)...15 Table Energy Consumption and Percent Change (2004, 2007, & 2010)...16 Table Cost for Energy and Percent Change (2004, 2007, & 2010)...17 Table Summary of Building Sector Emissions (2010)...19 Table Building Accounts Ranked by Energy Consumption...19 Table Summary of the Lighting Sector (2010)...20 Table Lighting Accounts Ranked by Energy Consumption...20 Table Summary of the Water & Wastewater Sector (2010)...21 Table Water & Wastewater Accounts Ranked by Energy Consumption...21 Table Summary of Vehicle Fleet GHG Emissions (2010)...22 Table Summary of Vehicle Fleet GHG Emissions (All Energy Types)...22 Table Summary of Building Sector Assets (2010)...27 Table Summary of Lighting Sector Assets (2010)...27 Table Summary of Water & Wastewater Assets (2010)...28 Table Summary of Vehicle Fleet Assets (2010)...28 Table Carbon Offset Summary...29 Table Carbon Neutral Government Accounting - DO NOTHING...30 Table Carbon Neutral Government Accounting - IMPLEMENT MEASURES Table Carbon Neutral Government Accounting - IMPLEMENT MEASURES YEAR TWO...30 Table Example of Changes In Energy Consumption for the Fire Hall...32 Table Proposed Projects that Affect Energy Consumption ( )...33 Table Forecast of Energy Consumption for Buildings ( )...36 Table Forecast of Costs for Energy ( )...36 Table Forecast of GHG Emissions with Offset for Electricity ( )...37 Table Summary of Forecasts...37 Table Overall Summary of Proposed Reduction Initiatives in the Buildings Sector...39 Table Proposed Reductions for Airport Terminal Building...42 Table Proposed Reductions for Fire Hall...43 Table Proposed Reductions for Civic Arena for completion by Table Proposed Reductions for Civic Arena for completion beyond Table Proposed Reductions for Ranger Park Recreation Centre...48 Table Proposed Reductions for Town Works Yard...50 Table Summary of Proposed Reduction Initiatives for the Outdoor Lighting Sector...51 Table Summary of Proposed Reduction Initiatives for Water & Wastewater...52 Table Replacement Vehicles...54 Table Introduction of Biodiesel Blends...54 Table Reductions for all Initiatives...55 Table Summary of Reduction Initiatives with Capital Costs...56 Table Summary of Reduction Initiatives without Capital Costs...57 Table Summary of Estimated Reductions for Corporate Sectors...58 Table Suggested Implementation...59 viii

9 Town of Smithers List of Charts Chart GHG Emissions ( ; tonnes CO 2 e)... 7 Chart GHG Emissions Trend by Sector ( ; tonnes CO 2 e)... 8 Chart GHG Emissions by Sector ( ; tonnes CO 2 e)... 8 Chart GHG Emissions by Sector by Year (2004, 2007 & 2010)...10 Chart Energy By Year By Sector (2004, 2007 & 2010) Chart Costs by By Year By Sector (2004, 2007 & 2010)...12 Chart GHG Emissions Trend by Energy Type ( ; tonnes CO 2 e)...13 Chart GHG Emissions by Activity Types ( ; tonnes CO 2 e)...13 Chart GHG Emissions by Year by Energy Type (2004, 2007 & 2010)...15 Chart Energy by Year by Activity Type (2004, 2007 & 2010)...16 Chart Costs by Year by Energy Type (2004, 2007 & 2010)...17 Chart GHG Emissions ( )...18 Chart Buildings Inventory (2010)...19 Chart Energy Consumption by Account (2010)...19 Chart Energy Consumption by Subsector (2010)...20 Chart Energy Consumption by Account (2010)...21 Chart Vehicle Fleet (2010)...22 Chart GHG Emissions in Vehicle Fleet Subsectors (2010)...22 Chart Solid Waste (2010)...23 Chart PCP Inventory vs. CAC Inventory...26 Chart Notes on Observed Trends ( )...31 Chart The Effect of Precipitation in the form of Snowfall on Diesel Fuel Consumption...32 Chart Electricity Consumption (GJ) in Buildings...33 Chart Natural Gas Consumption (GJ) in Buildings...33 Chart Propane Consumption (GJ) in Buildings...34 Chart Electricity Consumption (GJ) in Lighting...34 Chart Electricity Consumption (GJ) in Water and Wastewater...34 Chart Diesel Fuel Consumption (GJ) in Vehicle fleet...35 Chart Gasoline Consumption (GJ) in Vehicle fleet...35 Chart Annual Energy Consumption ( )...40 Chart Monthly Energy Consumption ( )...40 Chart Annual Energy Consumption ( )...41 Chart Monthly Energy Consumption ( )...41 Chart Annual Fire Hall Energy Consumption ( )...43 Chart Monthly Fire Hall Energy Consumption ( )...43 Chart Annual Energy Consumption ( )...44 Chart Monthly Energy Consumption ( )...44 Chart Annual Energy Consumption ( )...47 Chart Monthly Energy Consumption ( )...47 Chart Annual Energy Consumption ( )...49 Chart Monthly Energy Consumption ( )...49 Corporate Energy & GHG Emissions Plan 2011 ix

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11 468 t (48.0%) Town of Smithers 381 t (39.5%) Executive Summary The 2012 Corporate Energy and GHG Emissions Plan outlines the proposed greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions reduction strategy for the Town of Smithers. Based on the completed inventory of GHG emissions and implementation of the proposed recommendations, the Town can meet the GHG emissions reduction target described below. Inventory Summary We calculated energy use, energy costs and GHG emissions for the base year (2004) and forecast year (2015). We also calculated the same information for the years 2005 to In the base year, the Town produced 976 tonnes CO 2 e and consumed 23,794 GJ at a total cost of $396,995. A breakdown of percent GHG emissions for the Town is shown in the figure to the right. Reduction Target Statement: Council is endorsing the following GHG emissions reduction target for its corporate operations: The Town of Smithers can reduce GHG emissions by 31 percent by further reducing its 2004 base year 4 t emissions quantity by 72 (0.4%) tonnes CO 2 e by 2015 Reduction Target Summary 482 t (49.9%) 50 t (5.1%) 5 t (0.5%) 43 t (4.2%) 5 t (0.5%) 468 t (48.0%) 390 t (40.0%) The reduction target described herein is for the Town to reduce GHG emissions by 31 percent, a further reduction of 72 tonnes CO 2 e from 2004 levels by The figure below illustrates components of the target which can be summarized as follows: 1 The Town s Starting Point is the base year quantity of 976 tonnes CO 2 e; 482 t (49.9%) 2 Through a bottom up approach to the target calculation, the Town can realistically achieve an End Point quantity of 676 tonnes CO 2 e; 411 t 3 The End Point quantity of 676 tonnes CO 2 e is achievable because the Town has already achieved a 234 tonne reduction as observed (40.5%) from 2010 data; 43 t 4 The End Point quantity will be achieved if the Town further reduces GHG emissions by 72 tonnes; and, (4.2%) 5 t 5 A 31 percent reduction is the percent difference between the End Point and the Starting Point. 62 t (0.5%) (6.1%) 36 t (3.7%) 36 t (3.7%) 4 t (0.4%) 62 t (6.4%) 411 t (40.5%) 62 t (6.1%) 62 t (6.4%) 493 t (48.6%) 381 t (39.5%) Buildings Lighting Water & Wastewater Vehicle Fleet Solid Waste 62 t (6.4%) GHG Emissions (tonnes CO 2 e) 1,200 1, Tonnes (CO 2 e) Starting Point Base Year Quantity (2004) = 976 tonnes CO 2 e 2 End Point Quantity to Achieve (2015) = 676 tonnes CO 2 e Year 493 t (48.6%) 4 Reductions Achieved = 234 tonnes 6 REDUCTION TARGET Buildings Lighting Water & Wastewater Vehicle = 31 Fleet percent Solid Waste 5 Reductions Proposed = 72 tonnes 676 Tonnes (CO 2 e) 2015 (Percent Difference Between Starting Point and End Point ) T = (( Qfy - ( Qra + Qrp )) - Qby ) / Qby Business as Usual Emissions Growth T = Target (percent) Management Program Results Q = GHG Emissions Quantity Base Emissions Quantity fy = Forecast year by = Base year ra = Reductions Achieved (between base year and current year) rp = Reductions Potential (proposed reductions for implementation between current year and forecast year) Corporate Energy & GHG Emissions Plan 2011 xi nes (CO 2 e)

12 To determine the reduction target, a bottom up approach was used. The bottom up approach uses credible information to develop a forecast of emissions and estimates of reductions that can achieved for all buildings and engineering assets. The alternative approach is top down, or the selection of a target without any knowledge of whether or not it can be achieved. In a workshop with Council in 2011, both approaches were discussed and Council agreed that they preferred the bottom up approach in order to consider endorsing a realistic target. The methodology to arrive at the target is explained in detail in subsection on page 5. Details of the reduction target are further summarized in Section 4.5 on page 56. The components of target are thoroughly explained in the notes immediately after the table in Section 4.5 on page 56 and in each section of this report. Recommendations 1 Administrative Monitoring of corporate GHG emissions should be carried out by a qualified consultant that can employ the same methods as articulated herein. HES made a commitment to the Town to provide monitoring data for 2011 and During that period, we will have built sufficient capacity with Town staff to enable the Town of monitor it s own GHG emissions. Regardless of who conducts the monitoring, the Town should monitor on an annual basis. As much as practical, the Town should build a systems approach to monitoring energy consumption and link that approach to other accounting of GHG emissions such as those required for the Provincial Climate Action Revenue Incentive Program (CARIP) Grant. 2 Buildings and Miscellaneous Facilities Table E1 summarizes GHG reduction measures throughout the Town s building stock. Council would consider implementation for each building annually. For a capital expenditure of approximately $44,000, 26 tonnes CO 2 e can be reduced by implementing building retrofits, resulting in energy savings of approximately $9,000. The simple payback for these initiatives is 5 years and the cost per kilotonne reduced is $1,683. Building Airport Terminal Table E1 Overall Summary of Proposed Reduction Initiatives in the Buildings Sector Energy Type Capital Costs Energy Costs Reduced Simple Payback CO 2 e (t) Reduced Cost per Kilotonne CO 2 e Reduced Natural Gas $8,000 $1, $1,951 Electricity $10,000 $ Fire Hall Natural Gas $2,000 $ $408 Civic Centre Ranger Park Recreation Centre Works Yard Natural Gas $6,000 $1, $1,622 Electricity $3,000 $ Natural Gas $14,300 $1, $3,575 Electricity $300 $ Natural Gas $8,000 $2, $870 Electricity $420 TOTAL $43,600 $8, $1,683 1 There are no GHG emission reductions from electricity because the Town s electricity provider, BC Hydro, has offset their GHG emissions at the source 2 The capital costs for the initiatives for electricity are included in the initiatives for natural gas Note: Capital Costs are based on Greater Vancouver suppliers and contractor rates and must be verified for Smithers xii

13 Town of Smithers 3 Outdoor Lighting Implementing reduction initiatives for the outdoor lighting sector, as outlined in Reduction Initiatives for Outdoor Lighting on page 51, could reduce annual energy consumption by ~ 240 GJ and annual energy costs by ~ $5,800. An adaptive management system for streetlighting is proposed. Another option, LED streetlights, is not yet economically feasible but staff must keep apprised of this technology. 4 Water and Wastewater An estimated 482 GJ of energy can be saved annually by implementing retrofits in the water and wastewater sector. These initiatives would also save approximately $13,000 annually. Initiatives in this sector include replacing motors over time. These initiatives are outlined in Reduction Initiatives for Water and Wastewater on page Vehicle Fleet By implementing the reduction initiatives for the vehicle fleet sector, as outlined in Reduction Initiatives for Vehicle Fleet on page 53, ~10,000 litres of fuel (~360 GJ), ~$9,000 in energy costs, and 36 tonnes CO 2 e could be saved annually. 6 Recycling and Corporate Solid Waste Initiatives in this sector include reducing paper usage, eliminating food waste from the waste stream, and diverting recyclables from waste streams to landfills. These initiatives could reduce GHG emissions by approximately 10 tonnes CO 2 e. Provincial Carbon Neutral Voluntary Commitment: Table E2 summarizes the emissions inventory presented according to the guidance Province of BC and the offsets required if the Town wishes to become carbon neutral by 2012 by purchasing carbon credits. Table E2 Carbon Neutral Government Accounting Sector 2012 Forecast of GHG Emissions (tonnes CO 2 e) Excluded in CAC Accounting Inventory used for CAC Accounting Footnote Cost for Offsets with no Implementation ($25/tonne) Emissions after Reductions (2012) Cost for Offsets with implementation ($25/tonne) Buildings $6, $7,850 Outdoor Lighting $0 Water & Wastewater $0 Vehicle Fleet $6, $5,875 Corporate Solid Waste s $12,200 $601 $13,725 1 Airport 2 GHGs associated with electricity offset at the source 3 GHGs associated with electricity offset at the source 4 Airport vehicles 5 All Corporate Solid Waste Note: Capital Costs are based on Greater Vancouver suppliers and contractor rates and must be verified for Smithers Meeting Provincial requirements for carbon neutrality relies on an expenditure of $12,200 for carbon offsets at a price of $25/tonne. If reduction initiatives were implemented and the 2015 GHG emissions forecast remained intact, by 2015 it would cost $13,725 to become carbon neutral based on carbon offsets at $25/tonne. See Benefits to Local Governments on page 30 for more detailed information about the costs and benefits of implementing reduction initiatives. Corporate Energy & GHG Emissions Plan 2011 xiii

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15 1 Introduction Partners for Climate Protection In January 2008, the Town endorsed participation in the Federation of Canadian Municipalities (FCM) Partners for Climate Protection 1 (PCP). PCP is a climate action program for local government in Canada which is administered by the Federation of Canadian Municipalities. PCP is assisted by ICLEI - Local Governments for Sustainability. PCP is a voluntary program and local government in BC have a rich history of involvement dating back to By 2001, there were 27 local governments in BC participating in PCP. The Town of Smithers joined PCP in 2008 and currently, there are 66 PCP members in BC as well as 216 members across Canada. 1 fcm.ca/partners-for-climate-protection/ Plan Development Process: 1. Acquire energy consumption data and direct GHG emissions data 2. Identify accounts and code accordingly 3. Develop draft energy and GHG emissions inventory 4. Conduct interviews and walkthrough audits of buildings and engineering assets 5. Develop the GHG emissions forecast 6. Develop the GHG emissions reduction initiatives 7. Develop the capital costs for implementation 8. Calculate the overall GHG emissions reduction quantity The Town of Smithers has demonstrated a commitment to addressing issues of climate change including policies and programs relating to sustainable community development, energy efficiency and conservation, as well as greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions reductions. Establishing a current inventory of energy consumption and GHG emissions and developing reduction initiatives and an implementation strategy will support ongoing energy conservation and GHG emissions reductions management into the future. Not to be confused with a community plan, the scope of this corporate plan includes buildings and engineering assets owned by the Town and for which the Town has operational control. Local government in British Columbia develop corporate energy and greenhouse gas emissions management plans for several reasons. Although corporate sustainability is the over-arching reason for engaging in programs such as this, local government also take their voluntary commitments seriously. In 2008, the Town of Smithers signed the Provincial Climate Action Charter (CAC). The CAC is a voluntary commitment to work towards implementing climate action initiatives, although the CAC is somewhat different in that its outcome is for signatories to become carbon neutral in their corporate operations by and guidance regarding the source of GHG emissions that must be offset is atypical of most greenhouse gas management programs. The standardized protocol followed by local government across Canada to conduct GHG emissions inventories is that provided by PCP (see inset). Other methods of organizing inventory information exist. An alternate method of organizing information is also used herein and is provided by the Province of BC for use by local government that have signed the CAC. Although this report complies with PCP inventory requirements and inventory information is organized according to PCP convention 2, the inventory is also organized according to the guidance provided by the CAC (see Section 3). This plan, which includes an inventory, detailed reduction initiatives, and a reduction target is the first step to fulfil ongoing requirements of both the PCP and the CAC. There is sufficient information in this plan to be recognized for Milestones One through Five of the PCP. 1.1 Plan Development Process The development of this plan follows a logical progression of steps that results in a strategy that is easy to follow and easy to repeat by Town staff in the future (see inset). Hyla Environmental Services Ltd. (HES) was contracted to develop this plan. Town staff assisted in the identification of energy consumption accounts and assisted to gather other energy consumption and direct emissions data. Forecasts of GHG emissions were estimated through discussions with staff and reduction initiatives were assigned to corporate assets after walkthrough audits of buildings and engineering assets were undertaken. See section 1.3 for more details on the inventory development process. The Town and HES undertook the following activities in the development of this plan: 1. Prior to HES being hired to complete the Town s corporate plan, HES had completed the Town s inventories for 2007 and Once contracted, the initial meeting with staff and Council was conducted on April 7, The purpose of the meeting was to introduce the project to staff and Council, begin to map out the plan development process, and gather necessary data; pdf CORPORATE ENERGY AND EMISSIONS PLAN

16 3. Individual meetings were conducted with various staff in January and April The purpose of the meetings was to review buildings and engineering assets and refine datasets. A presentation was made to Council in April to remind them of the process for both the corporate and community plans; 4. July 2011: The draft Corporate Energy Plan was submitted to staff for review and comment; and, 5. [MONTH] 2012: The Corporate Energy Plan was endorsed by Council. 1.2 Regional and Local Context The Town of Smithers is located in northwestern British Columbia along highway 16 (the Yellowhead section of the Trans Canada highway). The Canadian National Railway mainline also services the town with passenger service operated by VIA rail. Smithers was originally established in 1913 to be the regional headquarters of this northern railway. The town is separated from Prince Rupert by about 370 km and from Prince George by about 350 km. Smithers is known for its spectacular natural surroundings. Hudson Bay Mountain features prominently to the west of the town and the Babine Mountain range lies to the east. The Bulkley River flows along Smithers eastern side. See Figure 1.1 for an aerial photograph of the Town of Smithers. Easy access to the backcountry makes outdoor recreation popular in the area with skiing, snowmobiling, canoeing, fishing and hunting all being common pastimes. 2Town of Smithers Figure Aerial photo of the Town of Smithers, British Columbia

17 1,100 1, ,100 1, , ,009 1,011 Solid Waste Vehicle Fleet Water & Wastewater Lighting Buildings 11,723 6,548 3,904 11,449 4,864 3, ,723 6,548 3,904 11,449 4,864 3,424 1,519 1, ,449 4,864 3,424 1, Inventories 50 t eco2 (tonnes) 1,200 1, (5.1%) 5 t (0.5%) t (48.0%) 36 t (3.7%) 4 t (0.4%) t (33.9%) 482 t (49.9%) 110 t (11.3%) 43 t (4.2%) 100 t 5 t (10.2%) (0.5%) 330 t (34.2%) 493 t (48.6%) 76 t (7.9%) 92 t (9.4%) 62 t 411 t (6.4%) (40.5%) 281 t62 t (28.8%) (6.1%) 116 t (12.0%) 62 t (6.4%) Buildings Lighting Water & Wastewater Vehicle Fleet Solid Waste 113 t (11.7%) 311 t (30.7%) 108 t (10.7%) 87 t (8.6%) Year 268 t (27.8%) 142 t (14.0%) 62 t (6.1%) 303 t (29.9%) 390 t (40.0%) 62 t (6.4%) 381 t (39.5%) 62 t (6.4%) Diesel Fuel Electricity Gasoline Natural Gas Propane Solid Waste Trends 2004 xmchart GHGs (CO2e tonnes) and Energy (GJ) 1,519 1, Forecasts xmchart GHG Emissions (CO2e t) GHG Emissions (CO2e t) GHG Emissions Forecast 2012 GHGs (CO2e tonnes) and Energy (GJ) Reduction Initiatives Subsector -Various 2009 Natural Gas Consumption and Estimates of Reductions Consumption 2009 Inventory Energy Costs 172 GJ $3,113 CO2e (t) Consumption GJ $1, ,000 12,000 9,000 6,000 3, ,000 12,000 9,000 6,000 3,000 Reductions: Proposed Measures Costs CO 2e (t) Title Annual GHG Emissions 62 Label Solid Vehicle Water & Lighting Layout Options Labels Electricity (GJ) Natural Gas (GJ) Diesel Fuel (GJ) Gasoline (GJ) Propane (GJ) Electricity (GJ) Natural Gas (GJ) Diesel Fuel (GJ) Gasoline (GJ) Propane (GJ) Abs. Values Rel. Values s Electricity Forecast (GJ) Natural Gas Forecast (GJ) Diesel Fuel Forecast(GJ) Gasoline Forecast (GJ) Propane Forecast (GJ) Capital Cost Setback temperature in station to reduce $1, GJ $0 natural gas Simple Payback (yrs) Cost per Kt reduced Vertical: bottom to top Off Off On X-Axis Label Y-Axis Label Year X-Axis Label Orientation 90 GHG Emissions by Sector GHG Emissions by Source Trends in GHG Emissions and Energy glinechartdata eco2 (tonnes) gtitle Buildings gbarchartdata gbarchartlegendtext 1.3 Plan Components There are three components of this greenhouse gas management plan: 1) Inventories, Trends and Forecasts; 2) Reduction Initiatives; and, 3) the Reduction Target. Each of the three components are contextualized for the Town of Smithers and can be found in various sections of the document. Using the method in this report, the first two components are required to calculate the third component the reduction target. A description and methodology for each component can be found in the subsections that follows Inventories, Trends, and Forecasts The first component, inventories, trends, and forecasts, is the foundation from which the report is built. This report consists of several inventories each inventory represents one year in the project s time frame. For the Town of Smithers, the project time frame is from 2004 to The base year GHG emissions inventory is the starting point in the project time frame and is represented by the GHG emissions in The forecasted GHG emissions inventory is the end point in the project time frame and is represented by the GHG emission in Between the years 2004 and 2015, six additional GHG emissions inventories are presented (2005 to 2010). Excluding the forecasted inventory for 2015, the GHG emissions inventory for each year is based on actual data with a few minor exceptions (see Section 2.10, *Data Confidence*). The base year inventory (2004), the final inventory year (2010), and the forecast inventory (2015) are critical to be able to calculate the reduction target. An analysis of the inventories over the project time frame, or an analysis of the trends, provides valuable information from which to base the forecast. There are no forecasted GHG emissions inventories for 2011 to 2014 because none are required or necessary Reduction Initiatives To calculate the overall reduction quantity reported in this document, reduction initiatives have been selected that reduce energy consumption and greenhouse gas emissions from the existing infrastructure (i.e., base year energy and emissions). Regardless null null null null ; "2015 GHG Emissions Forecast" of any overall increase in emissions during the project period, implementing reduction initiatives will, at a minimum, decrease the amount of growth in emissions if the business as usual scenario is allowed to continue. The reduction initiatives that the Town selected are summarized in Section 4. GHGs (CO2e tonnes) and Energy (GJ) null null null null null; ; ; ; "GHG Emissions (CO2e t)" glinechartlegendtexts "Electricity (GJ)";"Natural Gas (GJ)" ; "Diesel Fuel (GJ)" ; "Gasoline (GJ)" ; "Propane (GJ)"; gtitle gbarchartdata ; null null null 821 glinechartdata GHG Emissions gbarchartlegendtext and Energy Forecast GHGs (CO2e tonnes) and Energy (GJ) null null null null null; ; ; ; "GHG Emissions (CO2e t)" ; "2015 GHG Emissions Forecast" glinechartlegendtexts "Electricity (GJ)";"Natural Gas (GJ)" ; "Diesel Fuel (GJ)" ; "Gasoline (GJ)" ; "Propane (GJ)";"Electricity Forecast (GJ)";"Natural Gas Forecast (GJ)" ; "Diesel Fuel Forecast (GJ)" ; "Gasoline Forecast (GJ)" ; "Propane Forecast (GJ)"; GHG Emissions Affect on 2ndary Energy Reduction Type Phase Initiatives Yes duplicate Additional Measure Although reduction amounts are considered estimates, careful consideration has been given to the effect each reduction initiative will have on energy consumption. For each sector, the GHG reductions estimated for each reduction initiative have been calculated null null null null based on HES estimates of the reductions that may result from implementation of ; "2015 GHG Emissions Forecast" various measures in the buildings, lighting, water and wastewater, and vehicle fleet sectors Reduction Target Reduction targets are absolute and not based on per capita emissions. To achieve an actual reduction from the base year quantity, the total reductions achieved during the project period must be greater than the growth in emissions over the project period. Because growth Simple Cost per is Affect factored Consumption: into the calculation, the amount of growth in GHG emissions Capital Cost Payback Phase172 GJ Kt Energy (yrs) Secondary Affect reduced Type Costs: $3,113 CO ECM must Selected by Staff be for Phase overcome 1 2e (t): 9 by reductions before an actual reduction is acheived. TOTAL ESTIMATED REDUCTIONS: NATURAL GAS Yes $0.0 Yes Yes Yes Yes Amended CORPORATE ENERGY AND EMISSIONS PLAN NATURAL GAS SUBTOTAL 69 GJ $1,245 3 t 69 GJ $1,245 3 t $ Electricity Consumption and Estimates of Reductions Consumption 2009 Inventory Energy Costs 9,272,608 kwh $668,455 CO2e (t) 56 Reductions: Proposed Measures Consumption Costs CO 2e (t) 1,576,343 kwh $113,637 9 Capital Cost Simple Payback (yrs) Cost per Kt reduced Affect on 2ndary Energy Type Phase duplicate Additional Measure Simple TOTAL ESTIMATED REDUCTIONS: ELECTRICITY Cost per Affect Consumption: Capital Cost Payback Phase9,272,60 kw Kt Energy (yrs) 8 h Secondary Affect reduced Type Costs: $668,455 ECM Selected by Staff for Phase 1 CO 2e (t): 56 Amended 3. Optimize motors in water pumping stations 834,535 kwh $60, Setback temperature in station to reduce ,446 $50, kwh $0 electricity Replace old motors with high efficiency 5. 46,363 $3, kwh $0 models Yes Yes $0.0 Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes $0.0 Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes $0.0 Yes Yes Yes Yes ELECTRICITY SUBTOTAL 1,576,343 kwh $113,637 9 t 5,675 GJ $113,637 9 t Electricity 1,576,343 kwh $113,637 9 t ACCOUNT SUBTOTAL $0 Natural Gas 69 GJ $1,245 3 t SUBCATEGORY TOTAL Electricity Natural Gas 5,744 GJ $114, t 1,576,343 kwh $113,637 9 t 69 GJ $1,245 3 t 5,744 GJ $114, t $0 0.0

18 1.4 Methods Inventories, Trends, and Forecasts BC Hydro is the only energy utility operating within the boundaries of the Town. Pacific Northern Gas (PNG) is the Town s wholesaler for natural gas. Methane from the decomposition of waste in landfills is a major source of greenhouse gas emissions, but is a direct emission, as opposed to the emissions from burning fossil fuels. From the energy consumed by various local government operations, the mass of greenhouse gas emissions are calculated. This information forms the data from which the overall program goal is derived, and upon which evaluation of progress can be measured in the future. BC Hydro provided consumption data for accounts owned by the Town. PNG provided consumption data and costs for consumption of natural gas for 2007 to All other natural gas data was provided by Town staff. Propane data and vehicle fleet data was compiled from internal records while solid waste generated from operations was derived from the total volume of solid waste collected at Town facilities. 4Town of Smithers Data was imported into the energy and emissions module of HES Energy & Emissions Monitoring and Reporting System. The emissions calculator within this software conforms to the methods described in the International Panel on Climate Change Greenhouse Gas Inventory Reference Manual 3, the principles provided in the International Standards Organization (ISO) Draft International Standard for Greenhouse Gases 4, and the general guidance within the FCM s guidance document for the preparation of PCP inventories 5. Emissions coefficients are found in Table 1.1 for liquid and gaseous fuels and emissions factors for electricity that are specific to the Province of BC have been used. Fuel Type Units Table Emissions Coefficients and Factors Emissions Coefficient CO 2 CH 4 N 2 O Electricity Electricity tonnes/gwh Natural Gas kg/m Gasoline kg/l * * Diesel Fuel kg/l * * Propane kg/l Global Warming Potential * Assigned according to emissions technology of the vehicle Energy and emissions are calculated at the account level (e.g., an asset that consumes energy, such as a building or pumping facility, represents an account in the software). A detailed summary of the energy and emissions inventory is provided in the appendices. In order for this report to be recognized by the PCP Secretariat as fulfilling Milestone One of the PCP program, a forecast must be developed 10 years subsequent to the base year inventory. In this report, because the base year is 2004, the forecast year would be 2014; although, the forecast was extended one year to 2015 to allow staff three years to implement initiatives. A forecast was estimated based on anticipated changes to individual accounts or new accounts that will be added during the forecast period. The forecast was derived from the Town s capital plan and HES interviews with staff. Forecasts should be considered a work in progress as new information can change the forecast and therefore the reduction target. Since all the parameters used to calculate the reduction target are subject to change, the target is essentially moving as new information is gathered. The emissions forecast is presented in Section 4. 3 IPCC (2006), IPCC Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories, Prepared by the National. Greenhouse Gas Inventories Programme, Eggleston H.S., Buendia L., Miwa K., Ngara T. and Tanabe K. (eds). Published: IGES, Japan. 4 ISO (2006), Draft International Standard ISO/TC 207 WG5 N162. Greenhouse Gases - Part 1: Specification with guidance at the organization level for quantification and reporting of greenhouse gas emissions and removals. 28pp. 5

19 1.4.2 Reduction Initiatives Estimates of reduction quantities are provided for energy consumption, cost for consumption, and GHG emissions. Each reduction initiative for each building and/or engineering asset is listed in Section 4. Reduction initiatives are not appropriate for some very small accounts (e.g., pumps that consume <5,000 kwh/year). For other accounts, there are no reduction initiatives that are possible (e.g., flat rate accounts for irrigation systems with existing rain sensors and timers). Within this document, accounts are grouped in the same manner in which they appear in the detailed energy and emissions inventory presented in Appendix II. Estimates of energy, costs for energy, and greenhouse gas emission reductions are provided for each reduction initiative for each account. Further, capital costs, simple payback, and costs per kilotonne reduced is also provided. HES Energy & Emissions Monitoring and Reporting System is used to calculate reductions. The system uses energy end-use breakdowns for the specific asset or component of the asset that consumes energy and for which the reduction initiative is applied. Energy end-use breakdowns are specific to energy type, therefore, the same initiative may appear twice for an account as it may have an affect on two different energy types Reduction Targets To determine the reduction target, a bottom up approach was used. The bottom up approach uses credible information to develop a forecast of emissions and estimates of reductions that can achieved for all buildings and engineering assets. The alternative approach is top down, or the selection of a target without any knowledge of whether or not it can be achieved. In a workshop with Council in 2011, both approaches were discussed and Council agreed that they preferred the bottom up approach. A formula is presented to illustrate how the reduction target is calculated. The formula is: T = (( Qfy - ( Qra + Qrp )) - Qby ) / Qby, where T = Target (percent); Q = GHG Emissions Quantity; and, = Forecast Year; = Base Year; = Current Year; = Other Year; fy by cy 2005 = Reductions Achieved (between base year and current year); and, ra = Reductions Potential (proposed reductions for implementation between current year and forecast year). rp Figure 1.2 is a graphical representation of the reduction target. Note that the current year GHG emissions quantity is used to assist with the forecast and does not form part of the target calculation. The reductions achieved (Q ra ) are distinguished from the reductions proposed (Q rp ) to identify the amount of capital that has already been applied to the climate action program. The values for reductions in the years 2012 to 2015 (i.e., the green line) are hypothetical. CORPORATE ENERGY AND EMISSIONS PLAN Figure Graphical Representation of the Reduction Target 1, Base Year Quantity (Q by ) Reductions Achieved (Q ra ) Tonnes (CO 2 e) Reductions Proposed (Q rp ) Target Percent (T) Year 2015 Base Year ( by ) Current Year ( cy ) Calculation Completed Forecast Year ( fy ) T = (( Qfy - ( Qra + Qrp )) - Qby ) / Qby Business as Usual Emissions Growth T = Target (percent) Management Program Results Q = GHG Emissions Quantity Base Emissions Quantity fy = Forecast year by = Base year ra = Reductions Achieved (between base year and current year) rp = Reductions Potential (proposed reductions for implementation between current year and forecast year) 2007 Emissions Quantity (Base Year) = 151,583 tonnes CO2e

20 1.5 Report Organization This report is organized into four sections plus appendices. Section 2 presents a summary of the GHG emissions, energy consumption, and costs for energy for seven inventory years. In support of Section 2, the appendices contain the GHG energy and emissions inventory for each inventory year. corporate GHG emissions are summarized by sector and energy type in Section 2. Sectors include GHG emissions resulting from buildings, water and wastewater infrastructure, fleet vehicles and other motorized equipment, outdoor lighting, and solid waste generated at Town-owned facilities. Sources, or energy types include electricity, natural gas, propane, diesel fuel, and gasoline. A sixth emissions source, solid waste, is included in the charts and graphs of energy types. Although solid waste is not an energy type and represents a direct GHG emission in the form of methane, it is included in the charts and graphs of sources so that the source chart and table represent 100 percent of the total corporate GHG emissions inventory. Section 3 presents the inventory according to guidance provided by the Provincial Climate Action Charter. It illustrates the differences between the PCP and CAC inventories and presents a cost benefit analysis incorporating all aspects of the CAC program. Section 4 combines forecasts and reduction initiatives for all sectors and presents the proposed reduction target. 6Town of Smithers

21 2 Inventory Overview and Trends Rarely can local government provide detailed, historical datasets for corporate buildings and engineering assets. In this section, an historical accounting of greenhouse gas emissions, energy consumption, and costs for consumption is provided for the years 2004 to All inventory information for each inventory year and a general discussion of trends is presented within this section. More detailed inventory information for each sector (e.g., buildings, outdoor lighting, water and wastewater, vehicle fleet, and corporate solid waste) is presented in the sections that follow. See the appendices for an account-by-account inventory for all inventory years. Section 2 is organized as follows: Section 2.1 presents an overview of total annual GHG emissions from 2004 to 2010 and the data tables and charts for each inventory year. Illustrations and data tables of total GHG emissions for all years also include breakdowns for each sector (e.g., buildings, lighting, water and wastewater, vehicle fleet, solid waste); Section 2.2 provides data tables and charts for total annual GHG emissions by sector (Chart 2.3) for each inventory year (e.g., ); Section 2.3, 2.4, and 2.5 describe and illustrate the trends in GHG emissions, consumption, and costs by sector. To simplify the discussion of trends, each section provides a data table with percent differences for the years 2004, 2007, and 2010 (e.g., the inventory years 2005, 2006, 2008, and 2009 are not included in the analysis). The years represented in these sections have been chosen because they represent: the Base Inventory Year (2004); the Comparison Inventory Year (2007); and, the Current Inventory Year (2010). Trends for each sector are presented in the context of the inventory. A more detailed analysis of trends, which is presented in the context of the forecast, is presented in Section 4; Section 2.6, 2.7, and 2.8 describe and illustrate the trends in GHG emissions, consumption, and costs by energy type (e.g., electricity, natural gas, gasoline, diesel fuel, and propane). Each section provides a data table with percent differences for the years 2004, 2007, and Energy consumption trends are presented in the context of the inventory. A more detailed analysis of trends, which is presented in the context of the forecast, is presented in Section 4.; and, Section 2.9 provides a synopsis of trends and section 2.10 provides a table describing the level of detail in the datasets for each year. The table in section 2.9 provides a general sense of data confidence. 2.1 Corporate Inventory Overview CORPORATE ENERGY AND EMISSIONS PLAN Chart 2.1 illustrates the Town s total corporate GHG emissions for the years 2004 through Each cylinder represents the total GHG emissions for each inventory year. Although GHG emissions fluctuated slightly from 2004 to 2009, emissions decreased from 2004 to 2010 by 25 percent (see each sector-specific section for a more detailed explanation of the observed trends). The data associated with Chart 2.1 is presented on the pages that follow (see Chart 2.3). Chart GHG Emissions ( ; tonnes CO 2 e) Title 1,200 eco2 (tonnes) eco 2 (tonnes) 1, , ,009 1, Label Layout Options Labels Abs. Values S Vertical: bot Off Rel. Values Off s On Year X-Ax Solid Waste Vehicle Fleet Water & Wastewater Lighting Buildings **Note that 80 tonnes CO 2 e, or 9 percent of the decrease of GHG emissions between 2004 and 2010 was due to BC Hydro-supplied electricity offset at the source by BC Hydro. If electricity was not offset at the source, the total GHG emissions in 2010 would have been 915 tonnes CO 2 e.

22 2.2 Corporate Inventory By Sector Chart 2.2 provides the overall trend in GHG emissions by sector for each inventory year. Chart 2.3 provides the data tables and charts for each inventory year ( ). In terms of GHG emissions, the two largest sectors are the buildings and vehicle fleet sectors. These two sectors tend to fluctuate from year to year in most municipalities, whereas lighting, water and wastewater, and corporate solid waste tend to be relatively stable in comparison Chart GHG Emissions Trend by Sector ( ; tonnes CO 2 e) Buildings Lighting Water & Wastewater Vehicle Fleet Solid Waste Chart GHG Emissions by Sector ( ; tonnes CO 2 e) Sector GHGs Energy Costs 390 t (40.0%) 390 t (40.0%) 8Town of Smithers Buildings ,881 $180,269 Lighting $12,240 Water & Wastewater 50 5,870 $102,656 Vehicle Fleet 390 5,423 $101,830 Solid Waste 62!""# Sector ,794 $396,995 CO2e (t) (GJ) GHGs Energy Costs 50 t (5.1%) 50 t (5.1%) 5 t (0.5%) 5 t (0.5%) 468 t (48.0%) 468 t (48.0%) 62 t (6.4%) 62 t (6.4%) 381 t 381 t (39.5%) (39.5%) Buildings ,130 $183,079 Lighting $11,865 Water & Wastewater 36 5,408 $97,144 Vehicle Fleet 381 5,294 $119,883 Solid Waste 62!""# Sector ,412 $411,971 CO2e (t) (GJ) GHGs Energy Costs 36 t 36 t (3.7%) (3.7%) 4 t 4 t (0.4%) (0.4%) 482 t 482 t (49.9%) (49.9%) 62 t 62 t (6.4%) (6.4%) 411 t 411 t (40.5%) (40.5%) Buildings ,609 $175,954 Lighting $12,062 Water & Wastewater 43 5,744 $101,385 Vehicle Fleet 411 5,709 $135,270 Solid Waste 62!""# 1,014 23,673 $424,670 CO 2e (t) (GJ) 43 t 43 t (4.2%) (4.2%) 5 t 5 t (0.5%) (0.5%) 493 t 493 t (48.6%) (48.6%) 62 t 62 t (6.1%) (6.1%) Buildings Lighting Water & Wastewater Vehicle Fleet Solid Waste Buildings Lighting Water & Wastewater Vehicle Fleet Solid Waste

23 Chart 2.3 continued Sector GHGs Energy Costs Buildings ,786 $150,374 Lighting $12,503 Water & Wastewater 36 5,667 $103,776 Vehicle Fleet 391 5,565 $132,840 Solid Waste 62!""# 482 Sector ,630 $399,493 CO2e (t) (GJ) GHGs Energy Costs Buildings ,301 $174,286 Lighting $13,008 Water & Wastewater 43 5,551 $108,165 Vehicle Fleet 410 5,847 $166,987 Solid Waste 62!""# Sector Sector 1,009 23,333 $462,445 CO2e (t) (GJ) GHGs Energy Costs Buildings 333 9,998 $174,444 Lighting $14,659 Water & Wastewater 0 5,638 $115,923 Vehicle Fleet 340 4,848 $121,484 Solid Waste GHGs Energy Costs Buildings ,486 $187,464 Lighting $12,190 Water & Wastewater 38 5,509 $98,600 Vehicle Fleet 408 5,819 $129,273 Solid Waste ,011 23,446 $427,527 CO2e (t) ,122 $426,510 CO2e (t) (GJ) (GJ) 36 t (3.7%) 4 t (0.4%) t (49.4%) 43 t 50 t (4.3%) (5.1%) 5 t 5 t (0.5%) (0.5%) 488 t 468 t (48.4%) (48.0%) 38 t 36 t (3.8%) (3.7%) 4 t 4 t (0.4%) (0.4%) 43 t (4.2%) 5 t (0.5%) 333 t 493 t (45.3%) (48.6%) 38 t (3.8%) 4 t (0.4%) 391 t (40.1%) 62 t (6.4%) 410 t 390 t(40.7%) (40.0%) 62 t 62 t (6.2%) (6.4%) 408 t 381 t(40.4%) (39.5%) 62 t 62 t (6.1%) (6.4%) 498 t (49.3%) 482 t (49.9%) Buildings340 t Lighting Water & Wastewater Vehicle Fleet Solid Waste (46.3%) 411 t (40.5%) 62 t 62 t (8.4%) (6.1%) 408 t (40.4%) Buildings Lighting Water & Wastewater Vehicle Fleet Solid Waste 62 t (6.1%) CORPORATE ENERGY AND EMISSIONS PLAN

24 2.3 GHG Emissions Trends by Sector (2004, 2007, & 2010) In 2004, the Town s total greenhouse gas emissions were 976 tonnes CO 2 e, whereas in 2010, the Town s total greenhouse gas emissions decreased by 25 percent to 735 tonnes CO 2 e (Table 2.1). Table GHG Emissions and Percent Change (2004, 2007, & 2010) Greenhouse Gas Emissions by Sector (2004, 2007, & 2010) Sector Buildings Energy Type/Unit Consumption CO 2 e (t) Elect (kwh) 1,453, CO 2 e (t) Consumption CO 2 e (t) CO 2 e (t) Consumption CO 2 e (t) CO 2 e (t) Percent Change Percent Change Overall Percent Change ,482, ,436, Nat Gas (GJ) 6, , , Propane (L) 3, , , % -31.0% -28.9% Lighting Elect (kwh) 172, , , % % % Water & Wastewater Elect (kwh) 1,630, ,574, ,566, % % % Town of Smithers 10 Vehicle Fleet Diesel (L) 100, , , % -12.9% -12.9% Gasoline (L) 43, , , Solid Waste % 0.0% 0.0% TOTAL % -24.6% -24.7% Between 2004 and 2010, GHG emissions in the buildings sector decreased by 29 percent from 468 tonnes CO 2 e to 333 tonnes CO 2 e (Chart 2.4). Also between 2004 and 2010, outdoor lighting emissions and water & wastewater emissions decreased to zero due to BC Hydro s offsets of their GHG emissions associated with the production of electricity. GHG emissions from the vehicle fleet decreased by 13 percent. Solid waste emissions remained the same between 2004 and 2010, although this data represents a crude estimate. See Table 2.1 for the data associated with Chart 2.4. Emissions (tonnes CO 2 e) Chart GHG Emissions by Sector by Year (2004, 2007 & 2010) Buildings Lighting Solid Waste Vehicle Fleet Water & Wastewater